City renovation – Wikipedia
City renovation – sometimes also referred to as urban renewal – has the removal of urban defects and not infrequently also social grievances In urban areas, the goal, which are then declared renovation areas. As a result, the term means Old town renovation or Quarters the implementation of comprehensive planning and building regulatory measures to improve the quality of a city area. The basis for this form of renovation is the renovation law in the building code. More comprehensive planning also includes traffic planning. On the other hand, traffic planner projects can be reason for urban renovation.
Due to the significant rent increase, the renovation of such quarters is often accompanied by the social repression of entire population groups. If this happens on a large scale and without compensation, there is a risk of slum formation or ghettoization in city district quarters with lower structural standards.
Since the standard of the renovated quarters increases significantly due to the measures (renovation goal), the cold rent also increases (the heating costs decrease due to energetic renovation). Higher warm mentions can result in an upscale social status of the resident structure and too Flagship or Noble quarters lead (see also gentrification).
A renovation area has been formally determined by the municipality since 1971 in accordance with the building code if the deficiencies described in the Building Code have been determined. In the context of urban renovation measures, the measures of private builders are also promoted or the city is trying to involve them financially in the costs.
Until the 1950s, the term “renovation” in Germany was unused as an alternative to “demolition”. The destruction after the Second World War initially led to a repair or reuse of the still useful substance. The increased housing requirement then led to the construction of “trabant cities” in the urban marginal zones.
The Hansaviertel was built in Berlin in 1955-1960. New buildings subsequently concentrated on the outdoor districts from the end of the 1950s. In 1963–1974 the Märkische Quarter and 1962–1975 the Gropiusstadt were created.
However, the cost increases in the 1960s in the construction of new building complexes in the outdoor areas- the complete traffic and supply networks had to be built- led to a more favorable advance by demolishing old building districts. The areas there were declared “renovation areas” and: “In 1963 the first urban renewal program was announced in Berlin-West. Renewal initially meant almost exclusively demolition and new building. ” [first] Arguments of the turn of the century were also taken up:
“The ‘rent barrack city’ was demonized like no other type of city in the history of architecture, it embodied the UN City in the optics of urban growing modernity, the barbaric fusion of human context and ugliness. […] From the 1960s, this picture served as an argumentative basis for the renovation of space: the now possible “practical implementation of criticism.”
– Harald Bodenschatz : The »Mietskerrenenstadt« in: Urban renewal Berlin , S. 19.
“Tabula Rasa was necessary: the old city had to give way completely. Whole districts were demolished and replaced by completely new structures. […] Existing buildings-also good quality-were deliberately displaced in order to be replaced by office high-rise buildings (e.g. Frankfurt-Westend). The urban development of the 1960s and 1970s was characterized by extensive ignorance compared to the historical inventory. ” [2]
But the criticism of the too Clearing The method mentioned gradually also spread in planning and politics and in 1971 the urban development law (StBaufG) came into force as a general legal basis: “significantly expanded demands on the quality of the preparatory studies and the entire planning were placed, for the first time with” those affected ” no longer just the owner and “federal funds for funding” were made possible – but there were still “significant uncertainties in relation to the possibilities of repair and modernization.” [3]
In its original logic, a designation of renovation areas meant the application of the area renovation, which could only tolerate preserving existing building fabric in exceptional cases. Sometimes historical city nuclei were also destroyed. At the end of the 1970s, however, the arguments spoke considerably because the block -style destruction continued. In the early 1980s, the resistance not only led to the stop of the “clearing renovation” (H.-W. Hämer) in Berlin through house occupations and the concept of careful urban renewal newly developed by architects and planners.
Early, careful approaches [ Edit | Edit the source text ]
In Bremen in the 1960s, traffic policy plans for the construction of an approximately 120 -meter -wide swing along Mozartstrasse began with connections to the Rembertikreisel on one side and to a new bridge in the Neustadt on the other: the “Mozartrasse”. Due to these plans, the Bremen city center should largely be kept free of motorized traffic and the expected rising traffic volume should be passed through quickly. Along the tangents, a high development with up to 28 floors was planned. These considerations were in 1971 by a Refurbishment concept Ostertorviertel concretized. It was only after a long discussion that the majority in the Bremen citizenship voted against the project at the end of 1973. In 2009 the alternative received Ostterors renovation working group An award to honor people “who have earned themselves through their commitment to the historical cityscape, for the urban planning and building artificial development and for the conveying of building art – especially in Bremen”. [4] Citizens’ initiatives in Regensburg were also based on the model of Bremen, where between 1960 and 1980 the realization of large-scale inner-city traffic policy planning also prevented and the preservation of the medieval old town of Regensburg, which was appointed UNESCO World Heritage in 2006.
“Unlike in the 1960s, a broad urban opposition to urban renewal policy has developed since around 1973, which was accompanied by a cultural revaluation of the quarter of the imperial period.”
– H. floor treasure: The Mietskrernenstadt , in: Urban renewal Berlin , S. 23.
Another example in 1974 was the “New Kreuzberg Center” (NKZ) at the Kottbusser Tor -; In addition, there were excessive motorway construction plans (abandoned in 1976) and through the practice of the long -term “removal” …
“Thousands of apartments were empty in West Berlin, while 80,000 households with residential rights were urgently looking for an apartment. This obvious discrepancy – first in Kreuzberg – caused individual groups to occupy empty houses and make them habitable again. […] In May 1981, 168 houses were occupied in Berlin, 86 of them in Kreuzberg ”
– Hardt-Waltherr Hämer: Bewort urban renewal , S. 57.
Housing city renovation (Berlin) [ Edit | Edit the source text ]
A detachment of the comprehensive principle could only be carried out by renovation measures, which had to be differentiated with a differentiated assessment of the building fabric of each individual building in connection with the correspondingly treated buildings of the environment. Accordingly, the social aspects had to be regulated and the work organization had to be carried out. The counter -arguments were derived from this: too complicated procedures = long duration (“because the talk for the voting costs time …”) and often higher costs. [5]
Hardt-Walherr Hämer-since 1979 Planning director of the International Building Exhibition (IBA) in the center of the Kreuzberg renovation area with 12,000 ‘distances’ and a few hundred companies that were terminated-managed to develop (and also calculate) a new concept against space renovation: The careful Urban renewal. His co -author U. Kohlbrenner saw the development and political enforcement of the concept in a new reflection of planners and architects, the commitment of the residents and also of employees in the authorities involved: “It was only after the contradictions [ … after] the basic questioning of the previous urban renewal practice had spectacularly discharged into home occupations. The changed form of urban renewal had to be fought. ”(Kohlbrenner, p. 54.)
“The twelve principles of careful urban renewal were published in 1981; In spring 1982 […] the political approval of the Kreuzberg district managed to obtain. In March 1983, the House of Representatives finally took note of these principles as a guideline. ” [6] In connection with the alternative urban development company Stattbau, which was also founded in March 1983, the renovation and legalization of occupied houses in Berlin also succeeded.
Hämer managed to prove in a comprehensive balance sheet that when renovating the area from the decision to demolition, demolition and new construction to the (re) moving in of the residents, the new concept “still needs renovation Long, about two years … “.
Results were shown in Berlin on the occasion of the international building exhibition in 1984/87. The front houses of the Berlin block edge development were retained and the rear houses were only allowed in the event of unreasonable living conditions with regard to Light, air and sun be torn down. [7]
In 1990, the publication of Urban renewal Berlin – experiences, examples, perspectives with justified hopes, but also with a certain skepticism about the continuation of the concept of the careful urban renewal “under the new challenges [… one] by eliminating the wall changed city structure” [8] thought. However, the new concept has been transferred to East Berlin and still shapes methods and citizen participation in projects to this day.
Schweinfurt model [ Edit | Edit the source text ]
The old town renovation according to the so -called Schweinfurt model finds imitators nationwide. The city of Schweinfurt has been buying in the old town session since the 1980s “Hopeless cases” , makes them attractive by the property order, demolitions of outbuildings, basic or partial renovations and tested usage proposals and ensures a manageable risk when buying. [9]
From around 1830 (when the cholera came from Russia to Western Europe), many cities were renovated to Cholera epidemics. Wastewater management systems were built and the drinking water supply has been improved. The cholera epidemic of 1892 in Hamburg was the last major cholera outbreak in Germany.
- Senate Department for Building and Housing Berlin (ed.): Urban renewal Berlin , Berlin October 1990. (cited authors: Harald Bodenschatz, Urs Kohlbrenner, Hardt-Walherr Hämer).
- ↑ Harald Bodenschatz: The “Kasernenstadt” in the criticism of the 20th century , in: urban renewal Berlin, ed.: Senate Department for Building and Housing Berlin, October 1990, p. 22 f.
- ↑ IBA 1984 Berlin, in: archivINFORM (Calling: September 24, 2019).
- ↑ Urs Kohlbrenner: Up of change in the 1970s – basics and models for preserving urban renewal In: urban renewal Berlin, ed.: Senate Department for Building and Housing Berlin, October 1990, p. 46.
- ↑ On January 16, 2009, the “Bremen award for building culture” was awarded for the second time in the Upper Rathaushalle in Bremen.
- ↑ Hardt-Waltherr Hämer: Bewort urban renewal In: urban renewal Berlin, ed.: Senate Department for Building and Housing Berlin, October 1990, p. 67.
- ↑ H.-W. Hämer: Bewort urban renewal , 1990, S. 64.
- ↑ Matthias Bernt: Folded over. The “careful urban renewal” in Berlin of the 90s . Schelzky & Jeep, 2003, ISBN 3-89541-163-9.
- ↑ Wolfgang Nagel, Senator for Building and Housing, in Foreword to urban renewal Berlin, p. 4.
- ↑ Schweinfurter Tagblatt: Full throttle in the old town renovation , March 1, 2012
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