Stefan Bogoridi – Wikipedia

Stefan bogoridi ( Bulgarian Stefan Bogoridi , gr. Stefanos Vogoridis/Stefanos Vogoridis, Türk. Stefanaki Bey, Rum. Ştefan Vogoride), Geboren Als Stojko Zonkow Stojkow (Bulg. Stoyko Tsonkov Stoykov ; * 1775 in Kotel, Ottoman Empire; † August 1, 1859 in Istanbul/Zarigrad) was a Bulgarian-Osmanic civil servant, foreign policy consultant of two sultans and a member of the tanimate council. He was a Phanariot, Bulgarian origin, a grandson of Sophronius von Wraza, brother of Atanas Bogoridi and father of Aleksandar and Nikola Bogoridi.

As a young boy, he was in the famous Greek, Phanariotic from his family to Bucharest Saint Sava College Skill, where he replaced his birth name Stojko by Stefan in a Hellenized environment. As a last name, he gave himself the name Bogoridi, who already accepted his grandfather Sophronius around the Tsar Boris I. The Baptist. ^[first] After completing the college, Bogoridi moved to the Ottoman capital Zarigrad/Istanbul, where at the suggestion of his grandfather Sophronius, he worked as a private teacher for French, Phanariotic families for a few years, including the Mourousis. ^[2] Bogoridi joined the Ottoman Navy as a dragoman in 1799, for which he took part in the English-Turkish battles against Napoleon in Egypt in 1799 and thereby won the well-being of the first dragomania of the high gate Scarlat Callimachi. ^{[first] [3]}

In 1812 Bogoridi married Ralou (or Raluca) from Moldova. Her parents came from two significant Phanariotic houses Skilitza and Scanava. ^[4] When Scarlat Callimachi prince of Moldova became in Ia’s IA in the same year, he took Stefan Bogoridi with him. He trusted him as a prefect the administration of the largest Moldova province with Galați on the lower Danube as the capital. One of the largest Bulgarian exile communities lived in Galați itself. ^{[first] [3]}

With the outbreak of the Greek Revolution of 1821 prepared by the Filiki Eteria, a Greek army marched into the Danube walls under Alexander Ypsilantis. However, when the Romanians under Tudor Vladimirescu did not attack the Ottomans, but the houses of the hated Greek Phanariots, Bogoridi moved to Nikomedia with his family, since the Ottoman capital was also a feast for the revolution. After Ottoman troops conquered Wallachia and Moldova in the summer of the same year, Bogoridi initially became Kaymakam (a kind of governor) from Wallachia from autumn 1821 to July 1822 and then Kaymakam of the Principality of Moldova. Between 1823 and 1825 he was again Dragoman in the Ottoman fleet and took part in several diplomatic missions. However, when the tensions between the Zarigrad Phanariot and the Ottoman rulers increased and there were persecution of Christians, Bogoridi was banned to Nikomedia for three years in 1825. ^{[first] [3]} Despite the exile, the bogoridi took part in several diplomatic missions. It is possible that Stefan’s Bulgarian origin played a role, because although Phanariot and married to a Greek, Stefan Bulgarian was and was able to differentiate himself from the insurgent Greeks. So Bogoridi won the trust of Sultan Mahmud II. ^[5]

At the end of 1828, Bogoridi headed an important diplomatic mission in the Russian capital of Saint Petersburg, during the Russian-Osmani War (1828–1829), which broke out as support for the Greek struggle for freedom. ^{[first] [3]} When the Russians replaced their commander in the following year by the more energetic Hans Karl von Diebitsch, who smashed the Ottoman forces near Silistra and Thrakia and at the end of August with Adrianopel, around 60 km in front of the Ottoman capital, Bogori became a member of the Ottoman as a confidante of the Sultan Delegation which peace visited. ^[6] Stefan Bogodiri took part in the subsequent negotiations, which led to the peace of Adrianopel, through which Serbia received extensive autonomy and the foundation for the independence of the Greeks were laid. For his merits, Sultan Mahmud II appointed him to be a foreign policy consultant. In the following 30 years, he took part in all important decisions and negotiations in the high gate. Stefan Bogoridi was one of the signatories of the London protocol, which sealed the sovereignty of Greece. Bogoridis’ merits for Greek independence were recorded in the memoirs of the British ambassador to the high gate, Stratford Canning de Redcliffe. Bogoridi also took negotiations that regulated the status of the Danube sausages, and in 1830 at the negotiations at the Russian-Octory defensive alliance, the Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi, whereby Russia sent his army to support the Ottomans against Muhammad Ali Pascha. In 1841 he was involved in the elaboration of the London Straits Convention, in which the contractual partners stated that in addition to the ships of the Ottoman fleet and in the event of war, those of the allies of the sultan were allowed to enter the Dardanelles. The sea was closed to non-Osmanic warships. ^[first]

In Dieser Zeit Erhob Sultan Mahmud II. Bogoridi BUM BUM BEster Knjaz (Bulgarisch Кure, Deuts fiürst; Gr. ηγεμόνας). Lusätzlich is a rank-i bala . In 1834 he became prince from Sultan, in Ottoman language use Wither walī (Governor) of the island of Samos and the newly created Principality of Samos. Bogoridi named the capital of the island of Vathy in Stefanopolis (gr. στεφανούπολις), however, visited the island only once in 1839. Until 1850 he managed Samos of Istanbul and ruled by deputy (Kaymakam), during his reign he used eleven in number, including between 1844 and 1848 his personal secretary Gawril Krastewitsch. There was therefore displeasure on the island. Added to this was the spread of mismanagement and corruption. In order to strengthen the position of Bogoridi, the Ottoman Sultan paid a visit to Stefan’s house in Constantinople in 1835. Since the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, it has been the first time that an Ottoman Sultan, who was also the highest regional leader of the Reich, was a guest in a Christian house. ^[5] Nevertheless, the dissatisfaction of the Samiots culminated in a revolt against the rule of Bogoridi in 1849, which in turn led to a Turkish military intervention on the island and dismissal of Stefan Bogoridi as prince. In 1850 he was replaced by Alexandros Kallimachis as the administrator of the island. ^{[first] [3] [7]}

Under Abdülmecid I. Bogoridi remained not only a consultant of the sultan, but also a close joy of the sultan. In 1845 the Sultan also gave him the prince’s title of Wallachia and at the same time made him a member of the Tanzimate Council and the factual censor of the entire foreign policy of the Ottoman Empire. ^[3] Already with Abdülmecid’s father Sultan Mahmud II, Stefan was friends, the Großwesir Mehmed Fuad Pascha and the statesman Ali Pascha were also among his close friends. He was one of the most influential reformers and influenced the changeover of the Millet system, so that it assured the non-Moslemian population in the Ottoman Empire. The recognition of the Bulgarian Millet ( Exarhhâne-i Millet i Bulgar ^{[A 1]} ) However, Bogodiri no longer experienced in the Ottoman Empire by the Ferman to build the Bulgarian exarchate from 1870. ^[5]

With pre -rising age, Stefan Bogoridi was increasingly committed to the Bulgarian national idea and at the same time tried to maintain his influence and positions within the Ottoman Empire and the Phanariot. To do this, he lived at a time at which the Ottoman Empire tried to transform and politically transformed and reformed and was under enormous foreign policy pressure. So he supported the Greek school in his hometown Kotel instead of a Bulgarian. Nevertheless, contemporary witnesses such as the enlighteners Konstantin Fotinow, Iwan Bogorow, Neofit Rilski or Petko Slawejkow report that Bogoridi was always open to the concerns of the Bulgarian people and always supported it. Stefan Bogoridi himself also awarded scholarships to young Bulgarians for their training in Istanbul or abroad, including for Atanas Granitzki and Stefan Izvorski. It was not uncommon like Gawril Krastewitsch and Georgi Rakowski during their school days in the Ottoman capital in Bogoridi’s house, were protected by him and introduced in the world of influential Phanariotic families. ^[5] In this context, the words of Krastewitsch from a letter to his friend Rajno Popowitsch have been handed down:

Stefan Bogoridi himself said in relation to the Bulgarians’ struggle for independence:

Bogoridi supported the fight for an independent Bulgarian church, which he followed the example of his grandfather Sophronius of Wraza. In 1848 he wrote a Bittschrift to the Sultan, in which he asked for permission to build a Bulgarian church in Istanbul in which the fair was to be held in Bulgarian and Bulgarian priests. In August 1849 he received a special permit ( Will ) from the Sultan Abdülmecid I. For the construction of a Bulgarian Orthodox church and a small metoch in the Ottoman capital and for holding the liturgy in Bulgarian, instead of in Greek. This laid the foundation stone for the later recognition of the Bulgarians in a separate silet. By holding the fair in Bulgarian, the concept TRES Linguae Sacrae propagated by the Greek nationalists was broken in the Ottoman Empire. In the same year he donated the property and three houses, including the building of the first Bulgarian church in the Fener district in Istanbul. The church was inaugurated on October 9, 1849 in his honor under the name SWEI Stefan. It later became the seat of the Bulgarian exarchate. In 1850 Stefan Bogoridi successfully campaigned for the release of Ilarion Michajlowski. And in the same year, Abdülmecid I lived as a guest of honor the wedding between the daughter of Stefan Marija, with the Phanariot Ioannis Fotiadis. ^{[3] [8]}

With increasing age, Stefan Bogoridi suffered more and more kidney stones and an operation planned for early 1859 in Paris was rejected by the doctors because of his old age. Bogoridi died at 84 in the same year. ^[3]

Smaragda, daughter of Stefan Bogoridi and wife by Michael Stourdza

Stefan Bogoridi War Seit 1813 Mit Ralou (Oder Raluca) Skilitzi/Scanavi ^[4] Married and had four daughters and three sons: Ana (married to Pascha Constantin Musurus, grandson of the scholar and humanist Marcus Musurus), Marija (married to Ioannis Fotiadis), Smaragda (married to the Moldovan prince and later honorary citizen of Baden-Baden , Michael Stourdza), Charriclee (or Charikinja), Jean (or Ivan), Nikola (Kaymakam from Moldau and married to Ekaterina Konaki) and Aleksandar, the one Pascha of the issue Well -known governor of Ostrumelia. ^{[3] [ten]}

• R. J. Crampton: A Concise History of Bulgaria , Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 978-0-521-61637-9
• Mathias Bernath / Felix von Schroeder: Biographical lexicon on the history of Southeast Europe , Oldenbourg Science publisher, 1979, ISBN 3-486-48991-7
• Raymond Detrez: Historical dictionary of Bulgaria , Scarecrow Pr., 1997, ISBN 0-8108-3177-5, S. 54–55
• Assen Nicoloff: The Bulgarian Resurgence , University of Michigan Press, 1987, ISBN 0-9609560-3-4
• MARIA TOROWA: Stefan Bogoridi. A Bulgarian Phanariote in the Ottoman Empire in Eastern Europe in the past. Liber Amicorum Z. R. Dittrich , Wolters-Noordhoff/Forsten Verlag, Utrecht, 1987, pp. 171–187
• Wolf Oschlies, Bogoridi, stefan , in: Biographical lexicon on the history of Southeast Europe . Vol. 1. HGG. Mathias Bernath / Felix von Schroeder. Munich 1974, pp. 226–227 Online edition , accessed on June 19, 2021
• Wera Bonewa: Knjaz Stefan Bogoridi – a Bulgarian from the other side of the high gate. (From the Bulg.: Prince Stefan Bogoridi – a Bulgarian on the other side of the High Gate. ), Article in. Zeitschrift Istorija, Buch 3/4, 1997, pp. 72–79; Article as PDF. In: Academia.edu. Accessed on August 28, 2022 .

1. ↑ ^{a b c d It is f g} Hot Bonewa, S. 73
2. ↑ Peter Nikolov-Zikov: The birth of Bulgarian conservatism (from the bulg. The birth of Bulgarian conservatism) . Paradigm, Sofia 2011, ISBN 978-954-326-137-6, S. 74, 78 – 85 .
3. ↑ ^{a b c d It is f g h i} Wolf Oschlies, Bogoridi, stefan , in: Biographical lexicon on the history of Southeast Europe
4. ↑ ^{a b} At Wolf Oschlies, the name of the wife is given as Rala Skanava
5. ↑ ^{a b c d It is} Hot Bonewa, S. 75
6. ↑ See: for more background to the war: Ottoman Empire: problems of foreign policy and relations with Russia , М., 1996. (From the Russian: The Ottoman Empire: Problems in Foreign Policy and in Relationship with Russia. Moscow, 1996)
7. ↑ Hot Bonewa, S. 74
8. ↑ ^{a b} Hot Bonewa, S. 76
9. ↑ Hot Bonewa, S. 77
10. ↑ Family tree of the Bogorodi and Musurus families. In: Ghika.net. Accessed on August 30, 2022 (French).

1. ↑ See for more information regarding the origin, expansion and recognition of the Bulgarian Millet Den Article in the English -language Wikipedia .