[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki14\/minting-behavior-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki14\/minting-behavior-wikipedia\/","headline":"Minting (behavior) – Wikipedia","name":"Minting (behavior) – Wikipedia","description":"Wild geese and cranes in a flight together with Christian Mullec as a result of a succession Minting If one","datePublished":"2018-02-27","dateModified":"2018-02-27","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki14\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki14\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cd\/Christian_Moullec_3.jpg\/220px-Christian_Moullec_3.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cd\/Christian_Moullec_3.jpg\/220px-Christian_Moullec_3.jpg","height":"147","width":"220"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki14\/minting-behavior-wikipedia\/","wordCount":4906,"articleBody":" Wild geese and cranes in a flight together with Christian Mullec as a result of a succession Minting If one calls an irreversible form of learning in behavioral biology: During a mostly relatively short, genetically defined period of time (sensitive phase), the reaction to a certain charm of the environment is so permanently included in the behavioral repertoire that this reaction appears as innate after being formed. As part of the instinct theory, the phenomenon becomes Minting interpreted as the appropriation of the reaction to a key stimulus. The English word for imprinting (“imprinting”) is also used in genetics for a special form of expression of genes (\u2192 genomic embossing), which can depend on which parent the allel is, i.e. in a completely different context Area of \u200b\u200bbehavioral biology. Learning through the embossing takes place without reward or punishment playing a role. Learning through embossing therefore differs fundamentally from a form of learning such as learning through experience or a problem solving through attempt and error. Characterized is characterized by the fact that it can only take place in a certain period of time, which is why it is Sensitive phase of life referred to as. So it cannot be catched up. At the age of this phase and how long it takes can vary depending on the animal species. Stand is irrevocable, what they have learned is learned particularly quickly and effectively and effectively for lifetime keep; At least the triggers (“key stimuli”) acquired by embossing are preferred. By embossing, only narrowly limited features are learned, for example one particular Reaction to a certain Object of the environment or a certain behavior that can be clearly differentiated from other behaviors. Standing can take place in a period of time in which the characterized behavior cannot yet be carried out. [first] There are basically two forms: with the Object If the animal is shaped on a certain object, for example on a fellow species. In the Motor mint The animal is suitable for certain consequences of movement (“actions”), for example in some types of birds. In addition to the two “classic” minting processes, the follow -up and the sexual imprint, which were already described in the early work of Konrad Lorenz, comparable learning processes have been demonstrated, particularly in the ecological area. Subsequent embossing [ Edit | Edit the source text ]  Subsequent embossing on the mother in the dark due The was particularly intensely researched Subsequent embossing (engl. filial imprinting ), especially with goose (Anserini). Green of various species are therefore so well suited as model animals, “because the behavior aimed at the parent animal and the social buddy can be easily and sustainably fixed on the human caregiver, but a sexual impression on humans is almost impossible in these birds.” [2] After hatching, the chicks of the geese first have to learn who their mother is, so they have no congenital \u201cappearance\u201d of the mother. In the first few hours after hatching, they prefer to approach all objects in their surroundings that move and regularly make sound expressions. After a few minutes of stay near such a object, the chicks follow it almost unconditionally. In a natural environment, the animal that has freed the eggs and keeps all foreign individuals away from the nest – i.e. the mother. In the experiment with chicks, which also slipped off all the noises in the breeding cabinet, the young test animals could also be shaped on a football or on a wooden box in minutes. Eckhard Hess found that the sensitive period for the characteristics of this behavior shows a maximum of the shaky around the 15th hour after hatching. [3] Katharina Heinroth described the embossing as a “lightning -like learning process”, in which the observer – according to Oskar Heinroth – developed the idea that the chicks slipping in a broodcare center “really look at you with intent to memorize the picture.” [4] This observation, which Oskar Heinroth published for the first time in 1911 [5] was the phenomenon in the 1930s Minting Especially described in detail by Konrad Lorenz, precisely defined and analyzed in numerous attempts. He has therefore become known u. As a “father of the gray geese”: Lorenz repeatedly ensured that only he was in their immediate vicinity after the chick slipped. As a result, the chicks were shaped on Lorenz and followed him wherever he was going. As impressive and entertaining literary descriptions of the behavior of his gray goose Martina as well as film recordings made this variant of the embossing one of the best -known facts of classic comparative behavioral research. Sexual embossing [ Edit | Edit the source text ] When Sexual embossing in behavioral research is a form of appropriation of knowledge about adequate sexual partners. A special feature of the sexual character is that, in addition to the two main features (sensitive phase and irreversibility), it is noticeable by the fact that there is a very large distance between the time of the embossing on the object and the execution of the associated behaviors: The sensitive phase is consistently Already completed before the animal becomes sexually mature. [6] For example, zebra fines are sexually shaped at the end of the first month of life, but only sexually mature weeks later. For example, by Japanese M\u00f6vchen ( Lonchura Struiata ) Used up, they later show a clear preference for animals of the species that “adopted” at the courtship. [7] From scientific teaching films, ducks are also known on domestic chickens. [8] Katharina Heinroth, the director of the Berlin Zoo, which was largely destroyed by war in 1945, acquired a young male polar bear, born in December 1950 and, as soon as he was able to absorb food, was separated from his mother in the spring of 1951. For playing, he was given an equally old brown bear in Nuremberg – and therefore also in Berlin. After a while, the Berlin zoo was also able to acquire a young polar bear with which the polar bear mutually lived compatible. When both polar bears were sexually mature, the male polar bear did not take care of the female. However, when a brown bear came into the Brunft in the side enclosure and whose smell blew, scratched, scratched and scraped the slide with a slide. Once Heinroth had the slide opened, whereupon the polar bear immediately moved to the neighboring cage: \u201cShe received it upside down on her hind legs, hissing, with opened mouth and hit him with the front stains. He quickly saved himself back into his cage. It is strange that the smell of the brown bearmen alone could sexually impress him. The sensitive phase is already in the first few months after the first independent food intake. \u201d [4] In the field the young polar bears often stay with the mother for more than a year, so that Misprints be avoided. In 2000, Bochum researchers reported on a study of Javabronzem\u00e4nnchen, in the course of which adult animals received a red apex as artificial jewelry. The descendants they have raised later clearly preferred their peers with red jewelry spring. The male descendants of unwanted parents, on the other hand, rejected decorated females and salted unadorned females significantly more frequently. [9] Place [ Edit | Edit the source text ] The selection of a certain habitat is also based on experiences in the early youth. As Place (also: Homeland , Biotope , Ambient formation or geographical embossing ) is called the irreversible learning of certain properties of a certain place. [ten] Implementation experiments have been proven, among others. In salmon, which apparently learn the specific taste of the water by embossing, in which they spent their first weeks of life. [11] [twelfth] Many marine turtles, for example the Atlantic Green Sea turtles, have a magnetic sense and orientate themselves on the earth’s magnetic field to return to the same beach for the first time after hatching. It is believed that the angle of inclination of the field lines of the magnetic field at the birthplace is permanently learned by embossing. [13] Singing [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Young songbirds are usually cared for by both parents, so that young males have the opportunity to hear the vocals of their fathers – only in a few ways the females also sing – and often also hear the singing of some neighboring males of their kind. Singing can be attracted, for example, sexual partners and delimited areas. The often varied typical vocals are not innate, rather \u201can undisturbed hearing is a prerequisite for normal singing development. Singing birds, which were made deaf in nesting age, do not produce any species -appropriate vocals as adults. \u201d [14] It is noteworthy that the appropriation of singing is only carried out during a \u201csensitive phase\u201d in youth, while the young males \u201cusually only begin to sing next season\u201d. In the youth it is “acquired an acoustic target pattern, according to which one’s own vocals later directed.” [15] At the Australian wart honey -eater ( Anthochara Phrygia ) If this form of appropriation of the typical vocals also endangers the continued existence of the species: the wart honey -eater is threatened with extinction ( critically endangered ), its existence has been rapidly decreasing for decades because u. Wood strike and the spread of agricultural areas have destroyed its habitat in many places. Due to the backward inventory, young birds in some areas no longer have enough “role models” from which they could take over their typical singing. This has meant that males only partially or even acquired the singing of the mating of other species and thus had less chances of their own offspring. [16] Food embossing [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Under Food embossing Some researchers understand a permanent, appearance of irreversible preference for certain foods after possibly a one -off pleasure: “In various animal groups, rearing food can cause a later food prompt, which is also preserved after a different diet.” [ten] \u201cIn terms of characteristics, people were written on various ways, [17] And there is indeed many information for your occurrence, but no strict evidence. \u201d [18] Iren\u00e4us Eibl-Eibesfeldt, from which this quote comes, has also pointed out that there are \u201csensitive periods in development\u201d in young people, in which, for example, original trust, emotional bond with parents and gender roles forms: \u201cThere the Expression Minting But originally used for irreversible learning processes, it is advisable to first speak of mock -like learning processes in humans. \u201d [19] Bernhard Hassenstein grabbed this proposal in his book Behavioral biology of the child and discussed whether the name Minting The “special openness of the infant for knoting up the bond” (to its parental supervisors) is applicable: “Some affirm it because of the agreement of the characteristics.” However,-like Eibl-Eibesfeldt-against this view, that in the case of one Charging after the sensitive phase has passed, no reverse or re-embossing would be possible. “However, in special life situations and special personality structures, a new bond can also arise even at later age.” Hassstein therefore spoke out in favor of applying the name “character -like learning” in humans. [20] With reference to the bond theory of John Bowlby, which was largely developed by the ethological concept of the character, also argued that the psychologist Tobias Krettauer, teaching in Canada, also argued that binding patterns can be plastic and in the course of the development: \u201cConversely, concluding that the binding in all life phases equally can be formable, of course, it would also be questionable. \u201dAt the same time, Krettenauer provided a reason for this special position of man in relation to the phenomenon Minting : “If the process of imprint in human development is less striking than with some animal species, this indicates that the interaction of the complex and the environment is much more complex in humans.” [21] When Konrad Lorenz was awarded the “Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine” in 1973, the official reason was particularly highlighted in the official justification. [22] In fact, in the 1950s, Lorenz, immediately after the Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology was founded, initially supplemented his observations from the 1930s by additional experiments and among other things. Researched the differences between geese and ducks as well as the connection between follow -up and sexual embossing. These studies in turn gave the impetus for Klaus Immelmann to explore the singing of the songbirds. Occasionally, Lorenz is therefore also the “discovery” of the phenomenon Minting attributed, although Lorenz was already in his early work in 1935 The buddy in the environment of the bird expressly referred to the preparatory work of Oskar Heinroth, who in a review published in 1911 on the behavior of the duck birds [23] had clearly described the phenomenon of the “embossing”; Lorenz led the name Minting later permanently into the biological technical language. [24] Oskar Heinroth is also not the discoverer of the embossing, although Heinroth’s wife Katherina [4] and many others in the German -speaking world attributed this achievement to him: Oskar Heinroth had a scientific predecessor in the British Douglas Alexander Spalding (approx. 1840\u20131877), who scientifically correctly met in February 1873 stamping in (“Casting”, “Cut down”) described, but rather hidden in Macmillan\u2019s Magazine and without in -depth experiments. [25] Nevertheless, this publication in 1890 by William James was in his “Principles of Psychology” [26] Quoted in detail and very benevolently, and Spalding is therefore occasionally considered the “actual” explorer of the embossing in the English -speaking world. However, the studies of Spalings only became known after 1954 when John Burdon Sanderson Haldane re -released them again. This in turn is hardly understandable even from a British point of view, because the historical trace of the supposed first descriptions of scientific descriptions extends back to Utopia, i.e. in the early 16th century. With Thomas Morus, it is literally said about the agricultural utopiers: \u201cPoultry are absorbed in endless quantities, with the help of an amazing facility: the hens do not breed the eggs themselves, but you set a large number of eggs Warmth out, bring life and absorb the chicks. As soon as they have hatched out of the bowl, they run behind the people like behind the battles and see as this . ” [27] Seen in this way, the discovery of the embossing cannot be determined absolutely, because the knowledge that especially ducks are occasionally unreliable breeders and their clutch is best underlying a hen in order not to lose it, should be almost as old as animal breeding. Patrick Bateson: The characteristics and context of imprinting. In: Biological Reviews. Band 41, Nr. 2, 1966, S. 177-217, doi:10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1966.tb01489.x . Patrick Bateson: How do sensitive periods arise and what are they for? In: Animal Behavior. Band 27, Nr. 2, 1979, S. 470-486, doi:10.1016\/0003-3472(79)90184-2 . Patrick Bateson and Gabriel Horn: Imprinting and recognition memory: a neural net model. In: Animal Behavior. Band 48, Nr. 3, 1994, S. 695-715, Doi: 10.1006\/Anbe.1994.1289 . Patrick Bateson: What must be known in order to understand imprinting? In: Cecilia Heyes and Ludwig Huber (ed.): The Evolution of Cognition. Mit press, cambridge (mass.). 2000,. 85-102, ISBN 978-0-262-52696-8, Full text ( Memento from March 18, 2005 in Internet Archive ) Hans-Joachim Bischof: Song learning, filial imprinting, and sexual imprinting: Three variations of a common theme? In: Biomedical Research Tokyo. Band 18, Suppl. 1, 1997, S. 133\u2013146. Hans-Joachim Bischof: Imprinting and Cortical Plasticity: A Comparative Review. In: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. Band 7, nr. 2, 1983, S. 213-225, doi:10.1016\/0149-7634(83)90016-7 , Full text (PDF) . Johan J. Bolhuis: Mechanisms of Avian Imprinting: a Review. In: Biological Reviews. Band 66, nr. 4, 1991, S. 303-345, doi:10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1991.tb01145.x . Eckhard Hess: Imprinting. An effect of early experience, imprinting determines later social behavior in animals. In: Science . Band 130, Nr. 3368, 1959, S. 133-141, doi:10.1126\/science.130.3368.133 . Eckhard Hess: Imprinting in birds. Research has borne out the concept of imprinting as a type of learning different from association learning. In: Science . Band 146, Nr. 3648, 1964, S. 1128-1139, doi:10.1126\/science.146.3648.1128 . Eckhard Hess: Imprinting: Early Experience and the Developmental Psychobiology of Attachement. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York 1973, ISBN 978-0-442-23391-4.German edition: Minister. The early childhood development of behavioral patterns in animal and humans. With a foreword by Konrad Lorenz. Kindler, Munich 1975, ISBN 978-3-463-00630-7. \u2191  The characteristics named here have been removed from: Iren\u00e4us Eibl-Eibesfeldt: Fundri\u00df of comparative behavioral research. 7th edition. Piper, Munich and Zurich 1987, pp. 389\u2013392, ISBN 3-492-03074-2.  \u2191  Konrad Lorenz: Comparative behavior research. Basics of ethology. Springer, Vienna and New York 1978, pp. 44, ISBN 978-3-7091-3098-8.  \u2191  Konrad Lorenz, Comparative behavior research. Basics of ethology, S. 225.  \u2191 a b c  Katharina Heinroth in: Wolfgang Schleidt (ed.): The circle around Konrad Lorenz. Ideas, hypotheses, views. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin and Hamburg 1988, pp. 56, ISBN 3-489-63336-9.  \u2191  Oskar Heinroth: Contributions to biology, especially ethology and psychology of the anatids. In: Negotiations of the V. International Ornithologists Congress in Berlin, May 30 to June 4, 1910 . German Ornithological Society, Berlin 1911, pp. 589\u2013702, Full text .  \u2191  Hans-Joachim Bischof: Sexual Imprinting. In: Encyclopedia of Reproduction (Second Edition). Band 3, 2018, S. 267\u2013271, doi:10.1016\/B978-0-12-801238-3.11066-9 .  \u2191  Christiane Buchholtz: Basics of behavioral physiology. Vieweg, Braunschweig and Wiesbaden 1982, pp. 188, ISBN 978-3-528-07253-7.  \u2191  Sexual embossing at ducks. Teaching film from the inventory of IMF knowledge and media.  \u2191  Klaudia Witte, Ulrike Hirschler and Eberhard Curio: Sexual Imprinting on a Novel Adornment Influences Mate Preferences in the Javanese Mannikin Lonchura leucogastroides. In: Ethology. Band 106, Nr. 4, 2000, S. 349-363, DOI: 10.1046\/J.1439-0310.2000.00558.x . Bochum behavioral researchers influenced sexual partner choice. On: IDW-ANLINE.DE We will 18. May 2000.  \u2191 a b  Klaus Immelmann and Christa Mewes: Minting as early childhood learning. In: Klaus Immelmann: Grzimek’s animal life, supplementary band behavior research. Kindler Verlag, Zurich 1974, p. 347.  \u2191  Arthur D. Hasler, Allan T. Scholz and Ross M. Horrall: Olfactory Imprinting and Homing in Salmon. In: American Scientist. Band 66, nr. 3, 1978, S. 347-555.  \u2191  Nolan N. Bett et al .: Evidence of Olfactory Imprinting at an Early Life Stage in Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). In: Scientific Reports. Band 6, Artikewl nr. 36393, 2016, Doi: 10.1038\/Srep36393 .  \u2191  Lohmann, K. J., Lohmann, C. M. F., Ehrhart, L. M., Bagley, D. A., and T. Swing: Geomagnetic map used in sea turtle navigation. In: Nature. Band 428, 2004, S. 909\u2013910. Give a content overview The Independent (2004): Turtles Use Earth’s Magnetic Field As Map & Compass. and Turtles use the Earth\u2019s magnetic field as a global GPS. On: Nationalgeographic.com from February 24, 2011.  \u2191  Gilbert Gottlieb: The development of behavior. In: Grzimek’s animal life, special band behavior research. Kindler Verlag, Zurich 1974, p. 567.  \u2191  Singing in the Lexicon of biology on Spektrum.de .  \u2191  Ross Crates et al.: Loss of vocal culture and fitness costs in a critically endangered songbird. In: Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Band 288, Nr. 1947, 2021, doi:10.1098\/rspb.2021.0225 . How an endangered Australian songbird is forgetting its love songs. On: theguardian.com from March 16, 2021.  \u2191  Philip H. Gray: Theory and Evidence of Imprinting in Human Infants. In: The Journal of Psychology. Band 46, Nr. 1, 1958, S. 155-166, doi:10.1080\/00223980.1958.9916279 .  \u2191  Iren\u00e4us Eibl-Eibesfeldt: Fundri\u00df of comparative behavioral research. 7th edition. Piper, Munich and Zurich 1987, pp. 396, ISBN 3-492-03074-2.  \u2191  Iren\u00e4us Eibl-Eibesfeldt: The biology of human behavior. Fundri\u00df of human ethology. 3. Edition. Seehamer Verlag, Weyarn 1997, pp. 777, ISBN 3-932131-34-7.  \u2191  Bernhard Hassenstein: Behavioral biology of the child. 6. Edition. Edition MV-Science, M\u00fcnster 2006, pp. 379, ISBN 978-3-938568-51-4.  \u2191  Tobias Krettenauer: The concept of development in psychology. Chapter 1 in: Lieselotte Ahnert (ed.): Theories in developmental psychology. Springer VS, Berlin and Heidelberg 2014, pp. 6, ISBN 978-3-642-34804-4.  \u2191  Nobel Foundation: Konrad Lorenz: Facts. Zuletzt abgerufen am 30. Mai 2022. \u2013 Hier hei\u00dft es w\u00f6rtlich: \u201eKonrad Lorenz revealed in the 1930s that birds hatched in an incubator without the presence of their parents follow whatever they first catch sight of. For example, they can become fixated on a person.\u201c  \u2191  Oskar Heinroth: Contributions to biology, especially ethology and psychology of the anatids. In: Negotiations of the V. International Ornithologists Congress in Berlin, May 30 to June 4, 1910 . German Ornithological Society, Berlin 1911, p. 633, Full text (here: p. 71) .  \u2191  Konrad Lorenz: The buddy in the environment of the bird . In: Journal for ornithology. Volume 83, No. 2\u20133, 1935, pp. 137\u2013215 and pp. 289\u2013413, doi:10.1007\/BF01905355 .  \u2191  Douglas Alexander Spalding: Instinct, with original observations on young animals. In: Macmillan\u2019s Magazine. Band 27, 1873, ZDB-ID 339417-7-7 , S. 282\u2013293.  \u2191  Chapter XXIV, Instinct. The law of inhibition of instincts by habits.  \u2191  To read u. In: Klaus J. Heinisch (ed.): The utopian state: utopia-sunstate-Neu-Atlantis. Rowohlt Taschenbuch, Reinbek near Hamburg 1960, p. 50.  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