Zambujal – Wikipedia

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Zambujal, view from east to west via line IV in the foreground, line III in the middle of the picture, on line II and I in front of the farmhouse in the background on the left

Zambujal (also Castro do Zambujal) is a fortified settlement of the copper era (3rd and 2nd millennium BC) on the Iberian Peninsula. It is located on a mountain spur near Torres Vedras in Portugal. Through geoarcheological studies, in particular bores in the Aue of the Rio Sizandro and the nearer Ribeira de Pedrulhos, it was found that the settlement of the 3rd JT. v. BC was only about one kilometer from a sea arm of the sea, which was terrified today. Zambujal is part of a series of locations in which the earliest copper metallurgy on the Iberian Peninsula was detected.
These include, among others. in Spain Los Millares (Province of Almería), Valencina de la Concepción (province of Sevilla), Cabezo Juré (province of Huelva), and in Portugal Alcalar (Algarve), Vila Nova de São Pedro (District Lisbon) and Leceia (near the Tejomue ). Before the middle of the 3rd millennium BC The so-called bell cup phenomenon seems to have arisen in today’s Portuguese Estremadura. Zambujal therefore belongs to the area of ​​early metallurgy on the Iberian Peninsula and the core area of ​​the bell cup movement, which then spread relatively quickly in Europe.

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When discovering the facility by Leonel de Freitas Sampaio Trindade in 1932, only a small hill was seen behind a farmhouse. The first excavations were carried out under the direction of Leonel Trindade together with Aurélio Ricardo Belo 1959, 1960 and 1961. The German Archaeological Institute, Madrid (DAI Madrid) department, led in collaboration with the Institute for Primary and Early History of the University of Freiburg 1964, 1966, 1968 , 1970, 1971 and 1973 excavations under the direction of Edward Sangmeister and Hermanfrid Schubart. In 1994, new excavations of the DAI were started, which concentrate on the area of ​​the partially collapsed farmhouse, on outer areas in the east and north as well as on the area below the steep slope in the west. They have not yet been completed. The first two campaigns in 1994 and 1995 were under the direction of Michael Kunst (DAI) and Hans-Peter Uerpmann from the University of Tübingen, the 2002 campaign under the direction of Michael Kunst and Elena Morán (now City Archäologist of Lagos (Portugal)) and and Rui Parreira (today Direção Regional de Cultura do Algarve Faro Portugal). The campaigns of 2004 and 2007 led Michael Kunst with the support of Nina Lutz (University of Marburg).

Zambujal, view from east to west to lines II and I; In the middle of the picture the barbakane, in front of it the hollow towers B (left) and a (right)

The so -called center of the system, which consisted of a citadel of approximately elliptical form, is particularly well preserved. To the east, i.e. upstairs, three more wall lines (line II to IV) have been detected so far, which secured the mountain spur, on the end of which the citadel (line I) sits, in the form of consecutive section attachments. Most walls have been reinforced several times over time by superiors. On the east side of the citadel, a semicircular, sometimes 4 m high wall, has been preserved particularly well, which only has small shooting -like openings inside. Hence the designation of the system as a barbakane, formerly also kennel. They were later added to the reinforcement of masonry. The interior of the complex was operated at all times. Conversions show that the defense concept has been changed several times.

A total of 16 consecutive construction phases could be recognized by vertical and horizontal-stratigraphic observations and related, partly strategic considerations for the conditions of the buildings to each other, which were summarized for five concepts.

  • Phase 1: Massive towers are connected to two -wall technology by a wall of about one meter wide. In the center there is a small citadel (line I), which is secured on the slope by various arched sections (line II-IV) to the east. Starting from it, radial walls between the section fasteners share the space in small farms that surround the citadel in a ring.
  • Phase 2: Through semicircular walls with small openings (probably shooting rays) in the form of barbakans, the citadel and probably other lines, such as: B. indicates a large semicircular wall in line III.
  • Phase 3: The shooting range is closed by a superior wall shell and other conversions. Barbakans and other small farms and semicircular towers are filled with large stones so that increased platforms are created.
  • Phase 4: In front of the walls from phase 3, hollow round towers are placed on the side, with a superstructure in the form of a cantilever vault – one also speaks of false domes.
  • Phase 5: After large parts of the walls of the first and second line have fallen, a new wall with small entrances is built, but nothing is preserved.

The facility was many times larger than before, as first showed the discovery of the fourth wall line with semicircular towers, which had a similar building history as the center. But by prospers from the past few years, numerous finds on the site east of the fourth line, further upstream, have been demonstrated. Inside, copper was always processed. Various living areas were documented within the enclosure, but also on the slope below the mountain spur on which the fastening is located seems to have been settled. So far, however, very few remains of round houses have been found, which in no way correspond to the number of people who would have been necessary for the construction and defense of the system. The near sea bay was of fundamental importance for the settlement, not only for nutrition such as the remains of fish and mussels, but probably also for the transport of various materials used in Zambujal such as amphibolite, ivory and copper as well as for exchange trading. The end of the settlement in the Bronze Age (only isolated finds still show a loose settlement until the transition to the Iron Age and then again from the Middle Ages) could be related to the landing of the sea bay. The finds of the excavations are kept in the Museu Municipal Leonel Trindade de Torres Vedras.

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Monographs (after year of publication) [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

  • Edward Sangmeister, Hermanfrid Schubart: Zambujal. The excavations from 1964 to 1973. (= Madrid contributions. Volume 5). With contributions by Angela von Die Driesch and Joachim Boessneck, Maria Hopf, G. Sperl, B. Kleinmann. Zambujal Part 1. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1981, ISBN 3-8053-0055-7.
  • Michael Art: Zambujal. Becs and notched ceramics from the excavations from 1964 to 1973 . (= Madrid contributions. Volume 5). Zambujal Part 2. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1987, ISBN 3-8053-0884-1.
  • Edward Sangmeister, María de la Cruz Jiménez Gómez: Zambujal. kupferFunde as of Grabungen 1964 1973; The amulets of the campes 1964 up to 1973 . (= Madrid contributions. 5). Zambujal part 3. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1995, ISBN 3-8053-1571-6.
  • Hans-Peter Uerpmann, Margarethe Uerpmann: Zambujal. The stone and leg artifacts from the excavations from 1964 to 1973 . (= Madrid contributions. 5). Zambujal Part 4. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2003, ISBN 3-8053-2870-2.

Essays (alphabetical order) [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

  • Felix Arnold, Michael Art: For reconstruction copper -time fastening systems on the Iberian Peninsula. Tower B of Zambujal (Torres Vedras, Lisboa, Portugal). In: Madrider messages. 52, 2011, German Archaeological Institute/Ludwig Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden 2011, ISBN 978-3-89500-825-2, pp. 36–86 (Plate 1–12).
  • Katharina Cordes, Andreas Gut, Thomas Schuhmacher: On the question of the ‘shooting Scars’ in Zambujal. In: Madrider messages. 31, 1990, Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1991, ISBN 3-8053-1192-3, pp. 83–108 (Plate 15).
  • Rainer Dambeck, Heinrich Thiemeyer, Nico Herrmann, Arie J. Kalis, Michael Kunst, Alan Lord, Holger Rittweger, Hans-Peter Stika, Astrid Stobbe: Holozene development and landscape change on Rio Sizandro. Geoarcheological contributions to the project ›Sizandro – Alcabrichl ‹(Torres Vedras, Portugal). In: Madrider messages. 51, Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden 2010, ISBN 978-3-89500-753-8, pp. 9–41 (Fig. 1–7, Tab. 1–3).
  • Gerd Hoffmann: For Holocene landscape development in the valley of the Rio Sizandro (Portugal). In: Madrider messages. 31, 1990, Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1991, ISBN 3-8053-1192-3, pp. 21–33 (Plate 2).
  • Michael Art: Cylindrical vessels, notch decoration and bell cups in Zambujal (Portugal). A contribution to the copper -age ceramic chronology. In: Madrider messages. 36, Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1995, ISBN 3-8053-1735-2, pp. 136–149 (Plate 13–14).
  • Michael Art, Nina Lutz: Zambujal (Torres Vedras, Portugal). For the precision of the absolute chronology by the studies on the fourth fastening line. In: Madrider messages. 49, Reichert Verlag Wiesbaden 2008, ISBN 978-3-89500-654-8, pp. 29–63 (color plate 3; Plate 1–15).
  • Michael Kunst, Hans-Peter Uerpmann: Zambujal (Portugal). Preliminary report on the excavations in 1994. In: Madrider messages. 37, Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1996, ISBN 3-8053-1833-2, pp. 10–36 (Plate 2–9).
  • Michael Kunst, Leonel Joaquim Trindade: On the settlement history of the Sizandrotal. Results from coastal research. In: Madrider messages. 31, 1990, Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1991, ISBN 3-8053-1192-3, pp. 34–82 (Plate 3–14).
  • Edward Sangmeister, Hermanfrid Schubart: Excavations in the copper -time attachment of Zambujal/Portugal 1964. In: Madrider messages. 6, F. H. Kerle Verlag, Heidelberg 1965, pp. 39–64 (Fig. 11–21, Plate 13–26).
  • Edward Sangmeister, Hermanfrid Schubart, excavations in the copper -time fastening of Zambujal/Portugal 1966, in: Madrider messages. 8, 1967, F. H. Kerle Verlag, Heidelberg 1968, pp. 47–78 (Plate 7–13).
  • Edward Sangmeister, Hermanfrid Schubart, excavations in the copper -time attachment of Zambujal/Portugal 1968, in: Madrider messages. 10, 1969, F. H. Kerle Verlag, Heidelberg 1970, pp. 11–44 (Fig. 6–7, Plate 1–8).
  • Thomas G. Schattner (ed.): Archaeological guide by Portugal (= Cultural history of the ancient world. Volume 74). Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1998, ISBN 3-8053-2313-1, pp. 131–134.

Portuguese publications (alphabetical order) [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

  • Michael Kunst (Coord.): Origins, structures and relations of the calcolitical cultures of the Iberian Peninsula. Minutes of the 1st Archaeological Days of Torres Vedras, April 3 to 5, 1987 . Archeology works Band 7. Portuguese Institute of Architectural and Archaeological Heritage, Lisbon 1995, ISBN 972-8087-15-2, S. 17–53.
  • Michael Kunst, Hans-Peter Uerpmann: Zambujal (Torres Vedras, Lisbon). Excavations Report of 1994 and 1995. In: Portuguese Journal of Archeology 5, 1. Portuguese Institute of Archeology 2002. ISSN  0874-2782 , S. 67–120.
  • Afonso do Paço, Vera Leisner, Leonel Trindade, Hermanfrid Schubart, Octavio da Veiga Ferreira: „Castro do Zambujal (Torres Vedras)“. In: „Lisbon District Junta Bulletin” (II Series) 61-62, 1964, S. 279–306.
  • Edward Sangmeister, Hermanfrid Schubart, Leonel Trindade: ENSE ENeolitic Castro do Zambujal (Torres Vedras – Portugal) 1964 . Torres Vedras 1966.
  • Edward Sangmeister, Hermanfrid Schubart, Leonel Trindade: Excavations in the Eneolithic Castro of Zambujal 1966. In: The Portuguese archaeologist. N, S. 3, Band 3, 1969, S. 71–114.
  • Edward Sangmeister, Hermanfrid Schubart, Leonel Trindade: Excavations in the eneolithic fortification of Zambujal 1968. In: The Portuguese archaeologist. N, S. 3, Band 4, 1970, S. 65–114.
  • Edward Sangmeister, Hermanfrid Schubart, Leonel Trindade: Excavations at the fortification of the age of Copper of Zambujal/Portugal 1970. In: The Portuguese archaeologist. N, S. 3, Band 5, 1971, S. 51–96.
  • Edward Sangmeister, Hermanfrid Schubart, Leonel Trindade: Excavations at the fortification of the age of Copper do Zambujal/Portugal 1972/73. In: The Portuguese archaeologist. N, S. 3, Band 7–9, 1974–1977, 1979, S. 125–140.

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