[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki14\/football-referee-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki14\/football-referee-wikipedia\/","headline":"Football referee – Wikipedia","name":"Football referee – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 A Football referee Check the football rules in a football game. after-content-x4 Table of Contents referee [ Edit |","datePublished":"2017-12-28","dateModified":"2017-12-28","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki14\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki14\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fa\/Howard_Webb_march11.jpg\/170px-Howard_Webb_march11.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fa\/Howard_Webb_march11.jpg\/170px-Howard_Webb_march11.jpg","height":"258","width":"170"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki14\/football-referee-wikipedia\/","wordCount":10371,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4  A Football referee Check the football rules in a football game.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Table of Contentsreferee [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Referee assistant [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Video-Assistent [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Fourth official [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Additional referee assistant [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Generally [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Professional football and international level [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Generally [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Requirements and training [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Referee scandal 2005 [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Referee scandal 2010 [ Edit | Edit the source text ] referee [ Edit | Edit the source text ]  The most important piece of equipment of a referee: the pipe         (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Also part of the basic equipment – the yellow and the red card The referee leads the football game and creates the football rules. The referee can impose game and disciplinary punishments for this. The disciplinary sentences can be directed against players, substitutes, replaced players or officials of the teams participating in the game. The direct disciplinary power of the referee begins with entering the field for the so -called space inspection and ends with the leaving place after the game ended. In addition, the referee has the obligation to report regular violations and other unsportsmanlike behaviors related to the game that are committed outside of this period. Disciplinary penalties (outdated: personal penalties) are the warning (indicated by the yellow card), the field reference due to a behavior or offense that is worthy of warning after a warning already made (the yellow-red card) and the field reference in the long run (the red card). Misconduct of officials (e.g. interventions in the game, inappropriate protest against decisions by the referee, repeated leaving of the coaching zone) has also been sanctioned since the 2019\/2020 season. Depending on the offense, there is the yellow or red card, the yellow-red card with repeated violations is also possible. The officials are all people who are registered on the game report alongside the players. Should it not be determined which official has committed a violation, the card due is imposed against the “highest” official (usually the coach). [first] In the event of the game penalties, a distinction is made between the direct and indirect free kick and the penalty (colloquially referred to as a penalty), which are to be imposed depending on the type and location of the offense and, if necessary, the target person of the rule violation (teammate, opponent, official, SR). In addition to the game management, the referee also has a number of other tasks (e.g. control of the prescribed equipment of the players, the space structure), which are defined in the football rules and the respective game regulations of the football associations.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4In clothing, the referees are traditionally reserved for the color black. However, other colors may also be worn if the distinction to the jerseys of the players is guaranteed. [first] This was practiced for the first time in Germany on June 12, 1993 by Markus Merk at the DFB Cup final when he wore green instead of black. The DFB had relaxed the rule according to the order of the FIFA. [2] Referee assistant [ Edit | Edit the source text ] Many games, especially in the higher play classes, are guided by a referee team. The referee is supported by two referee assistants who help him with the game management by displaying the flag when passing (fouls) in the back of the referee or the referee z. B. because of an unfavorable positioning for what is happening, players stand in offside positions, the ball left the field (kick\/corner kick, throw -in) or exceeded the gate line (gate). Another important task of the assistants is the organization of player changes, provided that there is no one Fourth official gives. [first] The respective association determines which division is used at which division is used. In Germany this is the respective district, district or state association, usually based on the number of existing qualified referees. Sometimes games in the district league are already filled with teams, elsewhere only from the Landesliga. Especially in the lower play classes, young referees (under 18, in some associations even under the age of 16) are often used as referee assistants so that they can gain experience for later their own game lines. In Switzerland, men in the 3rd to the 5th league, for women from the NLB as well as the juniors, veterans and seniors, each club must provide a line judge. Alternatively, the host association can provide two line judges. Under certain circumstances, the referee, if possible, can also guide the game alone. In the leagues above, in the U-19- and U-18 top football as well as from the 1st Cup main round, the responsible patching point orders the referee assistant. [3] Since the referee assistants above all look over the areas in front and left at the back of the center, the typical one follows Walk The referee (if he does not have to intervene on site) typically offset, namely in a bow from the center to the left and then closer to the other half again to the other half. Video-Assistent [ Edit | Edit the source text ]  The video assistant has been in the Bundesliga since the 2017\/18 season Video Assistant Referee , Var) used. This is intended to help the referee to make the right decision in controversial scenes and can also intervene in the event of clear wrong decisions and give the referee a hint on the pitch. The video assistants sit in the so-called “Cologne Keller”, where they can fall back on up to 21 camera positions. [4] The video assistant may intervene in the following situations: penalty, goal-tanning, field reference and playing players. [5] Fourth official [ Edit | Edit the source text ] In professional football, there is also the fourth official, who takes the first referee assistant tasks, controlled substitutes that show the stoppage time stipulated by the referee or also monitors the environment (behavior of the football coach, the substitute and the official and place folder). At special events such as the European Championship, a fifth official is also used, which regularly supports the fourth official. The background to this expansion is that the fourth and fifth official are also trained as a referee or referee assistant, so that replacement is immediately available when the referee fails or an assistant. Additional referee assistant [ Edit | Edit the source text ] In the group phase of the Europa League, Additional Assistant Referees (also called “Torrichter”) were introduced in the 2009\/10 season. Since the 2010\/11 season, they have also been used in the UEFA Champions League, at European Championships since 2012. Goal referee is behind the goal line on the side of the respective referee assistant, but can also enter the field. Their main task is to decide whether a ball crosses the goal line. However, the referee may also support the referee on controversial fouls or in the event of a counter in the penalty area. [6] The use of Torrichters was controversial as an alternative to using technical aids. With the introduction of the video assistant, the torror were abolished again. [7] Since 2016, the IFAB set of rules sees the role of one Replacement referee assistant before which is limited to replacing an arbitrator assistant or the fourth official in the event of ability. [8]  For everyone involved in the football game, it is now a matter of course that the games are led by tested neutral football referees. When football started to play football in the middle of the 19th century, it wasn’t that way. In the early years, the team leaders of both teams involved in the game led the game. It was so that the team leader of the team, whose players violated the rule, interrupted the game and released the ball for the thrust through the opponent. It was not until 1873 that football had been played for ten years and ten years after the first football rules, the concept of the referee was included in the rules. When the referee and two different judges (Umpires) were introduced in the rules, the referee only had the function of an appellate body. He was a functional on the edge of the field. If a player violated the rules, the Umpires were called by the team leaders. The referee only had to decide if these could not agree. From then on, the team leaders could no longer decide; This authority passed to the Umpires. These were not allowed to play in the teams. However, the teams were still free to agree on a referee who was, to a certain extent, simple controversial decisions of the Umpires. The referee received the term referee, which still applies internationally. When the referee was added to the rules in 1880, this rule carried No. 15 and was: In agreement of the teams involved in the games, a referee can be ordered whose obligation to decide in all disputes of the Umpires. He should set up records about the course of the game and also take the time. In the event of an inconsistent behavior of a player, he should warn the player’s culprit in the presence of the Umpires or exclude from the game with a gross unsportsmanlike amount. The names of the culprit players are to be reported to the responsible authority, which only has the right to accept a decision. The referee was still not the sole head of the game, but the crucial position in disagreements. The rule did not know the term “neutral”. Every referee that the teams agreed on was unassailable in his decisions. In 1889, the provisions about the management of games were reorganized and the rights of the Umpires and the referee were precisely outlined. The provisions were: Two Umpires are to be ordered, the task of which is to decide all disputes if they are called up. A referee is to be ordered that regulates all disputes between the Umpires. It is a duty of the referee to decide in all cases in which the Umpires do not match or if a Umpire does not make a decision. Although one was not obliged to do so, they already agreed on a neutral referee at the time. The obligation to determine a referee for the management of a game has existed since 1882 because the discrepancies increased. The referee as the sole head of a game has existed since 1890. In 1891 the Umpires were abolished and the lines were replaced in their place. The position of the referee was upgraded. A separate rule was created for the line judges. The referee became the sole head of the game and the line judges were assumed. Based on these explanations, you can see which change was subject to the position of the captain of a team, lines judge and the referee. In 2006 there were around 840,000 referees worldwide according to a survey by FIFA. [9] The UEFA divides the international referees into three categories: the elite category, the first category and the second category. There are currently around 30 referees in the highest category, the elite category: UEFA Elite referee Below the elite category there are around 70 referees in the ridge category and around 250 referees in the second category. All internationally active football referees, referee assistants, video referees as well as futsal and beach soccer referees are on the list of FIFA referees published annually. [ten] Generally [ Edit | Edit the source text ] In theory, a certified referee can be used to lead every football game. After the candidate course, however, the operation will usually be carried out first in youth games. In the case of corresponding services determined and evaluated by referee observers, use in higher leagues and age groups can be used (so -called rise). For ascents, further exams are often required for both theoretical nature and athletic kind. In addition, promotion to higher classes often precedes an assignment as an arbitrator assistant (formerly a line judge). Professional football and international level [ Edit | Edit the source text ]  Breast emblem that FIFA referees also play in national games If you are one of the best, you can get up in professionals. As a rule, several years are to be estimated. Most referees in professional football and FIFA referee still practice a regular profession. In contrast to football players who can take part in national or international encounters without age restriction, there are partly fixed age limits among referees, after which they can no longer exceed games in professional football (from National Association to National Association). After the maximum age for FIFA referee was 50 years old, it was subsequently gradually reduced to 48, then 47 years and in 1992 to 45 years. For FIFA referees, there has been no age limit for FIFA referees. [11] FIFA referee and assistant badge may only be worn by the beneficiaries on the FIFA list in the year of validity at all games. Due to the high expenditure of time, many referees in the higher leagues are often active in independent professions such as doctor, lawyer or merchant who enable their own classification of working hours. Generally [ Edit | Edit the source text ]  There are around 44,821 referees in Germany (as of the 2020\/21 season). [twelfth] In the 2019\/20 season there were still 52,276 [13] , in the 2013\/14 72,300 season [14] , and 2009\/10 78,500. [15] At around 100,000 games per weekend in Germany, this number is not sufficient, which is why many referees run several games a week or z. B. the lowest classes of youth teams who are not entitled to young people cannot be scheduled with official referees. Depending on their number of their teams and sometimes also dependent on their division, the clubs have to provide a minimum number of referees. Put too few off and are to be paid. There are also other penalties that depend on the difference to the target and the duration of the falling underneath, such as points deductions, forced relegation or the ban on the orientation of tournaments. Which penalties are used is regulated differently in the member associations of the DFB. The referee only recognizes who leads a certain number of games per season and meets other requirements, including the annual performance test and a minimum number of participation in compulsory sessions or training, whereby this also deals in the member associations of the DFB. In Germany, the referee receives so -called expenses or expenses for its game lines that vary depending on the national association and division. The lowest sentences are intended for youth games, and around 25 euros are paid in adults in the lower amateur area. At Oberliga games, referees receive around 50 euros and the assistants around 25 euros per game (depending on the respective national association). In addition, an allowance for travel expenses – again specified by the respective state association – is paid for the travel expenses, which is partially flat -rate or is based on the actual costs for public transport or the kilometers driven at a fixed mileage. As far as they exceed 840 euros a year, the amounts are to be taxed in accordance with Section 3 No. 26a of the Income Tax Act, whereby a prior deduction of advertising costs is permitted. [16] A referee has received an annual basic security in the Bundesliga since the 2012\/13 season, which has been 59,000 euros since the 2017\/18 season, for FIFA referees or Bundesliga chief with five years of experience. As a FIFA elite referee, you get a fixed amount of 79,000 euros. In addition to the basic remuneration, all referees in the Bundesliga receive an allowance of 5,000 euros per game, in the 2nd Bundesliga 2,500 euros. [17] The basic security of the assistants is 44,000 euros (FIFA), 39,000 euros (Bundesliga) and 4,000 euros (2nd Bundesliga). [17] In addition, the assistants receive half of the game -related amount of a referee, the fourth official a quarter of the amount, but no basic security. In the 3rd division there is no basic security and 750 euros per game for the referee, 300 euros in the regional league. Assistants receive half, fourth officials are not planned here. [18] A referee from the Bundesliga receives a daily training plan that is also checked, and medical checks must also be completed regularly. Furthermore, he has to take part in the training camps regularly before the start of the season and at the \u201chalf -time\u201d (break in winter) as well as other courses of the DFB and his national association. In addition, it is expected that he is also occasionally present at the base, for example through a lecture in referee courses or teaching evenings. The arrival of a Saturday game must be carried out regularly on Friday, the return home takes place depending on the distance from the late Saturday evening or on Sunday. The accommodation and catering costs incurred for the external appointments will be reimbursed. The physical fitness of football referees is usually checked regularly. In the upper performance classes, depending on the regulations of the respective state associations from the district league, this usually happens with the Helsen test, also called FIFA fitness test. The Helsen test, named after the UEFA fitness expert Werner Helsen, has been prescribed for the national associations from FIFA since 2007 and has taken or gradually took the place of the former Cooper test in the classes. The age limit for Bundesliga referees is 47 years. Depending on the association, there are different requirements for the fitness of the referees in the performance classes below the district league, but the requirements of which are lower than those of the Helsen or Cooper test. From the 3rd league and the second main round of the DFB Cup, a referee is observed and graded in every game. Due to the 2005 referee scandal, this will also be the case in the first round of cup. For quality assurance and further development, all referees who are given promotion opportunities are regularly observed several times a season, while the other referees observations are exceptional cases. Furthermore, referees are observed in the respective performance classes of the associations. The DFB badge may only be worn by referees who are on the DFB referee list. If a referee excretes from the DFB list, he must no longer wear this badge. The DFB honors the DFB referee of the year annually. Requirements and training [ Edit | Edit the source text ] In Germany, the referee can only be who is a member of a club connected to the DFB. Registration for an arbitrator course takes place regularly via the association or via the DFBNet. The minimum age is 12 years, with some state associations also demanding a higher member age. Depending on the association, the course takes place in 20\u201350 lessons over three to 12 days within one to six weeks. In it, the football rules are conveyed, which must be demonstrated at the end by an exam. In addition, a fitness test must be passed. [19] Even if this is not one of the expressly declared conditions, a certain character consolidation of the personality is also an indispensable prerequisite in order to be able to ensure the offered neutrality and not to be able to get out of the concept even by hostility and players. In Austria, belonging to an association is not necessary. The referees are sent by the association, whereby a referee may also be active as a club official or player at the same time. In this case, there is no line -up in the league in which the club currently plays. Otherwise, the same or the same criteria apply to the game occupations and for minimum and high-age or other qualification criteria as well as to check the control knowledge and physical fitness as in the DFB. Referee scandal 2005 [ Edit | Edit the source text ] In January 2005, German football referee Robert Hoyzer game manipulations. Hoyzer is accused of influencing the results of the games he had guided in connection with sports betting and possibly manipulating them. The suspicion that Hoyzer had an impact on game results initially affects the DFB Cup game of the first round of August 21, 2004 between SC Paderborn 07 and Hamburger SV, which surprisingly ended with 4: 2 after it was two dubious penalty kicks and had given a controversial dismissal against the HSV. But five games from the second Bundesliga are also examined. The game between LR Ahlen and Wacker Burghausen was newly scheduled after a protest from Burghausen and a corresponding judgment of the DFB sports court. Hamburger SV also protest against the rating of the 2: 4 defeat in the first DFB Cup round against SC Paderborn 07 and the red card imposed in this game against Emile Mpenza. The DFB sports committee decided that there could be no repetition, instead the Hamburger SV was financially compensated and the red card was canceled. Referee scandal 2010 [ Edit | Edit the source text ] In February 2010, allegations by the Bundesliga referee Michael Kempter against the spokesman for the referee at DFB Manfred Amerell were known for sexual harassment. These were announced on December 17, 2009 to the chairman of the referee committee Volker Roth, but only forwarded from it around 4 weeks later. On February 9, Amerell resigned from the press release for health reasons, whereby the following day became public that other reasons were presented. Thereupon the DFB Vice President, Rainer Koch, made his responsibility for the referee in the DFB because he was only informed of the allegations at a meeting of the Presidium on February 3. A “mud battle” joined, which only obviously became that both Amerells and Kempter’s information were not clearly contradictory. [20] Some legal proceedings followed, but there will be no final decision due to Amerell’s death, although it was already evident that it would not be possible to bring about a complete clarification.  In Switzerland, training and support is handled similarly or as in Germany. As a rule, an arbitrator must be reported to the association for each two active teams. A referee has fulfilled his \u201cshould\u201d with 15 official games. Each referee is observed and evaluated several times a year. Based on these reviews (and in the higher leagues), the league qualification is decided. There are differences in the money, junior referees (mostly the newcomers) get around 60 euros per game. In return, the top referees earn less – in the trio around 1150 euros as expenses. Depending on the league qualification, referees have to attend teaching courses two to three times a year. Since the resignation of Urs Meier, the Swiss Football Association (SFV) has mainly relied on younger referees, which are to be gradually introduced to the international level. In addition, women are specifically encouraged who strive for a referee career. Examples of this are Nicole Petignat (resignation as of December 1, 2008), Esther Staubli and Simona Ghisleta, both of whom are part of the top selection of the FIFA women. Switzerland presented a referee at the 2006 World Cup in Germany as well as at the 2008 European Championship with the Ticino Massimo Busacca. Due to a cooperation between the DFB with the Swiss Football Association, a total of 33 games in the German Bundesliga were led by Swiss referees from 1981 to 1990. Switzerland also operates an exchange of referees with the Austrian Football Association.  The most widespread aid is the radio system. The referee assistant installed a transmitter in his flag grip, which he pressed by pressing the button. This switch is usually pressed with the lifting of the flag. The transmitter triggers a vibration or a signal tone via a recipient attached to the arm of the chief referee. Since the acquisition costs of the radio system are significant, it is only prescribed from certain higher play classes, but may also be used in the lower classes. The referee gives the referee the opportunity to concentrate more on the direct game without constantly having to keep an eye on the referee assistant, since there is no longer just visually, but also via vibration or signal tone between the team. Furthermore, after testing in the UEFA Champions League and some national leagues at the 2006 World Cup, the referees via radio via headset were connected to their assistants for the first time in all games. Torinia techniques for checking whether the ball has completely crossed the goal line were tested for the first time in FIFA tournaments in 2012 and 2013. Four systems were approved, with the HAWK Eye prevailing. It has been used in the German Bundesliga since the 2015\/16 season. [21] Before introducing the video assistant, disciplinary measures were subsequently pronounced due to television recordings. The basic prerequisite for a subsequent lock was, however, that the referee had not already punished the rule violation during the game or did not want to expressly punished (determination of the advantage), since “factual decisions” were incontestable. The so -called free kick spray from FIFA has been officially approved since March 2012. [22] It was previously common in South and North America. [23] With a white spray foam, the referee marks the place of the free kick and a distance of the wall. This aid was also used at the 2014 World Cup in Brazil. Subsequently, it was used in various European leagues, for example from the eighth matchday of the 2014\/15 season in the German Bundesliga. [24] The referee has to cancel a game if a team has fewer than seven players on the field. A referee should also cancel a game if his authority is no longer given, for example through an assault on him or one of his assistants, or he no longer feels able to properly guide the game. If the weather conditions, space, light or weather conditions or spectator riots represent a threat to the players or no longer allow a proper game, a game must be stopped. However, an interruption should precede the demolition if it can be expected that the game can still be continued. The duration of the interruption should not exceed 30 minutes, but a minor crossing is to be accepted if it is foreseeable that the game can be continued shortly. Violence against football referees are documented in many play classes worldwide. [25] [26] [27] This shows that referees have by far the greatest burden on violence and discrimination incidents of all groups of people involved in the game. [28] It is striking that violence against referees is a phenomenon that almost exclusively appears in football. The number of assault against referees in other team sports is negligible. [29] In Germany, according to a survey that analyzed the 2018\/19 and 2019\/20 seasons, 38.4% of the violent game dropouts due to violence could be attributed to the fact that impartial people felt threatened. [30] In order to better capture the actual number of attacks against impartial, the DFB at the beginning of the 2014\/15 season in the electronic game report mandatory whether there was a violence or discrimination against whether there was a football game. [thirty first] Luigi Agnolin (1943\u20132018), Italy-World Cup referee 1986 and 1990 Wolf-Dieter Ahlenfelder (1944\u20132014), Germany-drove the Bundesliga game between Werder Bremen and Hannover 96 in 1975 and whistled the first half after 32 minutes-but could be persuaded by the line judge before he was still playing before it was still 90 seconds too early ended the first half. Ken Aston (1915\u20132001), England – inventor of the yellow and red cards (used for the first time in the 1970 World Cup) Peco Bauwens (1886\u20131963), Germany-Referee of the 1936 Olympic Games, later DFB President Tofiq B\u0259hramov (1925\u20131993), Azerbaijan (then Soviet Union)-line judge at referee Gottfried Service in the 1966 World Cup final and signaled with the controversial Wembley goal that the ball had exceeded the goal line. Said Belqola (1956\u20132002), Morocco-headed the 1998 World Cup final G\u00fcnter Benk\u00f6 (* 1955), Austria – referee of the 1998 World Cup and the EM 2000 Horst Brummier (* 1945), Austria – referee of the 1986 World Cup and the EM 1988 C\u00fcneyt \u00e7ak\u0131r (* 1976), Turkey – referee of the European Championship 2012 and the 2014 World Cup Georges Capdeville (1899-1991), France-led the World Cup final in 1938 Carol Anne Chenard (* 1977), Canada-directed the U-20 World Cup final of women in 2010 and 2014 Arnaldo C\u00e9zar Coelho (* 1943), Brazil – Referee WM 1978 and 1982 (final) Pierluigi Collina (* 1960), Italy-Referee WM 2002 (final referee) and the European Championship 2004 Andr\u00e9 Daina (* 1940), Switzerland – referee EM 1984 and World Cup 1986 Gottfried Dienst (1919\u20131998), Switzerland-referee of the World Cup final in 1966. Gave the third goal, in which the ball is said to have been behind the goal line (Wembley goal). Also headed the 1st EM final 1968. Ivan Eklind (1905\u20131981), Sweden-controversial referee in the 1934 World Cup final Horacio Marcelo Elizondo (* 1963), Argentina- referee at the 2006 World Cup (opening game and final referee) Arthur Edward Ellis (1914\u20131999), England-headed the first European Championship final in 1960 and with 12 most of the German national team Ravshan Ermatov (* 1977), Uzbekistan, since the 2014 World Cup referee with the most World Cup games (9). Walter Eschweiler (* 1935), Germany, then Federal Republic of Germany – referee at the 1982 World Cup Herbert Fandel (* 1964), Germany-Referee of the EM 2008, DFB referee boss Anders Frisk (* 1963), Sweden-Referee EM 1996, 2000, 2004 and the 2002 World Cup, most of the European Championship finals with 8 games Bruno Galler (* 1946), Switzerland – Referee WM 1982, EM 1988 and 1992 Rudi Gl\u00f6ckner (1929\u20131999), Germany, then GDR-first and only German referee in the World Cup final (Mexico 1970) as well as World Cup referee 1974 (FRG) and EM 1972 (Belgium) Maurice Guigue (1912\u20132011), France-led the 1958 World Cup final Benjamin Mervyn “Sandy” Griffiths (1909\u20131974), Wales – referee at WM 1950, 1954 and 1958 Bernd Heynemann (* 1954), Germany – referee at the 1996 European Championship and the 1998 World Cup Robert Hoyzer (* 1979), Germany-trigger of the 2005 referee scandal Walentin Iwanow (* 1961), Russia-EM referee 2004 and at the 2006 World Cup (4 references in a World Cup game). Siegfried Kirschen (* 1943), Germany, then GDR – referee at the 1986 World Cup, the EM 1988 and the 1990 World Cup in Italy Abraham Klein (* 1934), Israel Rudolf Kreitlein (1919\u20132012), Germany, then Federal Republic of Germany-World Cup referee 1966 Hellmut Krug (* 1956), Germany – referee at the 1994 World Cup and the 1996 European Championship Bj\u00f6rn Kuipers (* 1973), Netherlands – referee at the European Championship 2012 and at the 2014 World Cup in Brazil John Langenus (1891\u20131952), Belgium-referee of the first World Cup final 1930 Erich Linemayr (1933\u20132016), Austria – referee of the Water Battle of Frankfurt William Ling (1908\u20131984), England-final game referee of the 1954 World Cup in Switzerland Urs Meier (* 1959), Switzerland – referee at the 1998 and 2002 World Cup Markus Merk (* 1962), Germany – referee at the World Cup 2002 and 2006 as well as the EM 2000 and 2004 (SR of the final) \u013dUbo\u0161 Miche\u013e (* 1968), Slovakia-Referee at the World Cup 2002, EM 2004, WM 2006, EM 2008 and the Champions League final 2007\/08 Byron Moreno (* 1969), Ecuador – referee at the 2002 World Cup. After repeated manipulation allegations, withdrawn from professional football. Kim Milton Nielsen (* 1960), Denmark – referee of the EM 1996, 2000, 2004 and the World Cup 1998 and 2002 Tom Henning \u00d8vreb\u00f8 (* 1966), Norway – referee at the EM 2008 Charles Palotai (1935-2018), Ungarn – Schiedsrichter Bei den WM 1974, 1978, 1982 Dieter Pauly (* 1942), Germany, then Federal Republic of Germany-Member of the UEFA Committee for Referee V\u00edtor Melo Pereira (* 1957), Portugal – referee of the EM 2000 and WM 1998 and 2002 Nicole Petignat (* 1966), Switzerland-first woman in men’s UEFA Cup game Konrad Plautz (* 1964), Austria-EM referee 2008 Graham Poll (* 1963), England – referee at the EM 2000 and 2004 as well as the World Cup 2002 and 2006 Alexis Ponnet (* 1939), Belgium-World Cup referee 1982, 1986 and in the EM 1984 and 1988 Adolf Prokop (* 1939), Germany, then GDR-World Cup referee 1978 and 1982 as well as in the EM 1980 and 1984 S\u00e1ndor Puhl (* 1955), Hungary-final referee WM 1994 Jo\u00ebl Quiniou (* 1950), France – referee at three World Championships (1986, 1990 and 1994) George Reader (1896\u20131978), England – led the decisive final round of the 1950 World Cup Roberto Rosetti (* 1967), Italy-EM referee 2008, World Cup referee 2010 Volker Roth (* 1942), Germany, then Federal Republic of Germany-Referee of the EM 1984 and the 1986 World Cup, former DFB referee boss Rudolf Scheurer (* 1925), Switzerland-World Cup referee 1970, 1974 Wolfgang Stark (* 1969), Germany – referee at the 2010 World Cup and at the European Championship 2012 Bibiana Steinhaus (* 1979), Germany-As the first woman, she was the first woman in the 2007\/08 season a game of the 2nd Bundesliga and on September 11, 2017 a game of the Bundesliga. Directed the WM final of women in 2011 and the finals of women at the 2012 Olympic Games Bernd Stumpf (* 1940), Germany, GDR-Oberliga and FIFA referee-in 1986 he was put on an example for the BFC Dynamo in the form of an exclusion from the first and second division of the GDR due to an allegedly unauthorized penalty. John Taylor (1930\u20132012), England-World Cup referee 1970 and 1974 (final) Kurt Tschenscher (1928\u20132014), Germany, then the Federal Republic of Germany-World Cup referee 1966, 1970 and 1974 and the European Championship 1968 Mario van der Ende (* 1956), Netherlands – referee at the 1994 World Cup Michel Vautrot (* 1945), France-World Cup referee 1982 and 1990 as well as in the EM 1984 and 1988 Nelly Viennot (* 1962), France-SR assistant in the UEFA Champions League Karl Wald (1916\u20132011), Germany – inventor of the penalty shootout Howard Webb (* 1971), England-referee at EM 2008 and 2012, Finals of the Champions League and World Cup 2010 Franz W\u00f6hrer (* 1939), Austria-World Cup referee 1982 Robert Wurz (* 1941), France – The “Nijinsky of the Trillerfeife” Arturo Yamasaki (1929\u20132013), Peru\/Mexico-World Cup referee 1962, 1966 and 1970 (century game) Istv\u00e1n Zsolt (1921\u20131991), Hungary-World Cup referee 1954, 1958 and 1966 as well as at the European Championship 1968 Referees at Work – Documentation on the procedure of the referees at the EM 2008. For the first time, radio traffic between the referee and his assistant was recorded and original reproduced. The refere (the judiciary) -Documentation about the Swedish FIFA referee Martin Hansson and his way to the 2010 World Cup. The World Cup relegation game France-Ireland is particularly highlighted, in which he made a serious mistake. Spoilsport -Documentation about the SR candidate Kevin Pr\u00f6sdorf, the Swiss Senior SR Oreste Steiner and the FIFA referee Herbert Fandel. The referee is illuminated from different positions. Galileo show from February 25, 2011-In an 18-minute contribution, FIFA-SR Wolfgang Stark is shown both in a Bundesliga game and privately. The 19th team in the Bundesliga – Documentation from Sky Germany about Knut Kircher (2015) [32] Man in the Middle -4-part UEFA referee documentation, etc. With Cl\u00e9ment Turpin, Bj\u00f6rn Kuipers & Daniele Orsato (2020) [33] Christoph Schr\u00f6der: I whistle! From the life of an amateur referee . 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Template: Cite Web\/Temporary  \u2191  http:\/\/refereingworld.blogspot.com\/2015\/09\/fifa-no-age-limits-for-international.html  \u2191  DFB: Number of active referees 2021. Accessed on March 18, 2022 .   \u2191  DFB: Number of active referees 2021. Accessed on March 18, 2022 .   \u2191  https:\/\/www.dfb.de\/fileadmin\/_dfbdam\/19257-sr2014.pdf  \u2191  https:\/\/www.dfb.de\/fileadmin\/_dfbdam\/19261-sr2010_01.pdf  \u2191  EStG \u00a73 (viewed on May 21, 2014)  \u2191 a b  Advantages as a referee. In: dfb.de. Accessed on April 5, 2020 .   \u2191  The referee deserves. In: jeden-tag-reicher.eu , accessed on April 5, 2020.  \u2191  How do I become a referee? In: dfb.de. Accessed on April 5, 2020 .   \u2191  Chronicle of the Manfred Amerell case for four weeks of mud fight. In: Sueddeutsche.de. Archived by Original am March 7, 2010 ; accessed on October 13, 2018 .   \u2191  Start of the Bundesliga: Premiere for the Hawk Eye SPIEGEL ONLINE, August 13, 2015, accessed September 26, 2015.  \u2191  Largely positive experiences with the use of “free kick spray” in FIFA competitions ( Memento of the Originals from December 8, 2015 in Internet Archive )  Info: The archive link has been used automatically and not yet checked. Please check original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note. @first @2 Template: webachiv\/iabot\/de.fifa.com FIFA.com, November 20, 2013, accessed July 6, 2014.  \u2191  Free kick spray: shaving foam on the soccer field WZ Newsline, 19. Juli 2011.  \u2191  Schiri cream for the first time in the Bundesliga SPIEGEL ONLINE, October 16, 2014, accessed December 8, 2015.  \u2191  Violence against referees – sad everyday life in Europe. In: DW.com. 25.\u00a0November 2019, Retrieved on October 21, 2020 .   \u2191  J\u00f6rn Meyn: It is so dangerous for referees in German amateur football. In: Spiegel.de. 29. October 2019, Retrieved on October 21, 2020 .   \u2191  Alex Raack: Violence against referee – “I will never enter a soccer field again”. In: Spiegel.de. 21.\u00a0September 2020, Retrieved on October 21, 2020 .   \u2191  Thayya Vester: The target referee – still!? A trend study on the feeling of security and becoming a victim of impartial in amateur football . Nomos, Baden-Baden 2019, p. 68.  \u2191  Stefan Nestler: Violence against amateur referees-apparently a football phenomenon. December 10, 2019, accessed on April 8, 2022 .   \u2191  Demolition: New study names triggers. February 7, 2022, accessed on April 8, 2022 .   \u2191  Annual situation in violence and discrimination incidents. In: dfb.de , 5. October 2020.  \u2191  Behind the scenes – so “The 19th Team” of the Bundesliga ticks In: True table . November 24, 2014, accessed December 8, 2015.  \u2191  “Man in the Middle”: UEFA documentary series about Champions League referee. On uefa.tv. November 12, 2020, Retrieved on December 11, 2020 .   \u2191  The bitter charm of amateur football , Review of Thomas Jaedicke in Deutschlandradio Kultur on June 5, 2015, accessed June 8, 2015       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki14\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki14\/football-referee-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Football referee – Wikipedia"}}]}]