Marie-Madeleine of fayette – Wikipedia
Marie-Madeleine Pioche de la Vergne, Countess de la Fayette (Born March 18, 1634 in Paris, † May 25, 1693 ibid) was a French noble and writer. Under the name of Madame de Lafayette [first] it is especially for her novel The Princess of Cleves known, which is the first historical novel in France and one of the first novels in European literary history.
youth [ Edit | Edit the source text ]
Marie-Madeleine was born as the oldest of three daughters of the highly educated Marc Pioche de la Vergne, who comes from an off-road family and the much younger Isabelle Péna coming from similar conditions. Pioche had taken a military career and completed training as a technical officer (fortress construction). He had married in 1619, but had remained childless. Around 1620 he had become an educator of a nephew of Père Joseph, the right hand by Cardinal Richelieu. In 1622 he went back to the army after the death of his pupil, but in 1630, now widowed, was hired by Richelieu as an educator of a nephew. In the city palace of his new employer, he had met his second wife and married in 1633.
Because of his interests and skills, but certainly thanks to his proximity to Richelieu, Pioche found access to the mentally interested circles of the capital; After building his own house for the family in 1635, which his daughter, Marie-Madeleine, lived in almost life, he conveyed the acquaintance of numerous Parisian intellectuals. In addition, he gave her access to beauty -minded salons such as that of the Marquise de Rambouillet as a young girl and, a little later, that of the novel Madeleine de Scudéry, where her more awesome intellect was not unnoticed and, among other things, a 20 -year -old literary, Gilles Ménage,, among other things got to know them, who revered them and expanded their Latin, Italian and literary skills.
In 1649 her father died. Her young mother quickly married again, a Chevalier de Sévigné, whom Marie-Madeleine initially considered himself as a possible marriage candidate. After all, the connection to de Sévigné gave her a lifelong, although from rivalry never free friendship with Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, Marquise de Sévigné, a married niece des Chevalier who Madame de Sévigné entered into literary history.
While Marie-Madeleine, on the recommendation of her godmother, a niece Richelieus, became the queen of honor of the Queen and therefore occasionally appeared at the Königshof, the stepfather, a partisan of Paul de Gondi, Cardinal de Retz, made her parental house a meeting point of the opposition fronters, The resistance against Cardinal Minister Mazarin, which was partly armed from 1648. After the defeat of the Fronde in 1652, Marie-Madeleine’s stepfather was banished to the Anjou: a stroke of fate for the 18-year-old, for whom there was now hardly any prospect of a good game as an exhausted step daughter. In 1655 she was therefore able to convey the 18 -year -old widowed and also highly indebted Motier de la Fayette by a high -noble Paris nun from which she was estimated. Her marriage – after all, to the count’s stand – was not cheap and the necessary dowry was only to be raised by the fact that her energetic mother determined the two younger sisters for the (cheaper) entry to the monastery.
After the wedding, Madame de La Fayette followed her husband on his goods in the province. Since a first pregnancy ended with a miscarriage, she returned to Paris at the end of the next pregnancy. Here she gave birth to her first child in 1658, a son. He was followed by another in 1659, also in Paris, where she now mostly lived again, in the parental house that she had inherited after the early death of her mother.
While her husband tried to manage the family’s goods profitably, Madame de La Fayette had taken over the legal struggle against his creditors right after the marriage, which she led with energy and increasing competence. Here she had initially used her old admirer, Ménage, as her representative, whom she instructed. From 1658/59 she fought her herself in Paris, where she reactivated the relationships remaining from the past and made new ones. In particular, she had her good acquaintance with Henriette D’Angletterre, who grew up in the monastery of her sister -in -law’s daughter of the English king, who was headed in 1649, Charles I, who married the brother of Louis XIV. Via the friend of Madame de Sévigné, she also tried to win the mighty finance minister, Nicolas Fouquet.
Adult years and creative work [ Edit | Edit the source text ]
In addition, Madame de La Fayette, in 1659, debuted as an author with a literary portrait Madame de Sévignés for a anthology that two older writers, Pierre Daniel Huet and Jean Regnault de Segrais. Perhaps stimulated by these, but certainly with the support of Ménages, she wrote a historic novella in 1661, The Princess of Montpensier , which she made anonymous appeared in 1662, because she actually thought the letter was under the dignity of a countess she was now. Probably a second historical novella comes from the same time, The Countess of Tende that only appeared postum in 1724. Both texts deal with the theme of the big, but problematic and ultimately unfortunate out -of -marital love of a woman who was married in a conventional marriage – a topic that Madame de la Fayette should continue to be interested in.
According to this, she had the pen rest, successfully completed her legal demarches (after which she got a taste, occasionally advisable friends at their processes) and enjoyed the social and spiritual life that Paris offered in the 1660s. It was a time of the departure under Louis XIV, the young king, and his new minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, the theater success z. B. Molières and the young Jean Racine, but also the violent quarrels between molinists, who were partisans of the Jesuits, and Jansenist.
By Henriette D’Anglterre, the sister -in -law of the king, to her honorary lady in 1661 ( bridesmaid ) Madame de la Fayette had access to the courtyard from 1661. At the same time, she ran in circles of the fundamental oppositional, strictly religious Jansenist. Here she met the Duke, 21 years older in 1662 and literary as François de la Rochefoucauld, who only hesitated her spontaneous sympathy, but then became her closest friend.
In 1668, Madame de La Fayette once again grabbed the pen and wrote a historical novel together with Segrais, together with Segrais Zayde who played in the Spain of the 9th century and appeared in two volumes in 1670/71 under the name Segrais’. Became significant in literary history Zayde Not least thanks to the “tract about the origin of the novels” ( Treaty of the origin of novels ), which Huet contributed as a foreword and is considered one of the first theories of the novel. A year later, in 1669, she started one on behalf of Henriettes Madame History , however, since Henriette died in 1670 at the age of 26, it remained unfinished and only posted in 1720 as History of Henriette of England has been printed.
In 1678 Madame de Lafayettes appeared, already started in 1672: the rather short historical novel The Princess of Clèves . The action takes place around 1560 at the time of Henry II at the French court and describes the history of great love of the princesses married in a conventionally married marriage to another man who also loves her, but whom she does not hear from moral strict and loyalty to her husband And even after her early widowing, it is not a matter of calling that she loves him and therefore did not want to be disappointed by his any later infidelity that, above all, they do not intend to put their soul peace at the meantime.
The psychologically sensitive and (except at the beginning and end) of exciting novel was immediately a great success and triggered violent debates, especially whether a woman was good for confessing the husband a love affair. Today the text is considered one of the best French novels of that era, even if modern readers hardly gas, according to which man is better to secure his salvation rather than striving for earthly happiness according to which man should strive better.
The late years [ Edit | Edit the source text ]
Around 1680, Madame de La Fayette, as confidante of the Minister Louvois, intensified her long -standing correspondence with Maria Johanna von Savoy, the mother of the youthful Viktor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy and Piedmont, and Aunt Ludwigs XIV. Turin as a regent led the government business. On the one hand, Madame de la Fayette represented private interests from the Duchess in Paris, but also the foreign policy interests of France, which hoped to take the Duchy of Savoy, which was subordinate to the Habsburg Empire.
The death of the gout La Rochefoucauld in 1680 meant a deep cut for Madame de la Fayette, which has also been rabbing for a long time. However, after she had become wealthy through her mother, her mother’s legacy, her stepfather and her husband died in 1683, she led a house for registrations and intellectual open house and often stayed with court, where she continued to have the king’s favor. In addition, she took care of the future of her sons in her capacity as the head of a nobility family, by giving the older person who had become a monk, and giving several positions as a abbot (which could be accumulated) and became the younger one who had become officer A separate regiment and in 1689 helped an excellent spouse.
The last work of Madame de la Fayettes was the only fragmentary preserved, 1720 printed posted Memoirs of the Court of France for the years 1688 and 1689 In which she not only tries a chronicle of the Versailles court life of the years mentioned, but also analyzes political and military problems with a sharp eye. According to this, she withdrew from the farm, especially since in 1690 she also had to consider her diplomatic mission to be failed, because the young duke, who was now ruling in Turin, had decided to join an alliance against France.
Madame de La Fayette still experienced that she became a grandmother, but no longer that her younger son succumbed to a disease in the Palatinate fortress in the Palatinate fortress. She died in 1693 at the age of 59.
- Jean forgested: Madame de la Fayette: „Die Prinzessin von Cleves“. Exemplary series Literature and Philosophy, 9. Sonnenberg, Annweiler 2001, ISBN 978-3-933264-16-9.
- Günter Berger: “Madame de Lafayettes ‘Princesse de Clèves’. From scandal success to the classic of the novel ” . In: Romanistic magazine for literary history – Cahiers d’Histoire des Littérature Romanes , Ed. Henning Krauss. Carl Winter, Heidelberg 1989.
- Hans-Jörg Neuschäfer: “Cervantes and the tradition of adultery history. To convert the virtue view at Marguerite de Navarre, Cervantes and Mme de Lafayette. ”In: Contributions to Romanesque philology , Special issue, 1967, pp. 52–60 and pp. 129–136.
- Lieselotte Steinbrügge: “Marie-Madeleine de Lafayette, Edgar Allan Poe and the circulating letter” . In: Change of places. Studies on the change in literary historical awareness. Commemorative publication for Anke Bennholdt-Thomsen, Ed. Irmela from the Lühe and Anita Runge. Wallstein, Göttingen 1997, pp. 231–241.
Film [ Edit | Edit the source text ]
- The Princess of Cleve , Jean – In 1961, Frievis: Jean De wantedlie, Mit Jean Marlais Und Marina Vlady
- The beautiful girl , 2008, Regie: Christophe Honoré, Mit Léa Seydoux, Grégoire Leprince-Ringuet und Louis Garrel
- The Princess of Montpensier , 2010, Regie: Bertrand Tavernier, Mit Mélanie Thierry, Grégoire Leprince-Ringuet und Gaspard Ulliel
- ↑ Also “Lafayette” or “La Fayette”.
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