[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki14\/ethosha-nationalpark-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki14\/ethosha-nationalpark-wikipedia\/","headline":"Ethosha-Nationalpark \u2013 Wikipedia","name":"Ethosha-Nationalpark \u2013 Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 Etosha-Nationalpark after-content-x4 IUCN-CATERGORIES II- National Park Water hole in the Etosha National Park Make Nordzentral-Namibia Surface 22.935\u00a0km\u00b2 Wdpa-ID 884","datePublished":"2020-09-27","dateModified":"2020-09-27","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki14\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki14\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/56\/Waterhole_%283688066664%29.jpg\/300px-Waterhole_%283688066664%29.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/56\/Waterhole_%283688066664%29.jpg\/300px-Waterhole_%283688066664%29.jpg","height":"200","width":"300"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki14\/ethosha-nationalpark-wikipedia\/","wordCount":6408,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4Etosha-Nationalpark        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4IUCN-CATERGORIES II- National Park  Water hole in the Etosha National Park Make Nordzentral-Namibia Surface 22.935\u00a0km\u00b2 Wdpa-ID 884  Geographical location 18 \u00b0 51 \u2032 S , 15 \u00b0 54 \u2032 O -18.85 15.9 Coordinates: 18 \u00b0 51 \u2032 0 \u2033 S , 15 \u00b0 54 \u2032 0 \u2033 O    Set -up date March 22, 1907 Administration Ministry of the Environment and Tourism         (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Map of the Etosha National Park  Satellite image of the Etosha national park with border fence, streets, water points, camps and gates The Etosha-Nationalpark is a 22,935 square kilometer [first] Great National Park in the north of Namibia and the most important protected area in the country. The park is located on the northwestern beach of the Kalahari basin and comprises almost the entire 4760 km\u00b2 [2] Large Etosha pan. From the south border of the park it is 400 kilometers to the capital Windhoek and from the northern border 125 kilometers to the border to Angola. The Atlantic is almost 200 kilometers away from the western border. The name “Etosha” comes from the Oshivambo and means something like “large white space”. This article or subsequent section is not sufficiently equipped with supports (e.g. individual notices). Information without sufficient evidence could soon be removed. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and Insert good evidence.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Parts of today’s national park form the traditional settlement area of \u200b\u200bthe Hai\u01c1om Clicking . On March 22, 1907, the governor of German-Southwest Africa, Friedrich von Lindquist, declared 99,526 km\u00b2 of today’s Namibia as a nature reserve ( Game Reserve 2 ), after the formerly rich game population reduced to the brink of extermination by poaching and hunted big game hunt and thus the meat supply of the population was seriously endangered. The protected area stretched over three areas. The first was around in the north of Grootfontein, the second area closed today’s park with the Etosha pan, most of the Kaokoland, and the Damaralandes in the north, stretching up to the skeleton coast and Kunene. The third area extended over large parts of the Namib in the south. Elephants have not existed in this area since 1880 and the antelope herds that had been tens of thousands of animals had largely disappeared. The protective measures were successful and led to a gradual regeneration of the wild stocks. At the same time, however, the land requirement of the popular tribes living here and the immigrant white settlers grew. The protected area was reduced as early as 1928. Between 1958 and 1967, further reductions were carried out, which resulted in a withdrawal of game protection areas one and two. In 1964 the area was declared a national park. In the course of the Odendaal plan to found Homelands in the early 1970s, it received its current borders and only had an extension of around 22,275 km\u00b2 (295 km in the maximum east-west extension, 110 km in the maximum north-south Expansion). However, it is roughly as large as the state of Hesse and the second largest nature reserve in Africa. Since the turn of the century, efforts have been going on to expand the nature reserves in southern Africa or even connect across bodies. The Etosha National Park is also the subject of such considerations. In 1973 the park was fenced completely. The game population in the park rose sharply due to artificial boreholes. National Geographic wrote in March 1983: \u201cEven when Etosha shrank, the wild population within the remaining area increased significantly. How? Nothing easier than that. You just have to add water \u201d. Table of ContentsThe park today [ Edit | Edit the source text ] The park in the future [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Water points [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Vegetation zones [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Accessory [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Accommodation [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Mammals [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Birds [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Wild care and protection [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Flora [ Edit | Edit the source text ] trees and shrubs [ Edit | Edit the source text ] further reading [ Edit | Edit the source text ] The park today [ Edit | Edit the source text ] The park was divided into two for tourists until the beginning of 2014. The eastern part, shaped by the Etosha pan, is freely accessible to tourists by car. The western part, on the other hand, was only allowed to be visited by mid -2011 accompanied by registered travel guides, since then by all overnight guests of the camp Dolomite . The western part on the Galton Gate has been open to all visitors since the beginning of 2014. [3] Both parts are through Pads (Afrikaans for street) that lead past the numerous natural and artificial water points. In the eastern part, the pads run south and east of the Etosha pan. The western part is characterized by the long east-west connection, which turns far in the west south towards Galton goal. Most streets are not paved, the top speed is 60 km\/h. Admission is from sunrise to sunset. Leaving the vehicles is only permitted in the fenced rest camps and in a few designated and fenced areas. Before fencing, it was possible for the animals to move further north towards Kunene in dryness. Since this option is no longer available today, artificial water points were created. This and the gradual expansion of the tourist infrastructure have made the Etosha National Park an important attraction for Namibiareisers over the years. The park in the future [ Edit | Edit the source text ] In the long term, it is planned to develop the Etosha National Park beyond its original size of almost 100,000 km\u00b2. In a first step, the proclamation of the Kaokoveld is planned as Kunene Volkspark (Kunene People\u2019s Park). This should then be merged with the Etosha National Park and the Skeleton Coast National Park in the long term. Water points [ Edit | Edit the source text ]  Female black nose import on the water hole Kalkheuwel Bore Hole  In particularly good rainy years, the Etosha pan runs fully in the outskirts (Fisher Pan more frequently and partly completely) and becomes home to thousands of water birds, including flamingos. There are no flowing waters in the park and the animals are dependent on the natural and artificial water points most of the year. Towards the end of the dryness, many of the natural water points are dried up and it gather more wildly at the artificial water points. In the western part of the park there are only five natural water points compared to 29 in the eastern part. That is why only twelve artificial water points have been added in the eastern part, while there are 27 in the western part. Four species can be distinguished in the water points: Artesian sources: Here water is conveyed to the surface with pressure. Most of these sources are near Namutoni, such as Klein-Namutoni, Koinacha, Goas and Chudop Groundwater sources in lime troughs, for example Okaukuejo, from (also artificially fed), ombika, Gro\u00df Okevi, Klein Okevi, Numeros and Ngobib (a broken cave) Contact or seepage sources: Here two formations of different permeability meet, in the case of Etosha a layer of lime on a waterproof clay layer. Such sources are, for example, Salvadora, Springbok and Okerfontein and Ociumdeca on the edge of the Etosha pan Artificial boreholes such as Olifantsbad, Gemsbokvlakte Vegetation zones [ Edit | Edit the source text ] The vegetation zones in the Etosha National Park form due to different soil and water conditions. Depending on the author, up to 21 zones are differentiated. These can be simplified into eight zones shown below. The main difference is in the summary of various shrub and tree zones. Lime salt pan The lime salt surface extends over the area of \u200b\u200bthe Etosha pan and is almost uncovered due to the salty (3.25 weight%) and alkaline (pH value> 10). Only very salt -loving grasses, especially the genus Sporobulus , grow here in places and are an important source of protein for the antelopes and zebras during the dryness. Only during the rainy season, when the salt pan is partly under water, does it offer many birds, including the pinklamingo and the dwarf flamingo. During this time even frogs can be found in the pan. Grasfelder The grass fields can be found all over the southern and eastern edge in a few kilometers of narrow stripes along the pan, often separated from the edge of the pan by the short shrub surger. The extends from the southeast of the Etosha pan Large plain (Large area) towards the west. Limited by the Sprokieswoud in the south and the Adamax-Pfanne In the north with their foothills reaching southwest. Two special grass fields are the Andoni grass field near the Andoni water center below the northeastern Nehale-Iye-Mpingana goal and the Ekuma grass field north of the Inselberg OndundoonoNond , which is located southwest of Okaukuejo on the parking border. OndundoonoNond in the language of the Ovambo means roughly From where the little calves never return . Short shrub saucepan The short shrub caranna can also be found almost all over the southern and eastern edge in a narrow strip along the pan. The shrubs growing with plenty of distance are rarely over a meter tall and still cope with salty soils. Dornbuschsavanne The DornbuschSavanne mostly consists of different types of acacia, including Hakendorn, adhesive and L\u00fcderitz acacia. It is located around the pan in a thin strip between the grass fields and the short shrub caranna on the one hand and the MopaneseaVanne or the mixed dry forest on the other. The largest thorn bush area is located in the northwest with an acacia shrub field that passes east and southeast into Mopanesavanne or mopane bumper fields. Mopaneseavanna and mopane bumper fields In the Mopaneseavan and the Mopane Baumfeld, the mopane is a bush or tree landscape and with its protein -rich leaves is an important source of food for the herbivores, especially towards the end of winter. Large tree areas extend south of the pan a few kilometers away from the pan edge to the parking border and in a stiff almost along the entire southern border of the park. To the west of the Adamax pan there is a huge mopan shrub caranna that merges into a thorn bush savan. Depending on the surface (sand, lime, granite) or additionally dominating bushes and trees (Ekumubius, Narawandub\u00fcsche, Wing and Marula), the mopano navis and mopane bumper fields can be further divided. Mixed dry forest In the mixed dry forest, shepherd tree, sandel bivola sequence, rose corner facility and yellow wooden tree can be found. Since the mixed dry forest needs a lot of precipitation, it only occurs in the northeast on the Sandveld, north of the Fischer pan. Terminalia-Trockenwald The Terminalia dry forest, also called Tambuti or Tamboti-dry forest, is dominated by the extremely poisonous drum trees up to 8 meters high. Mopane and Combrentkumb\u00fcsche grow in between. It extends in the east of Okerfontain via lime-haul to the von Lindquist goal. Dolomit islanders The vegetation zone of the Dolomit islanders can only be found in a few places on the southern border and in the west of the park. Typical trees are the Moringa and the mountain dattles up to ten meters tall. Acacia, balm bushes and shepherd tree are less common. In addition to the Sossusvlei, the Etosha National Park is one of the most visited travel destinations in Namibia. Around 200,000 people visit the protected area every year. Accessory [ Edit | Edit the source text ]  Input board with rules of conduct on the “Andersson Gate”. The park has four entrances: In the east the “von Lindquist goal”, which leads via the paved main street C38 into the eastern part to Namutoni, In the north the “King-Nehale-Gate”, which leads to the northeastern part, In the south the “Anderssons goal”, which leads to Okaukuejo in the central south over the C38 paved here, and In the west the “Galton goal”, access to the western part of the park. Accommodation [ Edit | Edit the source text ]  The water and observation tower in Okaukuejo   The increased observation site at the Halali water hole In the park itself there are six (as of April 2019) accommodations and some secured and unsecured toilets and picnic areas. Four of the accommodations have illuminated water holes at night. All is operated by the state -owned company Namibia Wildlife Resorts. [4] Overnight outside of these accommodations is strictly forbidden. Okukei : Okaukuejo is the name of a former German police and military station in the south of the national park. The place originally called Okakwiya, “the woman who gives birth to a child every year”. Today the parking administration and the ecological institute have its seat. Namutoni : Fort Namutoni is also a former police and military station in the eastern part of the national park, 123 kilometers from Okaukuejo. The name is guided by the herero word In the Omutjamite AB and means “water flowing down above”. Valid : Halali is the name of the overnight camps opened for general tourism traffic in 1967. It is about 70 km from the other two camps Okaukuejo (south-west) and Namutoni (northeastern). ONKOSHI : Onkoshi was the first new accommodation in the Etosha National Park since the mid-1960s. It is located north of Namutoni and is considered the most luxurious overnight accommodation in the park. Dolomite : Dolomite is a resting camp on the western part of the national park, which was built from 2010 to mid -2011, on the western western part of the national park. Access by the Galton goal and the use of the western part was initially only reserved for the camp’s overnight guests. Elephant’s rest : Olifantsrus was opened in October 2014 and is therefore the latest accommodation for Etosha National Park. There are ten campsites and a water hole illuminated at night. Scientific animal research only began in Etosha when the first professional biologist was stopped with A. A. Pienaar in 1947. As an innovation in game management, the proposal of his successor P. Schoeman was considered to kill 1000 zebras and 500 gnus due to overloading the grazing grounds. In 1954, research and wild management became direct goals of the administration by the appointment of Bernab\u00e9 de Bat as the first head of nature conservation administration. The research institute for environmental issues was founded in 1974. It monitors changes in vegetation, the climate and the nature of the soil. At the beginning of the 1980s, attempts were made to reduce hunting pressure, caused by the lions, with the help of hormone implants that worked for at least three years. A particularly difficult task for the biologists is the monitoring of the epidemics rabies and anthrax. Because the animals can no longer migrate and are often closely related to the water holes, there is a risk of infection all year round. Between 1979 and 1982, the rabies grew up 100,000 kudus in southern Africa because they are particularly susceptible to this plague. In the southwest of the park, the approximately 15,000 hectare area “Karoo” to the Hege of endangered wild animals was in the southwest of the park. The enclave, founded in the 1970s, is dedicated to horse and elenantelopes, black nose import, the mountain zebra and the pointed mouth. The Etosha National Park houses a very large variety of large animal species. Except for crocodiles, hippos and buffalo, almost all large animal species of southern Africa can be found here. Since the fencing in 1973, the animals have no longer been able to leave the park – they rely on the food supply in the park. The following number of different animal species has been proven in Etosha: [5] Mammals [ Edit | Edit the source text ]  Male lion and puppy  Selection of the largest and best -known mammal species: Birds [ Edit | Edit the source text ]   This overview only gives an impression of the variety of birds in the park and is not a full list. Wild care and protection [ Edit | Edit the source text ]  Female pointed -mouth Numerous national and international projects for protecting the animal world take place in the national park. A great success is to protect the pointed -on -walls ( Diceros bicornis bicornis ). Their number rose from around 48 animals in 1970 to 340 in 1990. At that time that was 10 percent of the global population. Sometimes they are caught at endangered areas on the edge of the park and brought further to the center of the park to protect them from poachers. This enabled the number of popular rhinos to be reduced to four compared to 23 in 1990. Today, the success of the protection of the Spitzmaulnashorn is considered whether the controlled hunt in Namibia should be approved to take foreign exchange. Since December 1988 there has been a special unit against professional poaching (anti-poaching unit), which is sometimes on the road for weeks. This is not aimed at occasional winemakers who climb over the fence to make a springbuck or a wart pig for their own use, but rather to criminal gangs that kill dozens of weapons or succumb to dozens of weapons or elephants and rhinos because of their tusks or horns. Flora [ Edit | Edit the source text ]  Moringab\u00e4ume im fairytale forest A botanical peculiarity is that Fairy tale forest (Magic Forest) between Okaukuejo and the Charl Marais dam. On an area of \u200b\u200babout one square kilometer, partly fenced to protect against elephants, there are moring trees (Afrikaans fairy tal ) in the level that otherwise only grow on a rocky background. trees and shrubs [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Rieth van Schalkwyk: Etosha \u2013 Celebrating a hundred years of conservation. Venture Publications, Windhoek 2007, ISBN 978-99916-828-3-9. Claire and Thomas K\u00fcpper: Namibia nature reserves travel landbook . Ivanowski\u2019s Reisebuchverla, Dormagen 2000, ISBN 3-923975-60-0.  Christine Marais, Anna Marais: Etosha experience . Gamsberg-Macmillan, Windhoek 1995, ISBN 0-86848-936-0.  Daryl and Sharna Balfour: Etosha – natural paradise in Africa . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-440-06499-9.  100 Years of Etosha , Documentation, 2007, available online further reading [ Edit | Edit the source text ] M. W. Buch: Cenozoic climate and environmental change in Etoscha\/North Namibia-Studies on climate sensitivity and geomorphodynamics of a semi-arid landscape area in southern Africa . Habilitation. Regensburg 1993. M. W. Buch, M. Lindeque, H. Bearer-Bell, W. du Plessis, Ch. Trippner: Environmental Change in the Etosha National Park, Northern Namibia. The Research Cooperation Project Between the Etosha Ecological Institute, Okaukuejo\/ Republic of Namibia and the Department of Geography at the University of Regensburg\/ F.R. of Germany. Aims, Activities and First Results. Report Submitted to the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Society for Technical Cooperation (GTZ). Vol. I – V, self -published, Regensburg\/Okaukuejo 1993\/1994. \u2191  Etosha National Park. Ministry of Environment and Tourism. ( Memento of the Originals from April 24, 2018 in Internet Archive )  Info: The archive link has been used automatically and not yet checked. Please check original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note. @first @2 Template: Webachiv\/Iabot\/www.met.gov.na Accessed on April 3, 2019.  \u2191  Geological Attraction Etosha. Ministry of Mines and Energy, Namibia, 2007 ( Memento from March 9, 2014 in Internet Archive ) accessed on June 28, 2013  \u2191  EtoshanationalPark.org  \u2191  National Parks – Namibia Wildlife Resorts. Accessed on January 14, 2020 (English).   \u2191  Etosha National Park. Ministry of Environment, Forestry & Tourism. ( Memento of the Originals from January 26, 2022 in Internet Archive )  Info: The archive link has been used automatically and not yet checked. Please check original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note. @first @2 Template: Webachiv\/Iabot\/www.met.gov.na Accessed on October 21, 2021.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki14\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki14\/ethosha-nationalpark-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Ethosha-Nationalpark \u2013 Wikipedia"}}]}]