Amper – Wikipedia
| Almost (Upper Run: Breastfeeding ) |
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 The Amper south of Fürstenfeldbruck |
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| Data | ||
| Watercare | Of: 164 | |
| Make | Bayern Germany | |
| River system | Danube | |
| Drainage over | Isar → Danube → Black Sea | |
| Those | south of Oberammergau in the Ammer Mountains 47 ° 34 ′ 12 ″ N , 11 ° 3 ′ 5 ″ O 47.570033333333 11.051352777778 850 |
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| Source height | shift. 850 m ü. NN [first] | |
| mouth | north -northeast of Moosburg from left to the Isar 48,500366666667 11,95655833333 407 Coordinates: 48 ° 30 ′ 1 ″ N , 11 ° 57 ′ 24 ″ O 48 ° 30 ′ 1 ″ N , 11 ° 57 ′ 24 ″ O 48,500366666667 11,95655833333 407 |
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| Muzzle height | shift. 407 m ü. NN [first] | |
| Height difference | ca. 443 m | |
| Sol | shift. 2.6 ‰ | |
| Long | 168 km | |
| Catchment area | 3.221,96 km² [2] | |
| Drain on the Inkofen level [3] A There : 3076 km² Lage: 11.9 KM Above the mouth |
Ying (September 22, 1947) MNQ 1926–2006 MQ 1926–2006 Mq 1926–2006 MHQ 1926-2006 Hhq (01.06.1940) |
10,7 m³/s 24,6 m³/s 45 m³/s 14.6 l/(s km²) 140 m³/s 300 m³/s |
| Throughout lakes | Ammersee | |
The Almost is a river in the Bavarian Alpine foothills and forms together with the Breastfeeding A coherent river system. The name denotes Breastfeeding the upper reaches to the Ammersee, the name Almost The section from the lake outflow to the mouth of the Isar near Moosburg.
The river system, which is over long areas, is the most important inflow of the Isar with 185 kilometers in length and an average drain of 45 m³/s in front of the Loisach. With its catchment area of over 3200 km², the Amper drains a area larger around a sixth than the Isar above the amperutend. However, because the alpine is smaller, the amper the Isar brings less water than its own upper reaches.
The biggest tributaries are the Maisach, which is sinking on the left at Dachau, which drains the Starnberg lake, sailing on the right, and finally the Glonn, which in turn rises on the left, which rises southeast of Mittelstetten in the Fürstenfeldbruck district.
The term Almost can be from the Indo -European root *Ombh-, *MBH- derive that Water or one Watercourse designated. The Celtic name *Amber was taken over by the Romans and is as genitive Amber and local Ambrae testified since the 3rd century. According to another interpretation, Amper is with the Breton and thus Celtic word ampart related. Accordingly, the river name would be for the terms sent , skilful and stark .
In 1243 the Ammersee is for the first time as Amirsee Described and only from the 14th century a distinction is made between the Ammer as an inflow to the Ammersee and the Amper.
The Ammer, and with it the Amper, drains part of the Ammer Mountains to the northeast to the Isar and thus towards the Danube. The Amper crosses four natural areas on a distance of around 100 km: the steep old and young moraines, the flat gravel level and the Danube Isar hill country.
Overall, the Ammer/Amper river system overcomes 430 meters of altitude. The Ammer loses almost 200 meters in the 20 -kilometer gorge south of Peißenberg alone.
Source area [ Edit | Edit the source text ]
The source area of the Ammer is located in the Ammergau Alps at the exit of the Graswangtal between Graswang and Ettal. Partly water flows out of a raised bog here, some of them are fed by various source pots in the valley ground from the water of the Linder, which is coming to light here, which rises directly on the border between Tyrol and Bavaria near the Ammersattel and most of the year between Linderhof and Graswang seeped away in the permeable, chalky surface.
The large Ammer sources, which are fed through the river bed of the Linder on both sides of the river bed, flow into the mostly dry bed of the Linder and form the large Ammer, together with the Linder, which is still flowing here. The small Ammer sources are fed from the small Ammer sources located on the north side of the Graswangtal, which flows into the Großer Ammer between Ettal and Oberammergau and forms the Ammer with it.
Breastfeeding [ Edit | Edit the source text ]
North of Unterammergau, the river leaves the Bavarian Alps after about 15 kilometers and then flows through the Ammer Loisach hill country north. In this young moraine landscape, which was created from the deposits of the Isar Loisach glacier during the Würm cold time, cuts up to 80 meters deep into the moraine and into the molasse that is upstream and also forms the Ammerleite. South of Hohenpeißenberg, the Ammerschlucht bends to the east. At Peißenberg, the river leaves the gorge and turns north again. It flows through a long -stretched wide valley until it flows east of Dießen into the Ammersee. A little before the left branches on the left Old Ammer from, which is absorbed by the longer but usually low -water Rott, which also flows into the Ammersee.
Almost [ Edit | Edit the source text ]
After leaving the Ammersee near Eching am Ammersee, the valley of the Amper initially cuts in a final moraine landscape of the Isar Loisach glacier of the Würm cold time and then flows through the Munich gravel level from Fürstenfeldbruck. Northeast of Dachau, she comes to the area of the Tertiary Danube Isar hill country and finally flows into the Isar near Moosburg. Southwest of Moosburg, the Amper is withdrawn most of its water (30 m³/s) and the Isar passed through a channel south of Moosburg. Another connecting channel uses this water in the Uppenbornwerke on the Middle Isar Canal for energy generation. Another part of the water is branched off immediately before the mouth of the Isar and flows as Klötzlmühlbach north of the Isar to Landshut.
The first inflow of the Ammer shortly behind the unification of the drains from the large Ammer sources with the Linder is the approximately 7 -kilometer Kohlbach. Her longest inflow in the area of the Ammergau Alps is the half -bunning at Saulgrub from the left. In the area of Ammerschlucht, the Ammer only absorbs smaller streams. After leaving the gorge at Münden near Oberhausen, the 19 -kilometer Eyach and the 43 kilometer -long oh, which forms the drain of the Staffelsee and the longest inflow of the Ammer is before its mouth to the Ammersee, from right into it. The Angerbach near Weilheim in Upper Bavaria, the Grünbach near Wielenbach and the Kinschbach near Pähl, all of which from right, are larger tributaries.
Larger inflows of the Ammersee are the Rott near Dießen am Ammersee as well as Kienbach and Fischbach in Herrsching am Ammersee.
Shortly after it left the Ammersee, the now called Amper takes up the 36 -kilometer Windach from the left at Eching on the Ammersee. Other large tributaries are the Maisach (36 km long, flows from the left at Günding), the Würm, which forms the drainage of Lake Starnberg (40 km long, flows from right at Hebertshausen) and the Glonn, which with a length of 50 kilometers The longest amper inflation is (flows from the left near Allershausen). Shortly before the mouth of the Amper into the Isar, the approximately 14 -kilometer Mühlbach, which is derived from the Moosach, flows at Wang as her last inflow from right into her.
Ammer and Amper have mostly been used as transport paths by the Celtic tribes settled on the river as a prehistoric period. When the Romans conquered the area of today’s Upper Bavaria in the first century, they opened the country with well -developed traffic routes. One of the most important army and commercial roads, the Via Julia, Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg) with Juvavum (Salzburg). These streets were not only used by the military, but especially by dealers in order to be able to transport the salt that is so valuable at the time. In order to safely overcome the amper, street stations were built at river crossings such as natural fords. The easy -to -control trading traffic enabled regular income from customs fees and thus gained additional importance. The medieval foundation of the city of Fürstenfeldbruck is directly related to the construction of a bridge.
During the migration in the fifth century, Alemannic tribal associations came up to the area of the Ammer/Amper. The Alemanni were subsequently pushed back by the Bavarian tribes, but the course of the two rivers still forms the language border between the Swabian and the Bavarian dialect.
During the Thirty Years’ War, a Swedish army moved three times (between 1632 and 1634) along the Amper to reach Augsburg and Munich.
The recurring floods repeatedly caused floods in the adjoining cities and municipalities. Since the 19th century, increasing the start of reducing the risk of flooding in some areas has been secured with dikes and partially channeling the river itself so that the river bed could deepen. Through further regulating measures, such as the construction of weirs, the flood protection was further improved.
In 1945 German soldiers blew up the Amperbrücke west of Inning. As a result, the French troops of General de Gaulle, feared by the population, remained in the western area of the Ammersee and therefore the areas further east were conquered by the American soldiers.
Despite all the measures, the defense was badly damaged in the 1999 Pentecostal water from 1999.
Since the middle of the 19th century, the natural course of the Ammer and the Amper has been significantly changed by flood protection and the construction of power plants- with far-reaching consequences for the local flora and fauna. For example, the continuousness of the rivers is often disturbed by weirs. This makes the hike and the spread of fish more difficult or even impossible. The integration in some areas also meant an intervention in the ecological balance. The outer forests were shielded from the natural water inflow by the dikes, so that the riparian forest is only available in residues. In order to obtain the original river landscape, at least in some areas, several nature reserves, such as the Amperau nature reserve, were shown with guide forests between Fürstenfeldbruck and Schöngeising. The mouth of the Ammer and the AMPERMOOS nature reserve north of the Ammersee are among the seven internationally significant wetlands of Bavaria ( See also: List of Ramsar areas in Germany).
Happen [ Edit | Edit the source text ]
Since man has changed the river landscape significantly in the 19th century, this has also been the existence of the plant and animal species represented here. Stowing on numerous weirs have slowed down the drain so much that the water was warmer. Fish species from the still water area have therefore displaced those that can only live in oxygen -rich and cooler water. Because the current is now weaker, the gravel banks are rarely switched over, so that they grow up, which has driven out bird species that can only breed on open gravel areas.
Nature reserves and fish passes on traffic jams are intended to improve the living conditions of many rare animals and plants. Investigations have proven that the grown population of the goose respects also affects the grown population in the decline in the gravity. This duck bird classified as endangered has specialized in the hunt for small fish. This shows how difficult it is to restore an old ecological balance once it has been disturbed.
The river system of Ammer and Amper can be divided into three river regions, the trout region, the gravity region and the barbel region.
The Ammer is divided into a trout and gravity region. Especially in the oxygen -rich and cooler upper reaches of the river up to the end of the Ammerschlucht southwest of Peißenberg, the leading fish of the trout region, the brown trout, occurs primarily. The further course up to the maid of Ammers in the Ammersee belongs to the Akschen region. The Amper, in turn, expects the whole route to the barbel region; Bach trout, roach, pike or even the naturalized eels live here primarily. In addition to these typical fish region, rare fish such as barben and noses also occur in the amper.
The river landscape offers many rare bird species a habitat, including water, the kingfisher and the big bird of fallow. It is something special that the black stork occurs along the Ammer. The river runners, which are also considered endangered as endangered, build their nests well camouflaged in the middle of the rubble of the gravel banks, where they usually do not even notice those looking for relaxation. During the brood, visitors can therefore unknowingly disturb these birds so much that their success fails to fail.
In the bank area as well as on the gravel banks, in addition to the toads and fence lizards, there are also blinds. In addition to cross-singles, ringel and loop snakes are also represented on snake species. The large grass snake deposit in the nature reserve is remarkable here Amperauen South of Fürstenfeldbruck. In this amper section near Schöngeising and the Zellhof as well as below Dachau mainly near Haimhausen, several beaver populations have settled in recent years.
Especially in the upper, but also in the middle section of the river, the river repeatedly pours open gravel areas through erosion and sedimentation. Then pioneer plants settle that can cope well with the initially difficult conditions. This includes the Alpine candy, the yellow-flowered hawk herb and the rare German tamariske. If floods do not carry the gravel bench again, then after a few years, white silver root, juniper and finally even different types of pastures grow here.
Grayer forests and the lower rank of the Amper also spread in the last remaining Au forests. A number of bogs that are known for their colorful flower world have developed along the Ammer, for example that Ettaler Weidmoos South of Oberammergau.
Endangered species [ Edit | Edit the source text ]
In the habitat of the Amperauen there are u. The following very endangered species [4] :
- Members: beaver, swamp spy mouse, water spy mouse
- Birds: dwarf divers, dwarf dumplings, water flap, kingfisher, water amusement, pirol, pipe consecration
- Reptiles: Ringelnatter, Europ. Turtle
- Amphibians: water frog, leaf frog, even freshwater jellyfish
- Fish: Bach trout, granny, hazel, nerfling, nose, barbel, bitterling, green, Schneider, Rutte, Koppe, mudspeitzger
- Matchel: large Schiller butterfly, small kingfisher, dark moor blue, violet silver butterfly
- Drabs: Small Zangenlibelle, common wedge maid, banded Heidelibelle
- Houses: swamp frozen, wart bundle
- Vascular plants: orchids, such as different boy herbs (picture), creeping fir fraud, colored spawwood, cutting edge, swamp, swampy sword root, Siberian swamps, swamp blatters, Karlszepter, high violet, spring-enzian, simple meadow root, meadow roasting, shammy grass, common frog biss , Roller-segge, Karlsperter.
shipping [ Edit | Edit the source text ]
The amper can only be navigable on one section and has no meaning for inland navigation.
From 1880 to 1939 there was a regular steamship connection between Stegen am Ammersee and Grafrath, which was mainly used by excursions from Munich. These ran by train to Grafrath and went about 1.5 km from the train station to the jetty. There they climbed the boat to Stegen, where they could switch to Ammersee steam ships.
After opening the railway line between Munich and Herrsching, the passenger numbers on the water decreased so much that the cost of navigable the amper part of the amper part made the company uneconomical; The ship connection from Grafrath to Stegen had to be stopped. The beginning of the Second World War brought out the final end of shipping on the Amper.
The “Maria Therese” was the first steamship, with which the Amper shipping line between Inning and Grafrath opened on May 10, 1880, it was popularly called “Mooskuh” because the entire route between Grafrath and the Ammersee led through the ampermoos Its signal tone was like the call of the pipe dommel.
In the past, wood was fluttered on the river, especially from the Ammer Mountains. Names still indicate this, such as Trifthof For a commercial area in Weilheim. This Trifthof was built in 1611. [5] In order to continue to bring the tree trunks over the Ammersee to Dachau, they were connected to trift rates. [5] There was also a trift courtyard in Dachau. [5]
Energy generation [ Edit | Edit the source text ]
Historical importance is two hydropower plants. As early as 1891–1892, the first hydropower plant in Bavaria was built in Schöngeising after plans by Oskar von Miller. The world’s first rail power plant for single -phase change current, the Kammerl power plant, was put into operation a few years later around 1898 west of Saulgrub in the Ammertal. It was used to supply the 23-kilometer-long Murnau-Oberammergau route, which belongs to the local railway stock company, on which the first timetable electrical train traffic was recorded in 1905. The foundation of the Amperwerke Elektricitäts-AG carried out in 1908 to systematically use the hydropower of the Amper. A number of other running hydropower plants along the river system with regional economic importance were created, mostly until the First World War. These are works u. in Unterbruck near Fürstenfeldbruck (1909), Olching, Dachau, Hebertshausen, Volkmannsdorf near Allershausen or Kranzberg (1911). Hydropower plants need even high water level so that energy generation does not come to a standstill in low -precipitation. This was ensured by the construction of some smaller channels, weirs and a storage reservoir near Fürstenfeldbruck. At Zolling, the Amper supplies the Zolling power plant with cooling water via a channel. The Haag hydropower plant is also located on the same channel. Today, the hydropower plants are also used in terms of their fish, e.g. B. by fish stairs.
tourism [ Edit | Edit the source text ]
In addition to a number of cities worth seeing along the Ammer and the Amper like Weilheim, Fürstenfeldbruck, Dachau and Moosburg, the Ammersee is particularly important. Along the Ammer are the veil water cases south of Bad Bayersoien and the Echelsbach bridge are the most important sights. The river is lined with long distances, enable the tours from the Alps to the amper defense near Moosburg an der Isar. Driving the Ammer and the Amper with canoes or similarly agile boats is possible over almost the entire route, but not all year round. Better is only allowed on the Ammer between December 1st and April 30th with a drain of at least 6 cubic meters/second. [6] During the bird breeding pages (March 1st to July 15th), driving on the Amper from Stegen to Grafrath and between Schöngeising and Fürstenfeldbruck is prohibited. [7] The city of Fürstenfeldbruck has shown a number of official bathing matters along the Amper.
The Ammer AMper-Cycle Path (AAR) is an approx. 200 kilometer long bike pathway, which runs along the rivers Ammer and Amper from the Ammerquelle near Oberammergau to Moosburg an der Isar.
- Franz X. Bogner: Ammer and Amper from the air: portrait of a river landscape. Bayerland-Verlag, Dachau 2009. ISBN 978-3-89251-402-2.
- Norrt Göttler: On Ammer and Amper – a cultural -historical hike. 3. Edition. Bayerland-Verlag, Dachau 2004, ISBN 3-89251-060-1
- Martin Siepmann, Brigitta Siepmann: Werdenfelser Land and Oberes Ammertal. Bayerland-Verlag, Dachau 1995, ISBN 3-89251-213-2
- ↑ a b Topographic Karte 1: 25,000
- ↑ List of the Bach and River areas in Bavaria- Isar River area, page 44 of the Bavarian State Office for the Environment, as of 2016 (PDF; 2.5 MB) (page number can change)
- ↑ German Water -Care Yearbook Donau area 2006 Bavarian State Office for the Environment, p. 202, accessed on October 4, 2017, on: Order.bayern.de (pdf, German, 24.2 MB).
- ↑ Municipality of Haimhausen in the district of Dachau – Habitat Amperauen. Accessed on January 1, 2020 .
- ↑ a b c Rain and wooden trift. In: Georg Paula, Stefanie Berg-Hobohm: District Weilheim-Schongau . (= Monuments in Bavaria Volume 1, Lipp, Munich 2003, p. 23.
- ↑ The Ammer level in Peissenberg at 4-paddlers.com
- ↑ Info page of the Fürstenfeldbruck district office ( Memento from May 24, 2014 in Internet Archive )
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