Oromo (SPRACHE) – Wikipedia

Oromo (Afaan English)
Spoken in	Ethiopia, Kenya
speaker	37 million
Linguistic classification
Official status
Official language in	Oromia,, Athiopien Ethiopia (regional labor language)
Language codes
ISO 639-1	about No code for Garreh-Ajuran and Sanye
ISO 639-2	orm cus (other cushitic languages, for Garreh-Ajuran and Sanye)
ISO 639-3	after-content-x4 orm (Makrosprache) Contain: Further language of the language family:

Oromo (Af Oromo: Oromo [ ʌfɑːn is sfriend ] or Oromiff ) is an Afroasian language and the most widespread cushitic language. Oromo is sometimes referred to as a group of close related languages, but his speakers call it a language. According to the 2018, it will be spoken of around 37.4 million Oromo, including 36.6 million in Ethiopia, 627,000 in Kenya and 41600 in Somalia. ^[first]

The external designation Flaws or Gallign is considered outdated and encounters the oromo.

Oromo has been officially written with the Latin Alphabet since 1991. Before that, the Ethiopian script was mainly used, whereby it was forbidden to write Oromo under the government of Haile Selassie. The Arabic alphabet was also used and occasionally in the 19th century, before the conquest of most oromo areas by Ethiopia, also the Latin script introduced by missionaries.

At least 99% of Oromo spokesman live in Ethiopia, most of them in the Oromia (Oromiyaa) region, most others in Kenya, but there are also about 42,000 speakers in Somalia. In Ethiopia it is the language with the largest number of native speakers (31.6%) and in Africa with the fifth largest. In addition to the native speakers, members of other ethnic groups who are in contact with the Oromo also speak this language.

The different variants of Oromo can be summarized in three main dialect groups:

Westzentraloromo

Wollega (Wallagga) Oder Macha (Macca), Gesprochen in Nordwest-Oromia

Tulama (Tulama) Oder Shoa (Shawaa), Gesprochen Im Zentraalen Nord-Oromia

Wollo (Wallo), spoken in the Wollo region, partly also in Amhara

Raya (Raayyaa), spoken further north as the Wollo dialect

Ostoromo, spoken in the northeastern part of Oromia and near the cities of Harar and Dire Dawa

Südoromo

Arsi, spoken in Central Oromia

Guji (Guji), Gesprochen Im Zentralen Süd-Oromia

Borana (Boranaa), spoken in South Oromia, parts of the Eastern Province in Kenya and Gedo in Somalia

Gabbra, spoken by the Gabbra in the northwest of the Eastern Province in Kenya

Garre-Ajuraan, spoken in parts of the North Eeasters Province in Kenya

Orma, spoken by the Tanaorma along the Tana in the Coast Province in Kenya

Waata, spoken in isolated villages in the Coast Province in Kenya

A lot still has to be worked on the oromo dialects, especially on mutual understanding. The southern dialects differ the most. For example, the gender of most nouns can be seen on the last vowel in these dialects. The dialects spoken in Ethiopia and Kenya differ in which languages ​​words are borrowed from. In Ethiopia, Oromo had been in contact with the Amharian for centuries, which resulted in a mutual lexical influence. In Kenya and other countries, the Oromo dialects borrowed many words from Swahili and English.

Before the 1974 Ethiopian Revolution, it was forbidden to publish or send something in Oromo, and the few published works such as the Bible translation of Onesimos Nesib and the previous Bible translation by Johann Ludwig Krapf and Ruufoo were written in the Ethiopian script. After the revolution, the government carried out a campaign for reading and writing in some languages, including Oromo. However, plans for school lessons on Oromo were not realized before the government of Mengistu Haile Mariam, with the exception of the areas, which were controlled by the Oromo exemption front.

Oromo has been officially reproduced in Latin script since 1991, as in the first Oromo literature certificates of the period 1840–70. The Latin alphabet is better suited to reproduce the frequently occurring consonant generation and a total of ten vocal differences than the Ethiopian script, which only distinguishes between seven vowels. Due to the differences between the dialects, there is still no uniform spelling.

Oromo is a labor language of the Oromia region, which was founded in 1991 and comprises a large part of the Oromo areas. The federalist-democratic movement of the Oromo ( Wafido ) So far, it has been unsuccessful to introduce Oromo as a second official language in addition to Amharian throughout Ethiopia. ^[2]

Consonant [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

Like most other Ethiopian languages, there are some ejectives in Oromo, but there is also a rather unusual implosive retroflexed plosive that is written “DH”.

In the Oromo-Alphabet, a letter consists of either a single symbol or a digraph (CH, ie, NY, PH, SH). Gemination is not necessarily identified in the digraphs, although some writers display them by doubling the first consonant, for example samphaaa = be prepared. In the lower table, the IPA symbol in brackets stands next to the letter when it differs from it. The phoneme /p /, /v /and /z /are in brackets because they only occur in loanwords.

Vocal [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

Oromo has a typical southern cushitic vocal system with five short and five long vowels. The length is displayed by doubling the vowel.

Substantive [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

Gender [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

Like other Afroasian languages, Oromo has two grammatical genders, masculine and feminine, and all nouns belong to one of these two. The grammatical gender affects the grammar as follows:

• Verbs (except be ) Congrue with your subject when this is in the 3rd person singular.
• Pronouns in the 3rd person singular have the gender of the noun to which they refer to.
• Adjectives congratulate with the nouns.
• Some possessive pronouns congruently congratulate the nouns in some dialects.

With the exception of some southern dialects, there is nothing that can be seen from the gender of a noun. The grammatical gender (genus) usually corresponds to the natural gender. The gender of unrevious is different depending on the dialect.

Number [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

In Oromo there is the numeri singular and plural, but words that refer to several things are not necessarily in the plural when the connection, for example by numeralia, is clear, for example: number = Mann, nama shan = five men. The plural is formed by attaching suffixes. The most common suffix is -Otoota ; The last vowel is omitted before the suffix, for example: where = Drink, Houses of Houses = Houses; friend = Friend, friends = Friends; teacher = Teacher (sg.), Teachers = Teacher (pl.). Other plural suffixes are -a (w)). , -An and -(a)an , whereby the previous two consonant can be reduaded in the latter two: wagga = Year, Waggawwan = Years; consideration = River, laggeen = Rivers; without = Son, The sons of the = Sons.

Determination [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

Oromo does not have an indefinite article, but certainty is displayed by nominal suffixes: – (T) Icta For male and -(t)ti For female nouns. Vocal endings disappear from the suffixes: can = Street, The gate = the street; number = Mann, and scathed / nichai = the man; lake = See, is alerted = the lake. In animated nouns that can have both genders, the suffix can show the intended gender: snake = Priest, The Qaallicha = the priest, Qallitti = the priestess. These suffixes do not seem to be used as often and do not appear together with plural suffixes. The numerals are indefinite lake , feminine tacker displayed: Qaalluu Tókkoko = a certain priest.

Case [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

A noun can occur in the absolute, which formally forms a kind of basic form, as well as in a case marked by suffixes or extension of the last vowel. These endings follow any plural or definition suffixes. Several shapes can be possible for some of these cases, some forms include more than a case and the differences in the meaning can be quite subtle.

Absolutive [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

Nomina in Oromo have a basic form that is used when the noun is a direct object of a verb, object of a preposition or a postposition or a predicate noun:

• where = Drink, Mana are = We bought a house
• all = to, ultimate = End, Until the end = to the end
• In the house = in the house
• inside = is, teacher = Teacher, He is a teacher (s) = He is a teacher

nomination [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

The nominative is used for nomina that form the subject of a sentence.

• Battery = male first name, Ibsan = Explanation (Nomminativ) Machine = Auto, captured = He has The light has a machine = Light hat ein auto

In most nomina that ends on a short vowel that is preceded by a simple consonant, the last vowel is carried out in the nominative -in replaced. According to certain consonants, the assimilation changes depending on the dialect either n Or these consonants.

• number = Mann, A person = Man (nominative)
• people = Men, People, people = Men (nominative) (t and n can assimilate)

If the last vowel precedes two consonants or a double consonant, the nominative suffix is -i .

• claim = Statement, clarify = Statement (nominative)
• The man = the man, The man = the man (nominative)

If the noun ends on a long vowel, the suffix is -n

• name = Name, The name of the name = Name (Nominativ)
• Eat = food, eat, Eating = Food (nominative)

When the nouns n ends, are nominative and basic form identical.

• language = Mouth, language (basic form or nominative)

Some female nomina that end on a short vowel form the nominative with the suffix -of , although assimilation can occur again.

• spouse = Mother, The mother (DH + T assimilated to t)
• floor = Earth, The earth

Genitive [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

The genitive is used for possession or belonging. The genitive is formed by extending the short end vowel, -ii is attached to the end consonant or the long end vowel remains unchanged. The possession is in the genitive and follows the obsessed noun.

• Sister = Sister, The man = the man, The sister of the man = Sister of the man
• work = Profession, Catherine = female first name, The work of the Catherine = Catherine Beruf
• barbar = Research area, language = Mouth, language, Language Learning = Linguistics

Instead of the genitive, the word can also Kan (m.) / tan (f.) be used in front of the owner:

• The sister of the man = Sister of the man

Dative [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

The dative is used for nouns who represent a recipient or a beneficiary of an event. The dative of an infinitive that behaves like a noun in Oromo shows the purpose of an action. The dative is formed as follows:

• Extension of a short end vowel:
  • The man = the man, The man = the man
• -f After a long vowel or extended short vowel, iif After a consonant
  • daughter = Girl, daughter, addition = a girl, a daughter
  • saree = Dog, For the Fox = a dog
  • Learning = learn, To learn = to learn
  • water = Water, For Water = Water (dative)
• dha or exit After a long vowel:
  • saree = Dog, Salah, Qadahaaf = a dog
• -tti , especially with verbs of speaking:
  • Catherine = female first name, Tell me = Say, tell, Tell the Catherine = Sag (es) Catherine

Instrumentist [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

The instrumentalis is used for nouns, the instrument (“through”), medium, agens, reason, or the time of an action.

• -n After a long vowel or extended, short vowel, iin After a consonant:
  • case = Hand, hare = manual
  • here = Night, Night = at night
• tiin tiin After a long vowel or extended, short vowel:
  • Oromo = English (sprache), In English = auf oromo
• in the After a long vowel:
  • during = Time, It is time = in time
  • Back = come out, Bawin = by getting out

Locative [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

The locative is used for nouns that represent the place. Pre- and postal positions are used for more detailed location. The locative sometimes overlaps with the instrumentalis because it can also have temporal function. The locative is through the suffix -tti educated.

• In Arsi = in Arsi
• case = Hand, In hand = in the hand
• date = Tag, The day = per day
• Jala, jalatti = below

Ablativ [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

The ablative is used for nouns that represent the source of an event.

• If the word ends on a short vowel, the ablative is formed by extending the end vowel:
  • country = Land, The country = from the country
• If the word ends on a long vowel, dha Added:
  • It’s Finn = from Finfinnee
  • market = Market, It’s a market = from the market
• If the word ends on a consonant, becomes -ii Added:
• After a genitive becomes -tea Added:
  • where = Drink, at all = Coffee, mana bunaa = Café, And the bridge = From the café

The postal position is an alternative to the ablative from whose first vowel can be omitted:

• market = Market, From the market, from the market = from the market

Pronomina [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

Personnel pronoun [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

In Oromo, sentences in which the subject is not highlighted do not require personnel pronouns, such as We came yesterday = We came yesterday. In this sentence the word “we” does not occur, because person and number are through the verb We came recognizable because it is the suffix -HE Contains. If the subject is particularly important in the sentence, you can also use a personnel pronoun: We came yesterday . The lower table shows all personnel and possessive pronouns, whereby there are many variations depending on the dialect. Possessive pronouns are sometimes used as nominal suffixes, and in some dialects there is no distinction between male and female in the first and second person.

Oromo-Personalpronomina

German	Basic form	nomination	Dative	Instrumentist	Locative	Ablativ	Possessive pronoun
I	cave , na	years , an	the , For me , I	naan	I	From me	my , My mine [ too , My Things (f.)]
of	and	we had	give , for you , You	here	You	From you	no one [ tee (f.)]
is	one	inside	his HIM , His(TI)F , to him	with his own	to him	From Him	(i) get
she	six , ishii , ISEE , she	You are etc.	ishii , For her , It’s in her etc.	She is etc.	It’s in her etc.	From her etc.	(i) SII , (i) shii
we	not	we , you don’t , nuy , not	village , For Us , We	We	We	nurraa	our [ Ours (f.)]
her	You	gender	You , For you , You	You	You	From you	Yourse(I) [ Yours(I) (f.)]
she	they	They are	They , for them , to them	and with them, with them;	to them	From them	(i) Saani

The 2nd person plural is used as a politeness form and the 3rd person Plural can also indicate a polite reference to the 3rd person singular.

Reflexive and reciprocal pronoun [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

In Oromo there are two ways to express reflexive pronouns. One of them is the word “itself” of(i) or if(i) . This word is only infected in terms of case: She looks at herself = she looks at She bought a car for herself = She bought a car.
Another option is to use the noun head = Head with a possessive pronoun: Mata Koo = me, Your head = you etc.
There is also the reciprocal pronoun wal = each other, like of/if is used, for example: They love each other = they like each other, The gift of the bidan = They brought together gifts.

Demonstrativpronomina [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

Oromo-Demonstrativpronomina

Fall	Vicinity (“this”)	Fern (“that”)
Basic form	not at all [ she (f.)]	very
nomination	until [ already (f.)]	dog

Verbs [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

In the oromo, a verb consists of at least a trunk that bears the lexical meaning, and suffixes that show a grammatical time or aspect and congratulate with the subject.
For example, there is the verb form We came “We came” from the trunk Coming- “Come” and the suffix -HE , which shows the Tempus Prozertum and the subject of the 1st person Plural.

Verbal formation [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

In oromo, new verbs can be formed by verbal or nominal trunks with the help of suffixes and prefixes.

• Reflexive verbs: verb + -Addh , z. B. bit = buy to bitaddh = buy sth.
• Passive verbs: The Oromo forms passive verbs using a suffix -am , z. B. Jaara = build too jaaram = to be built
• Causative verbs: verb + -(i)s or -sis , z. B. bar = learn too Teach = teach
• Fientic verbs: adjective + -(a) add , -aaw , uncle , z. B.: jab = strong too on the scene = become strong
• Intensive and frequentative verbs: They are formed by reduclication of the first stem syllable: dubbaddh = speak too dudby = speak again and again

Flexion [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

The verb in the oromo has five finite verb forms: a present that also serves as a futur, a prayer for past actions, an imperative, an subjunctive used in subordinate clauses, as well as a Jussive, e.g. B. Let’s go (1. P. Sg.) “Let me go!” Let’s go (3rd P. Sg. F.) “Let them go!”:

Conjugation of the verb in Oromo

	past tense		Present (imperfect)				Jussiv, imperative
			Main pace		Subjunctive (subordinate clause)
	Stupidity	Negative	Stupidity	Negative	Stupidity	Negative	Stupidity	Negative
1. P. SG.	-n Beeke	You don’t know	-n knows	I don’t know	-n knows	You don’t know	Let him know	don’t know
2. P. SG.	bins		You know	You don’t know	You know		know	hin beek(i)in
3. P. SG. m.	Known		I know	I don’t know	They know		Let him know	don’t know
3. P. SG. f.	bins		Beektiti	You don’t know	You know		Let’s know it
1. P. Pl.	We Know		thim	We don’t know	We know		Let’s know
2. P. Pl.	You know		You know , You know(i)	You don’t know	You know		deliberate	Don’t know(i)Naanaa
3. P. Pl.	They know		They know , Beekan(I)	They don’t know	They know		Let them know	don’t know

1. ↑ David M. Eberhard, Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig: Ethiopia, Ethnologue: Languages of the World . SIL International, Dallas, Texas 2021.
2. ↑ Ideology and full wafido party program on the website (English) ( Memento from April 6, 2010 in Internet Archive )

Textbooks [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

• Catherine Griefenow-Mewis, Tamene Biima Lehrbuch Des Oromo . Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, Cologne 1994, ISBN 3-927620-05-X.
• Mohammed Ali, Andrzej Zaborski: Handbook of the Oromo language . Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław 1990, ISBN 83-04-03316-X.
• Rainer Klüsener, Debela Goshu: Oromo word for word . Bielefeld 2008, ISBN 978-3-89416-386-0 (gibberish volume 217).

The grammar [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

• Catherine Griefenow-Mewis: A Grammatical Sketch of written . Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, Cologne 2001, ISBN 3-89645-039-5.
• M. Roba: Modern English Grammar: . AuthorHouse, Bloomington 2004, ISBN 1-4184-7480-0.
• Franz Praetorius: On the grammar of Gallas language . G. Olms, Hildesheim, New York 1973, ISBN 3-487-06556-8.

Dictionaries [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

• Gene B. Gragg (Hrsg.): Oromo Dictionary . African Studies Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 1982 (Monograph (Michigan State University. Committee on Northeast African Studies) Nr. 12).
• Edwin C. Foot: A Galla-English, English-Galla dictionary . Gregg, Farnborough 1968, ISBN 0-576-11622-X.
• Darkness to the bits: A dictionary of Oromo technical terms. Oromo – English . Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, Cologne 2000, ISBN 3-89645-062-X.
• Tilahun Gamta: Oromo-English Dictionary . University Printing Press, Addis Abeba 1989.
• A. Stroomer: A concise vocabulary of foreign Oromo (kenya): foreign-english and english-orma . Rüdiger Koppe Verlag, Cologne, 2001, ISBN 9783896450630

Other studies [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

• Harry Stroomer: A Comparative Study of Three Southern Oromo Dialects in Kenya . Helmut Buske Verlag, Hamburg 1987, ISBN 3-87118-846-8.