[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki14\/american-lanzottern-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki14\/american-lanzottern-wikipedia\/","headline":"American Lanzottern – Wikipedia","name":"American Lanzottern – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 The American lancers ( Bothrops ) are a snake genre from the subfamily of the mine notes. The genus","datePublished":"2020-11-28","dateModified":"2020-11-28","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki14\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki14\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/37\/Jararaca.jpg\/220px-Jararaca.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/37\/Jararaca.jpg\/220px-Jararaca.jpg","height":"139","width":"220"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki14\/american-lanzottern-wikipedia\/","wordCount":4510,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4The American lancers ( Bothrops ) are a snake genre from the subfamily of the mine notes. The genus occurs with almost 50 species in South and Central America. All types are poisonous, the more frequent species with a larger distribution area are among the most medically relevant venomous snakes. Deaths are rare to common depending on the species.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Table of Contentsanatomy [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Scalding [ Edit | Edit the source text ] coloring [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Local effects [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Systemic effects [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Epidemiology [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Medical use [ Edit | Edit the source text ] literature [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Individually [ Edit | Edit the source text ] anatomy [ Edit | Edit the source text ]  Jararaca-lanzenotter ( BOTHROPs Jararaca ) American lance oters are medium -sized to very large, relatively slim mine sprouts, the wide head is clearly off the neck. Most species have a sharp -edged canthus and an untried mouth tip. The three exceptions are on the one hand B. lojanus and B. Barnette in which the top of the mouth is slightly bent up and B. ammodytoides that has a nose attachment. The smallest species reach total lengths of 50\u201370 cm, the largest over 2 m. Females are significantly larger and heavier than males.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Scalding [ Edit | Edit the source text ] The species show five to twelve weakened supraocularia. The number of supralabialia is usually seven to nine, the number of infalabialia is usually nine to eleven. The number of abdominal sheds (ventral shields) varies between 139 and 240, the number of subcaudalia between 30 and 86 and the number of dorsal scale rows in the middle of the body between 21 and 29. coloring [ Edit | Edit the source text ] The basic color of the top is usually brown or gray. Most species show lightly surrounded, dark brown, trapezoidal or triangle-shaped drawings on both sides of the back, their width and open base shows the belly. The drawings can pound on the back on the middle of the back, so that the back shows a very striking X draw, or partially or partially or completely offset against each other. On the tail, this drawing usually becomes tighter and usually only consists of light gray lines on a dark background. Some species in southern South America are different from this, more intense and contrasting and also show a strong strip drawing of the head. American lance oters are largely limited to South America, and only two of the almost 50 species also reach Central America ( Bothrops asper and B. punetatus ). Most species are limited to lowlands and occur at heights up to 1500 m, but a number of species is very adaptable and inhabited a habitat spectrum that reaches from desert -like coastal levels to mountain ranges at a height of 2500 m. Some species are also common in densely inhabited areas.  The number of species and subspecies has been controversial for a long time, Campbell and Lamar recognize 36 species and also a species that have not previously been described. According to reptile database, 48 types of genre are Bothrops known: [first]        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Bothrops Alcatraz  Marks , Martins & Riot , 2002 Half moon lance voter ( Bothrops alternatus  Dum\u00e9ril , Bibron & Dum\u00e9ril , 1854) Patagonia lance voters ( Bothrops Ammodytoides  Leybold , 1873) Terciopelo lance voter ( Bothrops asper ( Garman , 1883)) Ordinary lance older ( Bothrops atrox ( Linnaeus , 1758)) Bothrops ayerbei  Folleco-fernandez , 2010 Barnetts Lanzotter ( Bothrops Barnetti  Parker , 1938) Gr\u00fcne Jararaca ( Bothrops bilineatus ( Wied-Neuwied , 1821)) Brazils Lanzotter ( BOTHROPS BRAZILI  High , 1954) Santa-Lucia lance voter ( Bothrops Caribbaeus ( Garman , 1887)) Bothrops chloromelas ( Boulenger , 1912) Bothrops Cotiara ( Gomes , 1913) Red black lance voters ( Bothrops erythromelas ( Amaral , 1923)) Fonsecas lance older ( Bothrops Fonsecai  High & Belluomini , 1959) Bothhrops Germanoi  Beard , Booker , Duarte , Chaluppe , Portes-Junior , Franco & Grazziotin , 2022 Insel-lance otter ( BOTHROPS INSULERIS ( Amaral , 1922)) S\u00e3o Paulo-lanzenotter ( Bothrops Itapetiningae ( Boulenger , 1907)) Bothrops jabonsis  Beard , Grazziotin , Pear , Freitas , Abrantes & Of the bulk , 2022 Jararaca-lanzenotter ( BOTHROPs Jararaca ( Wied-Neuwied , 1824)) Jararacusssu ( Bothrops jararacussu  Lacer , 1884) Bothrops jonathani  Harvey , 1994 Martinique Lanzotter ( Bothrops lanceolatus ( Bonnaterre , 1790)) White tail lance voter ( Bothrops leuucurus  Wagler , 1824) They marvel-lanzenotter ( Bothrops Marajoensis  High , 1966) Bothrops Medusa ( Sternfeld , 1920) Brazilian Lanzotter ( Bothrops Moojeni  High , 1966) Bothrops monsignifer  Timms , Chaparro , Venegas , Salazar-Valenzuela , Scrub , caves , Leynaud & Carrasco , 2019 [2] BOTHROPS MURICIENSIS  Ferrarazzi & Freire , 2001 Bothrops oligobalius  From the vechio , Sheet , Grazziotin , Graboski & Rodrigues , 2021 BOTHROPS OLIGOLEPIS ( Werner , 1901) Bothrops Osbornei  Freire-Llass , 1991 Bothrops Otavioi  Beard , Grazziotin , Riot , Martins & Sawaya , 2012 Desolate lance voters ( Bothrops pictus ( Tschudi , 1845)) Piraja lance older ( BOTHROPS PIRAJAI  Amaral , 1923) Bothrops pulcher ( Peters , 1862) Bothrops punctatus ( Garcia , 1896) Bolivian lance older ( Bothrops sanctaecrucis  High , 1966) BOTHROPS SAZIMAI  Beard , Gasparini , Almeida , Zaher , Grazziotin , Gusm\u00e3o , Ferrarini & Sawaya , 2016 Castelnauds Lanzotter ( Bothrops taeniatus  Wagler , 1824) Venezuela lance voter ( Bothrops Venezuelensis  Sandner-Montilla , 1952) The biggest problems regarding species system occur in the so -called Bothrops neuwiedi -Colklex on, a group of Bothrops -Populations in the eastern and central South America. These populations have been all kind to the recent past B. Neuwidi assigned to this species up to 12 subspecies were recognized. Xavier da Silva carried out a revision of this complex using morphological characteristics and split the complex in 7 species [3] [4] : Chaco lance voter ( Bothrops Diporus  Cope , 1862) Bothrops lutzi ( Miranda-ribeiro , 1915) BOTHROPS MARMORATUS  Da Silva & Rodrigues , 2008 BOTHROPS MATTOGROSSISIS  Amaral , 1925 Neuwieds Lanzotter ( Bothrops neuwiedi  Wagler , 1824) Bothrops pauloensis  Amaral , 1925 Bothrops pubescens ( Cope , 1870) Bothrops zones  Carrasco , Grazziotin , Cross-Farf\u00e1n , Koch , Ochoa , Scrub , Leynaud & Chaparro , 2019 [5] A molecular genetic examination that all types or taxa of the genus Bothrops has not yet been included. In the most comprehensive molecular genetic work that took into account 28 types or forms of the genus, the following cladogram was developed: [6] Almost all types of genus are mostly nocturnal. Occasionally, on the one hand, types that live in higher altitudes are active, on the other hand, on the other hand, on the other hand of the dense tropical lowland rainforest on cloudy days or in the rain. The species mostly live on the ground, but a number of species often climb into low bushes or trees. Only a few species are more lively, especially B. insularis , B. Jararaca , B. lanceolatus and B. punetatus . Most species eat alternating animals such as inherited, reptiles and amphibians as young animals and change as soon as they reach a sufficient size, to warm -flowered vertebrates such as fucking and mammals. In numerous species, vibrating the tail tip can be observed in the event of provocation. For example, this creates a rattling sound when you contact trees and serves the warning. [7] All types are live, young animals are mostly born in the rainy season. Reproduction is dependent on size. The smaller species have a maximum of 20 young per litter; For the greatest kind, B. Burry , a maximum of 86 young animals were detected in one litter. The toxing emissions of the mine notes are by far the most complex natural poisons. They contain a mixture of enzymes, low -molecular polypeptides, metal ions and other components that have so far hardly been understood in their function. The effects of these poisons are correspondingly diverse. The poison of the American lance oters causes a whole series of symptoms, and a distinction is made between local and the whole body (systemic) symptoms.  Heavy necrosis on the lower leg of an eleven -year -old boy who in Ecuador von B. Burry had been bitten. The recording was created two weeks after the bite; Until then, the boy had only been treated with antibiotics. The leg was amputated above the knee. Local effects [ Edit | Edit the source text ] The poison contains strongly protein -reducing enzymes (metalloproteinases and phospholipase A 2 ), destroy the tissues. Typical local symptoms are primarily severe pain, redness and swelling, which extend very quickly to the entire bitten limbs and the neighboring fuselage, as well as small or large blisters that contain clear or bloody, erous liquid. Necroses often arise, especially muscle tissue. In the event of a treatment that does not or are not initiated too late, affected limbs must occasionally be amputated due to necrosis. Further permanent damage is functional restrictions or losses due to muscle loss (atrophy), permanent muscle reductions and paralysis of peripheral nerves. Systemic effects [ Edit | Edit the source text ] The poison has a hemolytic effect and hemorrhagically (blood vessels destroying) by metalloproteinases. The most important hemorrhagine in the poison of the species is Jararhagin, a metalloproteinase containing zinc. The poison causes a change in the blood coagulation precursor fibrinogen by thrombin -like enzymes (tles) and thereby a pathological activation of blood clotting. This leads to the fast consumption of the coagulation factors via further steps and therefore has an anti -coagulation. The syndrome is referred to as disseminated intravasal coagulopathy (DIC). The patients bleed out of the bite point, scars, mosquito bites and oral mucosa, which have not yet healed, and inner bleeding occurs. The poison apparently also appears directly kidney -amoxic. Additional complications arise from infections from the bacterial fauna contained in the mucous membranes of the snake. Deaths are due to acute kidney failure, brain bleeding and blood poisoning. Epidemiology [ Edit | Edit the source text ] American lancers in South and Central America are by far the most medically relevant snakes. Deadly poisoning is rare to common depending on the species. Medical use [ Edit | Edit the source text ] The poison of the lance otter species Bothrops atrox and BOTHROPs Jararaca Contains, among other things, the enzyme reptilase, which is used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes because of its effect on blood clotting in medicine. For the first time in the poison of BOTHROPs Jararaca Discovered Pentapeptide BPP 5a (Bradykinin Potiating Peptide) inhibits the angiotensin-converting enzyme and led to the development of the drug class of the ACE inhibitors. [8] literature [ Edit | Edit the source text ] David A. Warrell: Snakebites in Central and South America: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Clinical Management. In: Jonathan A. Campbell, William W. Lamar: The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock, Ithaca\/London 2004, ISBN 0-8014-4141-2, S. 709\u2013761. Jonathan A. Campbell, William W. Lamar: The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock, Ithaca\/London 2004, ISBN 0-8014-4141-2. Individually [ Edit | Edit the source text ] \u2191  Bothrops In: The Reptile Database  \u2191  John Timms, John C. Chaparro, Paul J. Venegas, David Salazar-Valenzuela, Gustavo J. Scrocchi, Jairo Cuevas, Gerardo C. Leynaud, Paola A. Carrasco: A New Species of Pitviper of the Genus Bothrops (Sarpentes: Viperidae: Crottalinae) From the Central Andes of South America. In: Zootaha. Band 4656, Nr. 1, S.99-120, 2019, Doi: 10.11646 \/ Zootaha.4656.1.4 .  \u2191  V. Xavier da Silva: The Bothrops neuwiedi Complex. In: Jonathan A. Campbell, William W. Lamar: The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock, Ithaca\/London 2004, S. 410\u2013422.  \u2191  SILVA, V. X. DA; Rodrigues, M. T.: Taxonomic revision of the Bothrops neuwiedi complex (Serpentes, Viperidae) with description of a new species. In: Phyllomedusa. Band 7, nr. 1, 2008, S. 45-90 ( Description of the species in the reptile database )  \u2191  Paola A. Carrasco, Felipe G. Grazziotin, Roy Santa Cruz Farf\u00e1n, Claudia Koch, Jos\u00e9 Antonio Ochoa, Gustavo J. Scrocchi, Gerardo C. Leynaud, Juan C. Chaparro: A New Species of Bothrops (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae) from Pampas del Heath, southeastern Peru, with Comments on the Systematics of the Bothrops neuwiedi species group. In: Zootaha. Band 4565, Nr. 3, 2019, S. 301-344. DOI: 10.11646 \/ Zootaha.4565.3.1 .  \u2191  W. WIRsster, M. G. S. S. S. Ch. chijey-Assasshads, R. P. P. s. P. p. Origin and evolution of the South American pitviper fauna: evidence from mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis. In: G. W. Schuett, M. H\u00f6ggren, M. E. Douglas, H. W. Greene (Hrsg.): Biology of the Vipers. Eagle Mountain Publishing, Eagle Mountain, Utah, 2002, S. 111\u2013128.  \u2191  Ludwig Trutnau: Snakes in the terrarium. Band 2: Poison snakes. POLLECTION ULMS, STRUGART 1998, ISBN 3-8001-7052-3.  \u2191  Ralph Holl, Katharina Holl: New drugs – animal poisons as guiding structures. Pharmaceutical newspaper, edition 43\/2017, Govi \u200b\u200bVerlag, 2017.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki14\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki14\/american-lanzottern-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"American Lanzottern – Wikipedia"}}]}]