[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki14\/wajata-kkkkkkkkiipultuly\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki14\/wajata-kkkkkkkkiipultuly\/","headline":"WAjata-KKKKKKKKIipultuly","name":"WAjata-KKKKKKKKIipultuly","description":"The Jamnaja culture ([\u02c8Jamnaja], aus russisch to the Culture, UKRAINISCH Yamna Culture, English Yamnaya culture ; Traditionally German Grubengrab- or","datePublished":"2018-04-28","dateModified":"2018-04-28","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki14\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki14\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/db\/Indo-European_migrations.gif\/300px-Indo-European_migrations.gif","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/db\/Indo-European_migrations.gif\/300px-Indo-European_migrations.gif","height":"150","width":"300"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki14\/wajata-kkkkkkkkiipultuly\/","wordCount":4533,"articleBody":"The Jamnaja culture ([\u02c8Jamnaja], aus russisch to the Culture, UKRAINISCH Yamna Culture, English  Yamnaya culture ; Traditionally German Grubengrab- or Ockergrab culture ,  English Pit grave culture ) is an Eastern European archaeological culture of late copper and early Bronze Age in the area around the rivers Dnister, Bug and Urals in the pontic steppe. Hermann Parzinger dated (2006) to 3600 to 2500 BC. Chr. [2] The Jamnaja culture is made by Marija Gimbutas and others (as a result) [3] referred to as an important part of the complex “Kurgan culture”. The conventional names German Pit culture and English Pit grave culture are both tautological transmissions of the Russian name Pit culture that only make sense in the immediate context of the grave structures of the other Kurgan culture, the catacomb grave culture. Due to the widespread work of Mallory (1997) and Anthony (2007) Jamnaja culture (or even the gibbery Yamnaya K. ) more and more through, which also shows the distribution area. The Slavic name goes to the Indo -European root with similar Greek names *i\u032fam ‘Graben, dig back’. [4] To the woosity of the Volga, the Grubengrabkultur precedes the Dnepr-Don culture (around 5000\u20134000 BC), in the middle Volga area the Repin-Hvalynsk complex, according to Anthony (2007) Direct forerunner of, as it formulates, “” Yamnaya Horizon \u201d. Parzinger accepts a genesis from “different regional groups” of the copper era without the individual. [2]  Animated map of the suspected area of \u200b\u200borigin of Jamnaja culture and its spread or ethnic assimilation [5] [6] [7]   Hypothetical migration paths of Yamnaja culture in relation to bell cup culture (English. Bell Beaker culture ) and cord ceramic culture (English Corded Ware culture ) with the corresponding times Maria Gimbut (1970) [8] Identified the Jamnaja culture in its Kurgan hypothesis as a candidate for the original home of the Indo-European languages, together with the in front of the Sredny-Stog culture on the middle DNEP and the Chwalynsk culture on the middle Volga. This view follows u. David W. Anthony, among other things, with the argument of the linguistically proven long -term contacts of the Indo -Germanic with the Uralian languages. [9]  A genetic analysis by Haak u. (2015) underpins this thesis. [ten] Accordingly, the genetic Jamnaja share in the cord ceramic is 75%. Allentoft u. (2015) conclude that there were massive migrations from Jamnaja culture in the Eastern European Bronze Age, a northwestern direction, i.e. in Northern Europe, and a gene east to Siberia. [11] In the northwest migration, a significant genetic exchange of the already local population was found. During Eastern migration, one concludes on ancestors of Tochars, which first established themselves as Afanassjewo culture in the altai area, spread from there and migrated much later into the Tarim basin, as well as later other eastern Indo-Europeans-the early spokesman for Indoiran language forms, which are first as Sintschta -Kultur in the southern Urals, later spread over the western parts of Central Asia as an Andronowo culture, and finally immigrated to the highlands of Iran and North India in several groups. The Jamnajaculture followed the catacomb grave culture in the west, the Poltavka culture and the Srubna culture in the east. The oldest evidence of the pester regulator Yersinia pestis come from up to 5000 year old skeletons from the pontic steppe. [twelfth] [13] [14] [15] [16] The plague already affected late neolithic societies, its pathogen was “demonstrated in skeletons from all over Europe from 4800 to about 3800 years ago”. [17] [18] Kristian Kristiansen (2018) [19] [20] showed in his paleogenetic analyzes that about 5,000 years ago not only culture in Central Europe changed, but also the genetic composition of the population. The cord ceramic genome had numerous equivalents with genetic characteristics of the Jamnaja. A hypothesis of how pleasure from the Jamnaja culture in the Central European population could prevail, epidemic, which would be introduced, here, especially the plague.Because around the time of the Jamnaja immigration, [21] According to other genetic studies, the population density among the Neolithic farmers in Central Europe significantly decreased, whereby the quilted nomads found large areas that only had a low settlement density. [22] The genome of the early plague trunks differ from later variants. [23] [24] The Yersinia-Pestis genomes of the early epochs showed an extinct variant of the pathogen, which could be dated to the late neolithic and the early Bronze Age. The genomes of those early variants are not completely identical in their genetic characteristics with the later pester pathogens, so they lack a gene that is necessary for the transmission of the pester path by fleas. [25] Direct contact from person to person (droplet infection), as at the time of the Jamnaja culture, was no longer necessary, rather he could be transferred from person to flea to person in terms of time and spatially. Nevertheless, the early forms of pathogens could also be the highly infectious lung plague transmitted by droplets infection [26] trigger. The culture was essentially nomadic, with isolated agriculture, which was operated near rivers and some wall castles. The settlements of Mikhailovka (II and III) have pit houses in which people lived especially in winter. Ox car with disc wheels probably also served as living tents in summer. Reason for the 3000 BC. BC Hiking to Central Europe in the area of \u200b\u200bthe cord ceramic culture was probably the climate change in the subboreal, which led to hotter summers. Other population groups hiked east and flipped there around 1800 BC. BC in the Andronowo culture, which was also characterized by cattle breeding. [27] Recent studies show that the Jamnaja culture played an important role in the domestication of the horse. [28] Kurgane are characteristic of the culture under which the dead man was buried with the knees attracted. The bodies were covered with ocher. Such spa gases often contain teases. In the graves, bones of cattle, pigs, sheep, goats and horses were found that indicate the custom of meat or animals. This custom was also exercised in later Indo -European tribes, such as the Indoirans. [29] Early remains of over 100 cars are also attributed to the Jamnaja culture. [30] Alexander H\u00e4usler: The graves of the older ocher grave culture between Dneepr and Carpathians (= Scientific contributions from the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg. Series L: Pre-historical contributions. 1976, 1). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1976. James P. Mallory: Yamna culture . In: James P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams (Hrsg.): Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, London u.\u00a0a. 1997, ISBN 1-884964-98-2. Hermann Parzinger: The early peoples of Eurasia. From the neolithic to the Middle Ages (= Historical library of the Gerda Henkel Foundation. ). Beck, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-406-54961-6. Wolfgang haak, iosif lazaridis, nick patterson, nadin rohland et al .: Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo European languages in Europe . In: Nature , June 11, 2015, 522 (7555), pp. 207\u2013211; doi:10.1038\/nature14317 ; PMC\u00a05048219 (Free full text). Every Kaiser, Katja Winger: Pit graves in Bulgaria and the Yamnaya Culture . In: Praehistorical magazine , 90, 2015, S.\u00a0114\u2013140. PDF at academia.edu Every Kaiser: The third millennium in the Eastern European steppe room of cultural -historical studies on prehistoric subsistence and interaction with neighboring rooms. Edition Topoi \/ Excellence Cluster Topoi of the Free University of Berlin and the Humboldt University in Berlin, Berlin 2019 ISBN 978-3-9819685-1-4; Refubium.fu-livelin.de Sandra Wilde: Population genetics copper and Bronze Age populations of the Eastern European steppe. Dissertation script, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 2014; D-NB.Info \u2191  The dates in the table are taken from the individual articles and do not always have to be reliable. Cultures in areas of other former Soviet republics were included.  \u2191 a b  Hermann Parzinger: The early peoples of Eurasia. C. H. Beck, Munich 2006, p. 241.  \u2191  According to Prof. Elke Kaiser in a lecture: youtube.com shift. 15:06  \u2191  Julius humble: Indo -European Etymological Dictionary. Volume 1. Francke, Bern \/ Munich 1959, page 502. Reprintments: 1969, ISBN 0-8288-6602-3; Francke, fourth edition 2002, fifth edition 2005, ISBN 3-7720-0947-6.  \u2191  J.P. Mallory: In Search of the Indo-Europeans. (1999)  \u2191  David W. Anthony: The Horse, The Wheel and Language. (2007)  \u2191  Allentoft et al.: Population genomics of bronze Age Eurasia. Nature, (2015) 11 june 2015, vol. 522  \u2191  Mary Gimbut: Proto-Indo-European Culture: The Kurgan Culture during the Fifth, Fourth, and Third Millennia B.C. In: George Cardona, Henry M. Hoenigswald, Alfred Senn (ed.): Indo-European and Indo-Europeans. Papers Presented at the Third Indo-European Conference at the University of Pennsylvania. Konferenzband. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia 1970, S.\u00a0155\u2013197.  \u2191  David W. Anthony: Persisted Identity and Indo-European Archaeology in the western Steppes. In: Christian Carpelan, Asko Parpola, Petteri Koskikallio (HRSG.): Early contacts between Uralic and Indo-European. Linguistic and Archaeological Considerations (= Deliveries of the Finno-Ugric Society , Band 242). Finno-Ugric Society, Helsinki 2001, ISBN 952-5150-59-3, S. 11-35, Hier S. 18.  \u2191  Wolfgang haak, iosif lazaridis, nick patterson, nadin rohland: Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe . In: Nature , 522, 2015, S.\u00a0207, doi:10.1038\/nature14317 .  \u2191  Morten E. Allentoft et al.: Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia . In: Nature , 2015.  \u2191  Simon Rasmussen et al: Early Divergent Strains of Yersinia pestis in Eurasia 5,000 Years Ago . In: Cell. Band 163, Nr. 3, 2015, S. 571-552; doi:10.1016\/j.cell.2015.10.009  \u2191  Pest already reached Central Europe and parts of Germany in the Stone Age. Max Planck Institute for History of Humanity, November 22, 2017 shh.mpg.de  \u2191  Maria A. Spyrou, Rezeda I. Tukhbatova, CHUAN-CHAO WANG, Aida Andrades Valtue\u00f1a et al: Analysis of 3800-year-old Yersinia pestis genomes suggests Bronze Age origin for bubonic plague . In: Nature Communications , 2018,  9, S. 2234; Nature.com (PDF; 2.9 MB).  \u2191  Aida Andrades Valtue\u00f1a, Alissa Mittnik, Felix M. Key, Wolfgang Haak, Raili Allmae, Andrej Belinskij, Mantas Daubaras, Michal Feldman et al.: The Stone Age Plague and Its Persistence in Eurasia . In: Current Biology , December 4, 2017 27, pp. 3683\u20133691 ( cell.com At www.cell.com)  \u2191  Map of the proposed distribution of Yersinia Pestis throughout Eurasia. Hedding from Yersinia Pestis from Central Eurasia to Europe with the expansion of Jamnaja culture about 4,800 years ago. Circulation of Yersinia Pestis from Europe back to the Altai. Only complete genomes are shown. biorxiv.org In: Aida Andrades Value\u00f1a, Alissa Mittnik, Ken Massy, \u200b\u200bRaili Allm\u00e4e, Mantas Daubaras, Rimantas Janakuskas, Mari T\u00f5rv, Saskia Pfrengle, Maria A. Spyrou, Michal Feldman, Wolfgang Haak, Kirsten I. Bos, Philip W. Stockhand, Alxander Herb , Johannes Krause: The Stone Age Plague: 1000 years of Persistence in Eurasia.  doi:10.1101\/094243 , Biorxiv Preprint December 19, 2016, biorxiv.org (PDF) here p. 24  \u2191  Johannes Krause, Thomas Staircase: The journey of our genes. A story about us and our ancestors. Propyl\u00e4en, Berlin 2019, ISBN 978-3-549-10002-8, S. 183 ff.  \u2191  Morten E. Allentoft, Martin Sikora, Eske Willerslev: Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia . In: Nature , 2015, Volume 522, S.\u00a0167\u2013172; Nature.com and scinxx.de  \u2191  Kristian Kristiansen: Invasion from the steppe. Der Spiegel, Science, May 12, 2018, pp. 105-109 ( Academia.edu at www.academia.edu)  \u2191  Wolfgang Haak, Iosif Lazaridis, David Reich: Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe . In: Nature , 2015, Volume 522, S.\u00a0207\u2013211  \u2191  Graphics of the spread of Jamnaja culture in Western Europe ( static.nationalGeographic.de auf National Geographic, Andrew Curry: Who were the first Europeans? Gente tests on ancient bones show that Europe is a melting pot of various cultures from Africa, the Middle East and Russia. Tuesday July 30, 2019)  \u2191  Morten E. Allentoft, Martin Sikora, Eske Willerslev: Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia . In: Nature , 2015, Volume 522, Issue 7555, S.\u00a0167\u2013172; Nature.com  \u2191  Simon Rasmussen, Morten Erik Allentoft, Kasper Nielsen, Rasmus Nielsen, Kristian Kristiansen, Eske Willerslev: Early Divergent Strains of Yersinia pestis in Eurasia 5,000 Years Ago . In: Cell , 22. October 2015, Vol. 163, Issue 3, S. 571\u2013582; doi:10.1016\/j.cell.2015.10.009 ; cell.com  \u2191  Illustration from Siegfried Scherer: Did the pathogen only arose 3000 years ago? In: Study Integals Journal , 23rd year, issue 1, May 2016, pp. 44\u201347; (( Si-Journal.de  Si-Journal.de ) \u201cA molecular watch was calculated from the fossil and today’s Y. Pestis genome sequences as well as from the direct dating of the fossil samples. The further the split events are, the greater the potential mistake of the molecular clock \u201d(according to Rasmussen et al. 2015, Fig. 4c; doi:10.1016\/j.cell.2015.10.009 )  \u2191  Maria a. Spyrou Erbig, Kirtten I. Bos, Johannes Krause : Analysis of 3800-year-old Yersinia pestis genomes suggests Bronze Age origin for bubonic plague . In: Nature Communications , 2018, 9, S. 2234, Two: 10.1038\/S41467-018-04550-9 ; Nature.com (PDF; 2.9 MB).  \u2191  The primary lung plague is a droplet infection that was transferred from person to person. The incubation period is a few hours up to about 4 days, it develops the fastest of all plague forms and is of very high contagiosity. By inhaling the pathogen, the defense barriers of the lymphatic system are avoided. The focus is on symptomatic fever, shaking frost, fatigue, dizziness, muscle pain and headache. At the second day of illness, pulmonary characters such as cough, black and bloody spur, dyspnea, chest pain (pleuritis) and increased respiratory rate occur. The expulsion on his part is highly infectious.  \u2191  W. hook u. a.: Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. In: Nature , June 11, 2015, 522 (7555), pp. 207\u2013211; doi:10.1038\/nature14317 . Epub 2015 Mar 2.  \u2191  Antoine Fages, Kristian Hangh\u00f8j, Naveed Khan, Alan K. Outram, Pablo Librado, Ludovic Orlando: Tracking Five Millennia of Horse Management with Extensive Ancient Genome Time Series . In: Cell , Vol 177, Issue 6, 30. Mai 2019; doi:10.1016\/j.cell.2019.03.049 ; cell.com (automatic translation under Indogermanisch.eu )  \u2191  Benjamin W. Fortson: Indo-European Language and Culture. An Introduction (= Blackwell Textbooks in Linguistics , Band 19). Blackwell Publishing, Malden\/MA et al. 2004, ISBN 1-4051-0316-7, S.\u00a043: \u201eThe Yamna culture certainly fits the bill of the late Proto-Indo-European culture\u201c.  \u2191  Hans J. J. G. Holm: The Earliest Wheel Finds, their Archeology and Indo-European Terminology in Time and Space, and Early Migrations around the Caucasus . Series Minor 43. Archeolingua Alap\u00edtv\u00e1ny. Budapest 2019, ISBN 978-615-5766-30-5. With 306 sources, 6 grayscale and colored illustrations, as well as reduced illustrations of 130 representative bike finds (current from Germany and China).  \u2191  “That the Indo -European languages \u200b\u200b… came to Central Europe … with the next big wave about 4500 years ago. These people came from Yamnaya culture in the field of today’s southern Russia. Archaeologist Sandra Pichler from the University of Basel was also involved in the study. \u201dThe report by Carl Zimmer in the NOW , above first weblink, accordingly.  "},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki14\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki14\/wajata-kkkkkkkkiipultuly\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"WAjata-KKKKKKKKIipultuly"}}]}]