Big Halle – Wikipedia
The Big hall (also Ruhmeshalle or Hall of the people ) was an architecture project Adolf Hitler and the general building inspector Albert Speer, in which they developed gigantic architectural concepts for the conversion of Berlin according to the Roman model for the “world capital Germania”. The interior of the hall was intended as a “cult room” and congress hall and was to be between 150,000 [first] and offer space for 180,000 visitors. A wide variety of events should take place. In addition, the hall should demonstrate the power of the Greater German Empire.
The hall should be the most important building of the plans at the northern end of the north-south axis in the Berlin Spreebogen. For this, the river course should have been easily changed. As early as 1925, Hitler made a first design sketch. After Speer received the order to redesign Berlin from 1937, there were still a few changes.
Hitler calculated the construction costs to around one billion Reichsmarks, which he wanted to finance mainly from income from tourist entrance fees. The completion of the hall was, as was the almost all other buildings in Germany planned for 1950. The demolition of the Alsenviertel and the detour of the Spree have already begun 1939-1941.
Hitler’s sketch for the Great Hall of 1925 was very oriented towards the liberation hall near Kelheim. It can be assumed that the further designs were also influenced by the Pantheon in Rome, which Hitler visited privately on May 7, 1938. For example, this building has an opaion that was also intended for the large hall at the beginning of the planning.
Hitler gave Speer the specially created title of a “General Building Inspector for the Reich capital” (GBI) and subordinated him an authority, which also the abbreviation GBI as a name. With the GBI, Speer then partially carried out the renovation of Berlin between 1937 and 1943. The general building inspector and its authority also began to use foreign forced laborers from 1939. In accordance with the planning of the GBI from 1940, the use of the forced laborers and prisoners of war should increase to over 180,000 people after the war. The GBI was in the planning, approval and construction of the approximately 1,000 forced labor camps in and around Berlin – their actual number is now being valued at over 3,000 – and many of them operate. One of the camps was, for example, on Staakener Feldstraße and was to serve the construction of the large hall. In the west of Spandau, on the site of today’s Evangelical Waldkrankenhaus Spandau, the construction of a “workers’ city of ‘large hall'” for 8,000 construction workers began in 1939, and the construction was discontinued in 1942. Some preserved buildings are listed and can be seen on the clinic site today.
For the demolition work for a project such as that of the Great Halle, an enormous personnel effort would have been necessary at the time and the same would have been used for the planned construction work on this major project. In 1937 a law was enacted that enabled an expropriation to redesign German cities ( Law on the redesign of German cities from October 4, 1937, Reichsgesetblatt I pp. 1054-1055). [2] This law initially only dealt with the most important cities of Munich, Nuremberg, Berlin, Hamburg and Linz, but was soon extended to all Gau captain. On this basis, the general building inspector in 1938 went to tear off the Spreebogen and Tempelhof buildings, despite a great need for apartments in Berlin of more than 100,000 units. The demolition should be created, including for the large hall. The GBI plan of 1941 also provided for a total of 52,144 apartments for the entire redesign in Berlin. In the course of the overall planning Germany However, a total of 650,000 apartments are being built in Berlin by 1950. After the beginning of the Second World War in 1939, Speer had a general stop of the housing demolition.
External appearance [ Edit | Edit the source text ]
The draft for the external shape of the large hall was followed by the National Socialist architecture and urban planning in the Nazi era, as a German design of the style of neoclassicism that was widespread during this time.
The building was to be built from granite and marble and consist of a square 315 m × 315 m wide and 74 m high substructure as well as a dome that is uplifting above. This should start 98 m above the ground and have a basic diameter of 250 m. With the 17-fold volume of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome, it would have become the largest dome in the world by far. The main body loading the dome showed a corner tower with quadriga on the corners.
The first designs should be located in its 290 -meter -high apex after a 46 meter wide light opening. However, these plans were rejected. Instead, one decided on a cylindrical roof lantern, which was carried by several pillars, as the end of the building, at the top of which the Reichs symbol should throne at 320 meters above Berlin: a huge eagle that – in a laurel wreath – holds swastika into the catch . In the middle of 1939, however, Hitler had that the bird of prey should include the globe.
The column stem of the entrance area consisted of 17 double columns of 30 meters high and a diameter of three meters of pink -colored Swedish granite and bronze capitals and would have been lined by two sculptures. On the one hand, an atlas figure with the globe, on the other hand, Tellus, which carries the sky vault. These 15 meter high figures would have been made by Arno Breker. The column stem would have received an eagle figure on the left and right.
8000 workers and engineers had constantly worked on the building. The completion was planned for 1950.
inner space [ Edit | Edit the source text ]
The planned large hall had only one huge interior with a floor area of around 38,000 m². In the course of his planning, Albert Speer found that the mutual “game” between “Führer” and “Volksgemeinschaft” could not work in such a vacuum. In his opinion, the interior should have been designed very easily. He later described it:
“Around a hundred forty meter in diameter, stands in three ranks rose to a height of thirty meters, which rose in a circle around the inner surface. A wreath of a hundred rectangular pillars made of marble, which at twenty -four meters had almost human measure, was interrupted by a fifty -meter -high and twenty -eight -meter -wide niche, the reason of which was to be lined with gold mosaic. In front of her as the only visual jewelry stood on a marble base of fourteen meters, a gilded imperial eagle with the oak leaf swastika in the clutches. Under this shrine was the “Fiihrer” speaker, but this disappeared into the gigantic space. […] I tried to emphasize this place architecturally, but here the disadvantage of the excessive architecture was shown. Hitler disappeared into an optical nothing. ”
– H. Weihsmann: Build under the swastika. Architecture of the doom . 1998, S. 278
Outdoor area [ Edit | Edit the source text ]
In the south in front of the hall there should be a further place – framed by administrative buildings – (projected Adolf-Hitler-Platz ). The conversion should be made up of the following buildings: the Führerpalast, the Greater German Reichstag, the Reichstag building, the office building of the League Command of the Wehrmacht and the new office building of the Reich Chancellery. The square and its conversion formed the northern highlight of the north-south axis in Albert Speer’s plans. A diagonal northwest behind the building, on the north side of the Spree, a 1200 meter × 400 meter basin was planned to the Nordbahnhof, in which the dome was to be reflected, with 15 times larger water surface than the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool. [3] The similarity of the overall scenario of the dome, water basin and east-west axis to the Capitol in the US capital Washington was probably not purely coincidental, whereby their dimensions were excavated into the grotesque.
Even before construction projects of such dimension could be started as the large hall could even be started, an experimental complex had to be created to check the load -bearing capacity of the sandy Berlin soil using a heavy load body. This construction consists of an 18 meter high and 12,650 tons of concrete cylinder, which rests on a narrow base and thus simulates the high pressure on the surface, as it would have been created, for example, by the triumphal arch planned in Berlin. Long -term data conversions on the base should be determined. The measurements of the Degebo began during the concrete process and were continued until June 1, 1944. Because of the consequences of the Second World War and the post -war years, the results were not evaluated until 1948. It turned out that the large hall as well as the triumphal arch could only have been built under the conditions placed by Speer with the previous consolidation of the soil. The cylinder was 19.3 cm in two and a half years from 1941 [4] Sunk and had already received 3.5 cm overhang during the concreting work. The long -term settings are due to a natural consolidation in the 5.2 meter thick layer of layers.
SPEER later expressed fear that the breath of the 180,000 people could condense and fall back as drops of water, which would have been like a slight rain in the building. There were also similar concerns at the Vehicle Assembly Building at the Kennedy Space Center in the USA.
Today the Federal Chancellery and the Spreebogen Park are located where the large hall was to be built.
“The large hall should become so that the Peterskirche can disappear with the place before it. We take granite as a building block. Even the oldest boulders from the veteran on the north German level hardly show a hint of weathering. These buildings will still be still rinsed in ten thousand years, if the sea is not flushed up again the north German level! […] ”
– Adolf Hitler in his Monologues
Hitler was wrong with his explanations for Granit. Granite is not necessarily permanent as a size -crystalline plutonite made of minerals, which are very different in different weathering, also particularly permanently – see also wool sack weathering. In principle, the smaller the crystals are and the higher the quartz share the smaller the crystals.
Granite would not have been the building material of the large hall, but only used for the cladding. The architecture in National Socialism – as a German design of the style of neoclassical – used concrete and steel, then disguised with clinker and granite, more for visual reasons than because of a durability in question. [5]
- Albert Speer: Memories. Propylaale Verlag, Berlin 1969 (numerous editions).
- E. W. Heine: New York is located in the Neandertal. Buildings as fate. Provocative thoughts on the cultural history of mankind. Diogenes Verlag, Zurich 1984, ISBN 3-257-01672-7 (further editions under the title: New York is located in the Neandertal. The adventurous history of man from the cave to the high -rise ), The chapter about the Reich Chancellery illuminates the architectural plans of the National Socialists very impressively.
- Günter Peters: Small Berlin building history. From the foundation of the city to the federal capital. Stap Mopthip, Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-8777685-035-X.
- Helmut Weihsmann: Build under the swastika. Architecture of the doom. PROBEDEDAGAZH, VIEAN 1998, ISBN 3-85371-113-8.
- ↑ Albert Speer: Memories . Ullstein Verlag, new edition 2005, p. 88.
- ↑ official juridical document: German: Scan from the German Reich Law Gazette 1937, Part 1english: Scan from the Imperial Law Gazette of Germany, 1937, Part 1. Accessed on September 11, 2022 .
- ↑ Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool In the English -language Wikipedia
- ↑ White gives in 50 years of degebo (P. 40) 20 cm setting until 1951 (of which 12 cm took place in the slide angel) and in the years after until 1969 another 2.2 cm
- ↑ Christian Fuhrmeister: Concrete, clinker, granite – material, power, politics. A material iconography Berlin , Verlag Bauwesen, 2001, ISBN 3-345-00715-0.
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