[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki1\/leopold-ii-hrr-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki1\/leopold-ii-hrr-wikipedia\/","headline":"Leopold II. (HRR) \u2013 Wikipedia","name":"Leopold II. (HRR) \u2013 Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 Leopold II. (Born May 5, 1747 in Vienna, \u2020 March 1, 1792 ibid) was Archduke of Austria from the","datePublished":"2017-09-14","dateModified":"2017-09-14","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki1\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki1\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Johann_Daniel_Donat%2C_Emperor_Leopold_II_in_the_Regalia_of_the_Golden_Fleece_%281806%29.png\/220px-Johann_Daniel_Donat%2C_Emperor_Leopold_II_in_the_Regalia_of_the_Golden_Fleece_%281806%29.png","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Johann_Daniel_Donat%2C_Emperor_Leopold_II_in_the_Regalia_of_the_Golden_Fleece_%281806%29.png\/220px-Johann_Daniel_Donat%2C_Emperor_Leopold_II_in_the_Regalia_of_the_Golden_Fleece_%281806%29.png","height":"332","width":"220"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki1\/leopold-ii-hrr-wikipedia\/","wordCount":4777,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4 Leopold II. (Born May 5, 1747 in Vienna, \u2020 March 1, 1792 ibid) was Archduke of Austria from the Habsburg-Lorraine house, from 1765 to 1790 (as Peter Leopold) Grand Duke of Tuscany and from 1790 to 1792 Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4With a policy of the Enlightenment, he made the Grand Duchy of Tuscany a sample state. In the short time as the emperor and ruler of the Habsburg monarchy, he strived to end the unrest as the consequences of his predecessor’s rushed reform policy. He also tried to have a balancing effect. The war with the Ottomans ended and a balance with Prussia was found. His attitude towards the French Revolution was ambiguous. On the one hand, he welcomed the constitutional monarchy, on the other hand he underestimated the dynamics of the movement and contributed to the outbreak of the first coalition war with the Pillnitz declaration. Table of ContentsEarly years [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Grand Duke of Tuscany [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Away orsini-rosenberg [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Self -government [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Kaiser [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Death and successor [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Early years [ Edit | Edit the source text ]          (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Franz I. Stephan and Maria Theresia with eleven children Leopold was born as a ninth child of Archduchess Maria Theresia of Austria and the Roman-German emperor Franz Stephan von Lorraine and in the name Peter Leopold John Anthony Joachim Pius Gotthardus christened. [first] The unusual first name Peter for the Habsburg goes back to the wish of his godmother Elisabeth of Russia. Leopold had two older and two younger brothers, including his predecessor as Emperor, Joseph II, and Maximilian Franz, the later elector of Cologne. Five of his eleven sisters died early. Leopold’s youngest sister was Marie-Antoinette, who was born in 1755, the later French queen. Leopold received an excellent education committed to the Enlightenment. The AJO Franz Graf Thurn-Valsassina was influential. This served Leopold later as a senior cigher and consultant in Tuscany. His brother Anton Graf Thurn-Valassina also belonged to Leopold’s confidante and later served as a chief champion. The most important of his teachers was the legal scholar and university professor Carl Anton Martini. He was also introduced to natural law. His philosophical reading worried his pious mother so much that when he ruled in Tuscany, she recommended that he consult his confessor when choosing the reading. [2] Leopold was particularly interested in natural sciences and technology. In addition to German, he also spoke French and a little Czech and dominated Latin. He also learned Italian, which later became his preferred colloquial language. He also showed good skills in the other subjects with the exception of the written expression. From the mother he inherited a “good, great and pitying heart”, from father sobriety to pedantry, but also strong sensuality. He also inherited the interest in new techniques and sciences from him. [3] He was a factor in the marriage policy of the imperial couple early on. Already at the age of six he was intended as the husband of Maria Beatrice d\u2019Este, the heiress of the Duchy of Modena. After the early death of his older brother Karl (1745\u20131761), however, he was supposed to succeed the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and his brother Ferdinand marry the heiress of Modena. Together with his father and brother, he took part in the crowning glory of Joseph II in 1764. As a result, he also got to know the Bohemian and Hungarian part of the Habsburg Empire by traveling.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4In 1765 Leopold traveled to Innsbruck with his parents to move out of there from his bride, the Spanish princess Maria Ludovica. The official marriage had already taken place in Madrid on February 16, 1764. The wedding took place on August 5, 1765 in Innsbruck. Shortly afterwards, on August 18, the emperor and Leopold died in Innsbruck the rule in Tuscany, which thus became the Habsburg secondogenite. The triumphal gate in the city is reminiscent of both the wedding and the death of the father. [2] Sixteen children emerged from the marriage. Grand Duke of Tuscany [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Away orsini-rosenberg [ Edit | Edit the source text ]  The young Archduke Leopold (left) and his brother Emperor Joseph II. The economic situation of the Grand Duchy was extremely difficult when Leopold took over power. One reason for this was the last big famine that Italy searched for and that gradually came to an end at that time. However, the problems were also structural. Development stagnated among the last rulers from the Medici house. Leopold’s father hadn’t really looked after the country and had it managed by representatives. [4] For this reason, Joseph’s II demand was very inconvenient to publish the “Tuscan reserve fund” Leopold. In the following conflict with the emperor, he was lost, which permanently deteriorated the relationship between the brothers. As a Grand Duke, Leopold made a name for himself as the initiator of many reforms in the educational sense, but more carefully and moderate than his brother, Emperor Joseph II. The management of the Tuscan government passed from the Marchese Antoniotto Botta Adorno to Franz Xaver Wolfgang von Orsini-Rosenberg. The time of great reforms in the Grand Duchy began with him. Orsini-Rosenberg worked closely with local personalities. A systematic statistical survey about the country’s economy should create the basis for future decisions. The previously regulated trade in grain, flour and bread was released in 1766. This attracted attention abroad, especially among the physiocrats. In the following decades, Leopold made Tuscany a sample state with a constant reform policy. Although he always had an eye on the Habsburg interests in Italy and in the Mediterranean, he tried to play an independent role towards Maria Theresia and the emperor. In the inside, the general lease was lifted in 1768 and the tax steering nationalized. The lease was introduced for rural property. The government also intervened in church rights. For example, measures were taken to prevent the further growth of the unproductive assets to the dead, the church asylum was canceled and church prisons were subordinate to the state. In church politics there were certainly similarities between Leopold and Joseph II. Both demonstratively visited the conclave in 1769. In 1770 Leopold traveled to Vienna with his wife. At the same time, Orsini-Rosenberg ended his service in the Grand Duchy. Self -government [ Edit | Edit the source text ]  Leopold II and Maria Ludovica of Spain with her family in 1776 in Florence Since then, politics has been essentially determined by Leopold himself. During this time of self -rule, the guilds were abolished, a Chamber of Commerce was founded, the freedom of business and a new municipal code was introduced. Furthermore, the old administrative structures were gradually modernized and the country was transformed into a unity and area state. The reform of the health system and the police also belong in this context. The army was dissolved and replaced by a citizen militia. This reform policy naturally intervened in numerous interests and old habits. It is noteworthy that Leopold initially tested the measures in sub -areas of the country for their practicality before being introduced throughout the Grand Duchy. Leopold was basically an even more decisive supporter of a reformed Catholicism than his brother Joseph. But especially because of the proximity of the church state, he was much more careful when implementing. It was only from 1778\/79 that the reform pace increased. The parish districts were re -cut and Leopold acted against various aspects of popular piety. In 1786, Leopold sent the draft into a comprehensive anti -kirchen reform to the country’s bishops. However, he and his followers suffered a clear defeat at a bishop’s meeting in 1787 to representatives of the status quo. There were also protests among the population. This meant that Leopold became more reserved in the field of church reform. Through longer stays in Vienna in the 1770s, he got to know government action and the work of the authorities of the Habsburg monarchy, but also the condition of the family even better. In his private records, some of which he wrote in his own secret script, significant reservations about his brother’s centralistic absolutism become clear. Instead of an expansion of the bureaucracy, Leopold advocated an expansion of state self -government, for a farming exemption, religious tolerance, freedom of business and the abolition of the censorship. Immediately after his return to Tuscany, he planned the introduction of a representative constitution despite the concerns of his employees. On the one hand, he was based on existing state structures such as the Hungarian state parliament, the provincial stands in the Austrian Netherlands or the Tyrolean state parliament. On the other hand, role models such as Switzerland or Pennsylvania played a role. Leopold presented a first draft in 1779 to his familiar Francesco Maria Gianni. Both continued to work on it in the following years before a small group of other consultants and experts were consulted in 1782. However, various foreign policy circumstances and conflicts with the emperor prevented implementation. Later Leopold even intended to make the Grand Duchy a constitutional monarchy. So he explained in 1789: “The thought of having the nation confidently overlooked the state and administration of their finances thinks me in a praise, just and useful, because the finances belong to the people, and the sovereign is only the administrator, Thus committed to accounting \u201dand, under the impression of the French Revolution and the American declaration of independence, added in the following year:\u201c I believe that each country should have a Basic Law or a contract between the people and sovereign, which limits the power of the latter ; that if the sovereign does not keep this law, […] one is no longer obliged to obey it. I believe that the exercising violence is entitled to the sovereign, but the legislative is entitled to the people and its representatives … because the only purpose of the societies and governments is the happiness of individuals. ” [5] Joseph II, on the other hand, planned the Tuscany directly to the Habsburg monarchy. He also forced Leopold to send his son Franz to Vienna so that he could be prepared for the assumption of rule. In recent years as a Grand Duke, Leopold has once again set signs noted across Europe with his judicial reform. In 1786 he abolished and tortured death penalty and thus made Tuscany the first state without death penalty. In addition, this was culpably abolished and for crimes and offenses, only mild punishments were made compared to other countries. A comprehensive reform of the educational system was planned, but it no longer occurred. Kaiser [ Edit | Edit the source text ]   Portrait of Leopold II in the coronation ornate 1790   Silver discount 2 ducats of the city of Frankfurt on the election of Leopold II, 1790  Head picture of Leopold II. On silver discount After Joseph’s surprising death, Leopold took over the rule over the Habsburg Erwand. He chose himself as a motto Pietate and Concord , “Through piety and harmony”. The political situation at the beginning of his rule was extremely difficult. In addition to the currently existing war against the Ottoman Empire, a war threatened to war with Prussia and Poland Litau. The Austrian Netherlands had also fallen off with Prussian help in the Brabant Revolution. There were uprisings in Hungary and maybe even in Tyrol. Also under the Bohemian and Austrian nobility there was dissatisfaction as a result of Joseph II reform policy in domestic policy, Leopold tried to defuse the situation by accommodating or playing different actors. He partially took back his brother’s rushed reforms. On the other hand, as in the case of the Austrian Netherlands, it also used militarily. The decisive problem, however, was the relationship with Prussia. On July 27, 1790 Leopold, the Reichenbach Convention closed with Prussia. The risk of war was thus banned. At the same time, this meant the recognition of Prussia as an equal power. The European power weight was thus significantly changed. If Prussia and Austria agreed, they were also able to shape the conditions in the empire according to their will. [6] Also, Hungary and the Austrian Netherlands could no longer expect Prussian support for their independence efforts. With the agreement, Leopold also secured the emperor election in particular. Had his predecessor no longer pursued real Reich politics, Leopold wanted to change this. The choice was by no means automatically out of him. However, there was no opposite candidate. After all, some princes tried to take the opportunity to further weaken the already limited imperial rights and to one mere first among equals close. [6] Leopold was elected emperor on September 30th and crowned as Leopold II on October 9, 1790 in Frankfurt am Main. The crowning glory for the Hungarian king in Pressburg took place on November 15, 1790 and the crowning glory for King of Bohemia in Prague on September 6, 1791. One hoped for a long period of peace under a capable ruler. Mozart composed the opera on the occasion of the coronation in Prague The clemency of Tito . [7] The uprising in the Netherlands collapsed and the imperial troops were able to fill the country again without any problems. However, the emperor promised to restore the freedoms how they had existed at the time of Maria Theresa. [7] A ceasefire was closed with the Ottoman Empire, in 1791 the peace of Sistowa followed. In it, Leopold made considerable concessions to the Ottoman Empire: Belgrade was returned to the Ottomans and apart from small border changes, there was no territorial profits in the Habsburg Empire. Leopold had moved the Hungarian Reichstag to give in and he soothed the nobility in Bohemia and Austria by withdrawing various reform measures by his predecessor. Without changing something from his brother’s fundamental reforms, he also met the critics in church politics. The transfer of Tuscan facilities to the larger level turned out to be difficult. After all, a police constitution for Vienna was based on the Tuscan model. [7] However, Leopold also built up a secret police to keep up to date with the development. [8] With the help of the secret police, he also tried to gain public opinion for a reform policy similar to that in Tuscany. He used supporters and employees who, like Ignaz Joseph Martinovics under Franz II, became the core of the “Jakobiner” in Vienna. Leopold was initially positive about the French Revolution, but also the Polish constitution of 1791, he saw it a comparable spirit as in his policy in Tuscany. However, he underestimated the revolutionary dynamics. At the urging of the French emigrants, he wrote the circular from Padua on July 6, 1791 in favor of the French royal couple. In August 1791, together with King Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia and some noble emigrants, he proclaimed the Pillnitz declaration. This emphasized the interest in a complete restoration of the monarchy in France. Military intervention was also announced if all other European powers would participate. With all the rhetoric, this meant a rejection of an intervention, as it was clear that all powers would by no means participate. The Pillnitz explanation should intimidate the revolutionary France and move to moderate politics. However, the opposite was the case. The explanation reinforced French willingness to war and worsened the position of Louis XVI. and Marie-Antoinette. It became one of the triggers for the first coalition war. [9] In view of the overcoming overcoming of the risk of war with Prussia and peace with the Ottomans, Leopold did not want a war with the revolutionary France. Shortly before his death, however, he recognized the danger that France went out. He concluded a defensive alliance with Prussia on February 7, 1792, but continued to reject intervention in France. Death and successor [ Edit | Edit the source text ]  Leopold II died completely unexpectedly on March 1, 1792. His surprising death nourished rumors about a poison murder. Freemasons, Jesuits or French agents were suspected as authors. Another rumor was that the emperor died of taking an aphrodisiac made self -made. These rumors probably have no real background, rather the emperor died of a natural death. However, a total of a total of vein was left on his last three days of life. [ten] His successor was his son Franz as Franz II, who turned away from the reform policy of his two predecessors. Leopold II. His heart is in the heart crypt of the Habsburgers, while his intestines were buried in the duke’s crypt of the Vienna Stephansdom. He is one of those 41 people who received a “separate burial” with the division of the body to all three traditional Viennese burial sites of the Habsburg (imperial crypt, heart crypt, duke crypt). In the Georg chapel of the Augustinian Church there is a splendid sarcophagus worked by Franz Anton Zauner, which was never used. [11] On August 5, 1765, Leopold II married the Infantin Maria Ludovica (1745\u20131792), daughter of King Charles III. From Spain from Bourbon and his wife Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony. The couple had 16 children: \u26ad 1788 Elisabeth von W\u00fcrttemberg (1767\u20131790) \u26ad 1790 Maria Theresa of Naples-Sicily (1772\u20131807) \u26ad 1808 Maria Ludovika Beatrix von Austria-Steste (1787-1816) \u26ad 1816 Karoline Auguste of Bavaria (1792\u20131873) \u26ad 1790 Maria Louisa of Naples-Sicily (1773-1802) \u26ad 1821 Maria Anna von Sachsen (1796\u20131865), daughter of Maximilian von Saxony (1759\u20131838) \u26ad 1799 Alexandra Pawlown Romanowa (1783\u20131801) \u26ad 1815 Hermione by Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoyma (1797\u20131817) \u26ad 1819 Maria Dorothea of \u200b\u200bW\u00fcrttemberg (1797-1855) Adam Wandruszka: Leopold II Archduke of Austria, Grand Duke of Tuscany, King of Hungary and Bohemia, Roman emperor. 2 volumes (Volume I: 1747\u20131780, Volume II: 1780\u20131792). Vienna, Munich 1963 and 1965. Adam Wandruszka: Leopold II.. In: New German biography (Ndb). Volume 14, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1985, ISBN 3-428-00195-8, pp. 260\u2013266 ( Digitized ). Helga Peham: Leopold II. Ruler with wiser hand. STYIA, Graz U. a. 1987, isbn 3-222-11738-1. Benedikt Sauer: Leopold – The revolutionary monarch. Celebrated in Tuscany, to honor only in Innsbruck , in: aut.info 3\/2021. Friedrich Weissensteiner: The sons of Maria Theresias. Kremayer & Scheriau, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-218-00726-7. \u2191  Adam Wandruszka: Leopold II. Band I: 1747\u20131780. Vienna, Munich 1963, p. 16.  \u2191 a b  Brigittte Vacha (hrsg.): The Habsburg. A European family history . Vienna 1992, p. 337.  \u2191  Lorenz Mikoletzky: Leopold II. In: The emperors of modern times, 1519\u20131918: Holy Roman Empire, Austria, Germany. Munich 1990, pp. 277\u2013278.  \u2191  Brigittte Vacha (hrsg.): The Habsburg. A European family history. Vienna 1992, p. 338.  \u2191  Quoted from Herre, Maria Theresia, p. 319.  \u2191 a b  Lorenz Mikoletzky: Leopold II. In: The emperors of modern times, 1519\u20131918: Holy Roman Empire, Austria, Germany. Munich 1990, p. 283.  \u2191 a b c  Lorenz Mikoletzky: Leopold II. In: The emperors of modern times, 1519\u20131918: Holy Roman Empire, Austria, Germany. Munich 1990, p. 284.  \u2191  Brigitte Vacha (ed.): The Habsburgers. A European family history. Vienna 1992, p. 340.  \u2191  Elisabeth Fehrenbach: From the Ancien regime to the Vienna Congress . Munich 2001, pp. 45\u201346.  \u2191  Helga Peham: Leopold II. Ruler with wiser hand. Styria, Graz 1987, ISBN 3-222-11738-1, S. 300.  \u2191  Magdalena Hawlik-van de Water, The capuchin crypt. Funeral center of the Habsburgs in Vienna , 2nd ed. Vienna 1993, p. 234.  predecessor Amt successor Franz II. Stephan Grand Duke of Tuscany 1765\u20131790 Ferdinand 3. Joseph II. Roman-German emperor King of Bohemia, Hungary, Croatia, Slavonia, Dalmatia, Galicia and Lodomeria Archduke of Austria Duke of Milan, Luxembourg, Steyer, Carniola, Carinthia, etc.  1790\u20131792 Franz II.      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