Formosa-Sprachen – Wikipedia

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Formosa languages

Spoken in

Taiwan
Linguistic
classification
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Austronese languages

Language codes
ISO 639-1

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The Formosa languages (also Formosan or Taiwan languages ) are the languages ​​of the indigenous peoples of Taiwan. The indigenous people of Taiwan, recognized by the Republic of China on Taiwan, make up 2% of the island population. [first] Nevertheless, many indigenous people can no longer speak their traditional mother tongue fluently due to the political and cultural dominance of the high Chinese. This change of language led to the language death of an estimated 10 of the former 26 languages. Another four or five languages ​​are in the extinction, [2] [3] Other are among the endangered languages.

The languages ​​of the indigenous people of Taiwan are very important for historical linguistics, since Taiwan is the original home of all Austronese languages. According to the language expert Robert Blust, the Formosa languages ​​form nine of the ten branches of the Austronese languages, [4] while the tenth branch contains around the 1,200 non-Taiwanese Malayo-Polynesian languages. [5] Although some linguists do not match the theory of blust, the consensus remains that the Austronese languages ​​in Taiwan find their origin. [6] This theory was underpinned by other genetic population studies. [7] [8] [9]

Four different views of the Formosa languages ​​have formed among linguists:

The Formosa languages ​​as the language branch of the “eastern languages” [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

Traditionally, linguistics divides the language family of the southern Islands along the Wallace line into two branches: the eastern languages ​​of the South Islands ( Eastern South Island / Eastern South Island , Dōnungǎudǎǎ – “Oceanian languages ​​of the South Islands”) and the western languages ​​of the South Islands ( Western South Island / Western South Island , Xīyado omituo – “Hesperonesian languages”, which includes all other languages ​​except the Oceanian). Dyen and Shigeru Tsuchida viewed the Formosa language family as closely related to the eastern languages ​​of the southern Islands. This language branch therefore has no special position.

The Formosa languages ​​as “Northern Language Family of the South Islands” [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

André-Georges Haudricourt calls the Formosa languages ​​”Northern Language Family of the South Islands” ( Northern South Island / Northern South Island , B Howyi ), in his view, Taiwan belongs to the Malay archipelago and divides them into the “Taiwanese languages ​​of the southern Islands” ( South Island of Taiwan / South Island of Taiwan , Taiwānnondǎooy ), the “eastern languages ​​of the southern Islands” ( Eastern South Island / Eastern South Island , Dōnbopdǎooy ) and the “western languages ​​of the South Islands” ( Western South Island / Western South Island , Xbībidǎoy ).

The Formosa languages ​​as the first language branch of the “Language Family of the South Islands” [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

Dahl looks at the Formosa languages ​​as the closest to the Proto-Austronesian languages ​​and classifies them as a branch of these languages. Blust goes one step further from this basis and divides the Formosa languages ​​into four lower branches: the Tàiyǎ languages ​​( Tae Yaqun / Tae Yaqun ), the Páiwān languages ​​( Paiwan language group / Paiwan language group ), the Zōu languages ​​( Zou Yuqun / Zou Yuqun ) and the Malayo-Polynesian languages. The Formosa languages ​​therefore belonged to three clear groups. The rest would not be precisely shared.

According to this, some linguists divided the Formosa language family into two language branches: the first is the Formosa language family, the second the Malayo-Polynesian languages. These were in the 2004 edition of the Ethnologue: Languages of the World also shown in detail. Of the 1262 languages, 23 were assigned to the Formosa language branch, all others in 1239 the Malayo-Polynesian language branch.

Synthesis of Blust and Bellwood [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

More and more linguists are increasingly measuring the Formosa language family. Research has shown that Taiwan is one of the origins of the Austronese languages, if not the only one, such as Blust and Bellwood. The relevant book Ethnologue: Languages of the World (2005b) Subscribes the formosa language into three branches: Tàiyǎ languages ​​( Tae Yaqun / Tae Yaqun ), Páiwān languages ​​( Paiwan language group / Paiwan language group ) and Zōu languages ​​( Zou Yuqun / Zou Yuqun ).

All Formosa languages ​​are constantly displaced by the culturally dominant high Chinese. In recent decades, the Taiwanese government has initiated the reintroduction of the mother tongue in schools previously repressed by law. [ten] [11]

The suspected spread of formosan languages ​​before the beginning of Chinese colonization in the 17th century. The division into different groups varies.

It is often difficult to find a clear distinction between dialect and language, which leads to disagreements and disagreements among experts through the Formosa languages. Accordingly, there are many ambiguities about extinction and the cultural assimilation of various formosan tribes, which makes linguistic studies difficult. A list of different formosa languages ​​is available below, but for the reasons given, it is not to be regarded as complete.

Living languages [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

  • Atayal ( Yaya / Yaya , Sell )
  • This ( Bunun language / Bunun language , Mud ; big differences in the dialects)
  • Friends ( Amei / Amei , Āmiyǔ ; big differences in the dialects, sometimes categorized as different languages)
  • Heicatgownrserysignation Kanaka -rich language / Kanaka -rich language , Kǎnàkǎnàfin ; extinction)
  • Cavalan ( Karmaland / Karmaland , Gambling ; categorized in some sources as extensively, [2] In other sources, however, categorized as a living language [3] )
  • Paiwan (Paiwan ( Paiwan language / Paiwan language , Páiānyǔ )
  • Saisiyat ( Saxia / Saxia , Saixi today )
  • Puyuma ( Humble / Humble , Bi )
  • Rukai ( Lukai / Lukai , Lǔkǎiyǔ ; big differences in the dialects)
  • Special ( Sha Arua / Sha Arua , Shāāliāz so ; extinction)
  • Seediq ( Stek language / Stek language , Sea ; Auch Truku)
  • Tao (also Yami)
  • Thao ( Shao / Shao , Shaoyǔ ; extinction)
  • Tsou ( Zou / Zou , Zōuyǔ )

Dead spoke [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

  • They asked ( Cat fog 捒 捒 捒 捒 / Cat fog 捒 捒 捒 捒 , Māo haosyym ; also Foforan / Foforan , Fǎfolǎngyǔ )
  • Basay ( Pakistatus / Pakistatus , Bāsaiyǔ )
  • Hoya ( Hongya / Hongya , Hóngyǎyǔ )
  • Misunderstanding ( Kaida Lan language / Kaida Lan language , Lapse )
  • Human
  • Pazeh ( Baga language / Baga language , The base ; 2010 extinct)
  • Popora
  • Siraya ( Silaya / Silaya , Xeyyǎy ī )
  • Taiivoan
  • Taokas ( Doucas / Doucas , Dkokǎsīyǔ )
  • S. TSUCHIDA: Kanakanavu texts (Austronesian Formosan) . [Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim], Osaka? 2003.
  • E. Fairs: Nominalization in Formosan languages . Institute of Linguistics (Preparatory Office), Academia Sinica, Taipei 2002.
  • G. L. Mackay: Chinese-Romanized dictionary of the Formosan vernacular . Presbyterian Mission Press, Shanghai 1893.
  • Gilbertus Happart, W. H. HEDHURST: Dictionary of the Favorlang dialect of the Formosan language . Parapattan, Batavia 1840.
  1. ↑ The Tribes in Taiwan . ( Memento of the Originals from March 30, 2009 in Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been used automatically and not yet checked. Please check original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note. @first @2 Template: Webachiv/Iabot/www.apc.gov.tw Council of Indigenous Peoples, Executive Yuan
  2. ↑ a b Elizabeth Zeitoun, Ching-Hua yu: The Formosan Language Archive: Linguistic Analysis and Language Processing . (PDF; 384 kB) In: Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing . Volume 10, No. 2, June 2005, S. 167–200
  3. ↑ a b Paul Jen-Kuei Li, SHIGERU TSUCHIDA: Kavalan Dictionary 词 Karmaland Dictionary ». Institute of linguistics, Academia Sinica Monogram Series no.a19. Academia sinica, Taipei 2006 [in Press]
  4. ↑ R. Blust: Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics , written at Taipei. In: E. Zeitoun, P.J.K Li: Selected papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Academia Sinica, 1999
  5. ↑ Jared M. Diamond: Taiwan’s gift to the world . ( Memento of the Originals from September 16, 2006 in Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been used automatically and not yet checked. Please check original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note. @first @2 Vorlage: Webacco / iAbot / faculty.wawin (PDF) In: Nature , Volume 403, February 2000, S. 709–710
  6. ↑ James J. Fox: Current Developments in Comparative Austronesian Studies . (PDF) Paper Prepared for Symposium Austronesia Postgraduate Linguististics and Cultural Studies. Udayana University, Bali 19.–20. August 2004.
  7. ↑ And Tathal, T Kivisild, Jh Loo, CL Lee, CL he et al.: Traces of archaic mitochondrial lineages persist in Austronesian-speaking Formosan populations. (PDF; 476 kB) In: PLoS Biol 3 (8), 2005, e247.
  8. ↑ P. A. Underhill et al.: Maori origins, Y-chromosome haplotypes and implications for human history in the Pacific . Human Mutation, Volume 17, Issue 4, S. 271–280. doi: 10.1002/here.23 , PMID 11295824 .
  9. ↑ C. C. Chu et al.: Diversity of Hla Among Taiwan’s Indigenous Tribes and the Ivatans in the Philippines . In: Tissue Antigens , Volume 58, Number 1, July 2001, S. 9–18(10).
  10. ↑ Hui-chi Lee: A Survey of Language Ability, Language Use and Language Attitudes of Young Aborigines in Taiwan. In: Charlotte Hoffmann, John Ytsma (Hrsg.): Trilingualism in Family, School, and Community . Multilingual Matters, Clevedon / Buffalo 2004, ISBN 1-85359-693-0, S. 101–117.
  11. ↑ Greg. Huteson: Socioringuistic Survey Report for the tona and maga dialects of the Rukai language . (PDF; 1,0 MB) SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2003-012, SIL International:Dallas TX 2003

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