Slalom – Wikipedia

When Slalom or Torlauf the quick, repeated episode of curves, which are defined by a series of goals, is referred to in several sports.

The word comes from the Norwegian slalom . This is a compound term from the terms sla ‘Small slope or slope’ and Låm ‘Drag’, originally ‘narrow path’, ^[first] So originally ‘ski track with a even lowering’. The first skiers in Morgedal still had the terms ufsilåm ‘Steep slope with an obstacle (jump, fence, hard evasive maneuvers, gorge, cliff or similar)’ and uvyrdmsm ‘Way started high with several such obstacles’. The term slalom also participated in some changes in Norwegian, which led to misunderstandings.

Wilhelm Paulke heard the word of the Norwegian Aars, which was in Freiburg, allegedly in the meaning “snake swing”. So he explains it in the meeting published on February 25, 1904 ^[2] of the new book Ski-Running ^[3] By D. M. M. Crichton Somerville, W. R. Rickmers and E. C. Richardson. In the third edition of his book published in 1905 The skiing run He also uses slalom as driving in snake lines and with a lot of gender. ^[4] In Norwegian (in the Western Emphasis) the gender is female. The male gender was very soon assigned to him by “run”, and the male and the bogchy gender had been given in dictionaries for 50 years. ^[first]

Henry Hoek reported in his book as early as 1906 The ski and its sporting use ^[5] by Paulcke’s mistake of the “snake arch”, what he was of similar sound from Slalom and Line ascribed. Hoek himself describes it as a “non -interrupted departure in difficult, cropped terrain, with turns and arches necessary.” The Norwegian F. Huitfeldt described in 1907 in the German edition of his book The shine ^[6] In the chapter “Sprung, hilly run and ‘slalom'”, a telemärärkische hills as a pure departure competition in difficult terrain via jumping levels that require jumps up to 16 meters. The description sounds like the one mentioned above uvyrdmsm . He also wrote that a slalom can hardly be organized on the ordinary race hills because they are too short and similar. He himself found only one suitable place in Seljord. The slalom runs in Central Europe were carried out in a very different form in accordance with the unclear descriptions. And there was no question of fahners in Central Europe and in Norway. ^[first]

The first goals were set by Zdarsky in 1905 (see below) and he simply called the competition. Only the Englishman Lunn called the stuck goal run in Switzerland in 1922 and determined the rules. The ethnic Karl Prusik shaped the term “gate” in 1934. ^[first]

The slalom is the oldest competition in alpine skiing and at the same time the slowest and technically demanding. It has very short goal distances that require quick change of direction.

Rules [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

A course is determined by setting a series of goals. The gates are formed either by two red or two blue bars. The racers have to drive between the two poles, whereby the ski tip and the feet have to pass the gate correctly. The width of the gates must be four meters in the minimum and 6 meters in the maximum. The removal of the stripper to the rotary rod of follow -up gates may be no less than six meters and no more than thirteen meters. The gates are set in different combinations to counter the racer a technical challenge. The World Ski Association FIS has set a detailed rules that describes the permitted or prescribed combinations in an official race. From the 2015/16 season, no so -called outer gates (also called “guidelines”) are used.

Before the race, every racer gets the opportunity to visit the course. The best line is discussed with passengers or the trainer. A competition consists of two runs, the terms of which are added.

Height difference and gradient [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

The height difference in men’s slalom races in the World Cup, in the continental cups, at the world championships and at the Olympic Games is at least 180 meters and at most 220 meters, for women at least 140 and at most 200 meters. The slope of the slope is usually between 33 and 45%, but can also be less than 33%. In exceptional cases, the gradient may be up to 52% on very short sections.

Start number draw [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

The start numbers of a slalom race are roughly formulated according to the so-called WCSL ( World Cup Start List) divided into groups. That list is defined using the following formula. This formula requires a small legend:

• Basis = number of slalom World Cup points of the past year, including the counted points of the top 15 of a major event (Alpine Ski World Cup or Olympia) according to the ordinary point system.
• Variable X = base, multiplied by the number of races already driven in the slalom of this year, divided by the number of races of the same discipline provided.
• Variable Y = number of Slalom World Cup points collected this year (also possibly including top 15 of a major event).

Formula of the WCSL:

The draw of the start numbers of a first round in the slalom expires as follows:

• 1st start group: Places 1 to 7 from the current current one WCSL will be drawn among themselves.
• 2nd start group: Places 8 to 15 from the current current one WCSL will be drawn among themselves.
• 3rd start group: Places 16 to 30 are exactly after the WCSL- List without loosening.
• 4. Starting group: All nominated runners from the start number 31 according to the WCSL get your starting place according to the list of so -called FIS points , which are still mentioned in this article in this article, in an exact order.

If a runner fails, the others move in, so B. an 8th place (2nd start group) of the WCSL slide into the first starting group if someone does not participate there.

Starting order in the second round [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

In the World Cup, in the second run, only the 30 fastest of the first run, the racers start in reverse order of the intermediate result, that is, the fastest runner of the first run starts in the second run as the last, which increases the voltage. However, at the beginning of this regulation, which was gradually introduced from the mid-1980s, the process in the second round with this restriction “to the best 30” was designed in such a way that the best 15 in the fallen order, then the remaining rankings 16 to 30 drove. This regulation naturally benefited the better -placed, while sometimes if the slopes become poorly, it is more difficult to increase up to 15 numbers of poorer starting place or increase the chances of enormous rank improvement for players classified further back. The acting FIS racing director was reserved to choose the variant “30 to 1” or the other; The decisive criteria were an expected deterioration in the slopes, which would have given an extraordinary disadvantage for the leaders of the first run. In other competitions outside the World Cup, especially for competitions at World Championships or the Olympic Games, the “Thirty Rule” was not always used.

Biggest differences [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

Currently the Swiss Marc Berthod, who was still victory on January 7, 2007 at the Adelboden slalom from 27th place. ). In third place is the Swede Ingemar Stenmark (from 22nd away on December 17, 1974 in Madonna di Campiglio), but at that time there were other criteria for the end of the second round, which with the version “first from 15 to 1 and then from 16 meet up.
Improved by 27 places, but from 30th to 3, the Swede Mattias Hargin on January 6, 2011 in Zagreb. Here are Steve Misillier (France), who came from 25th to 3 to 3 in Val d’Isère on December 12, 2010 and Sebastien Amiez (France) with the improvement from 22nd to 2 on November 28, 1998 in Aspen.

Slalomtechnik [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

The slalom rods were rigid and inflexible by 1980, in the early years it was wooden rods. The racing runners were forced to avoid greater curves to avoid collisions with the poles. Today, tipping sticks are used that bend down when touched. This makes it possible for racers to drive in a direct case. They almost always beat the bars with the ski skirts or shin legs so as not to have to leave the ideal line. For this purpose, the runners carry special protective equipment, consisting of shin legs, manuals, helmets and facial protection. Due to the change to the tipping rod technique, slalom sport has changed fundamentally. The introduction of the carving skis increased the pace again. The average speed in the 1950s was just under 23 km/h, the athletes are traveling at 40 km/h today.

To the 2003/04 season, the FIS increased the minimum length of the ski from 155 to 165 cm in men and from 150 to 155 cm in women. This had become necessary because the drivers often occurred after the gradual takeover of carving technology.

Night slalom and other variants [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

Such a slalom is driven at night or slump in darkness, otherwise all preceded rules apply. It is even said that the runners have a better view of these slaloms than during the day. The first night slalom in Austria took place on January 21, 1950 at Semmering. ^[7] In later years that of Bad Wiessee became very well known. In the World Cup, Messen Madonna di Campiglio was a pioneer, and then developed into a “big spectacle” in Schladming, which now always takes place on Tuesday after the Kitzbühel weekend. At the Alpine World Ski Championships there was the first in 1996 in the Spanish Sierra Nevada, which was the men’s combination slalom.

A special form of the slalom is the parallel slalom (also called City Event) in the knockout system.

For the European Cup final, a new formula was driven by women on March 19, 2017 in Innichen: After a “normal” first round, the best thirty drove a sprint goal with 27 seconds, then the top 15 again this 27 seconds- Course. So the winner was only determined after three runs. ^[8]

Story [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

The first goal was organized by Mathias Zdarsky, on March 19, 1905 near Lilienfeld on the Muckenkogel. However, the course of this race was similar to that of a modern giant slalom. The rules of the slalom were first determined in 1922 by Sir Arnold Lunn for the British state championships in Mürren in Switzerland.

The establishment of the Arlberg-Kandahar races with an alpine combination consisting of slalom and departure from 1928 led to the international ski association (FIS) included the alpine disciplines next to the Nordic skiing in their rules and in 1931 under the designation 1. FIS race carried out the first alpine world championships. Esmé Mackinnon and David Zogg were the first slalom world champions in history. However, the men’s slalom was only driven in one round (the warm weather did not allow a second run, the slopes really swam away in the February sun), so that there was no medal allocation (in the various result tables there is the clip printing “unofficially”) and and There have been or are different views as to whether David Zogg actually became world champion.

At the 1936 Olympic Games, the Alpine Ski Sport was the first Olympic. Only medals were awarded for the combination of departure and slalom. The first slalom Olympic champion in history was only determined in 1948 with Gretchen Fraser and Eathe Fraser or Eathe.

In 1980 the tipping poles were introduced at the first World Cup race after the Winter Olympics in Lake Placid. ^[9]

The slalom in Grasskilauf differs primarily by the terrain requirements from that in alpine skiing. The grass tap is shorter and flatter. It is said to have a height difference from 90 to 140 meters at World Championships and World Cup races for men and for women from 80 to 140 meters. In all other FIS competitions, a height difference of 80 to 120 meters applies to men and from 60 to 120 meters for women. The slope is between 25 and 40%, may also be lower, but only higher in short sections. Tilt rods are also used for the grass ski, their number depends on the site. It should be about a third of the height difference, for example 30 goals at 90 meters. The gates should be set in such a way that the runner is enabled to drive through, but it is technically challenged by various goal combinations and strongly varied curve radii. The exact requirements for the course of the course are recorded by the FIS in the international competition regulations.

Slaloms at World Championships and World Cup races usually consist of two rounds. In the World Cup, only 30 men or the best 15 women of the first run are eligible to participate in the World Cup. It starts in reverse order of the intermediate classification, so the fastest of the first run starts last. The end result is formed by addition of both terms. The intermediate stand after the first run is used to award the FIS points. At the world championships, all other runners who completed the first round of errors start at the world championships in the order of their term. Before the race there is the possibility to visit the course.

In automotive slaloms, (not only) street-friendly cars drive on specially closed courses, mostly in industrial areas, in large parking spaces, airfields or on traffic training areas. According to the regulations of DMSB and NAVC, anyone can take part in the payment of a entry fee (e.g. for club slalom), only a helmet is mandatory. A necessary driver license, which then applies all year round, can usually be purchased on site.

At each event, it is important to manage the various tasks as quickly and error -free as possible. Individual goals, peat arolds, alleys, consequences of individual marking points that can be passed through (“Swiss slalom”) and half or entire twists can occur. The timing takes place at 1/100 second, overturned pylons are punished with three, exuberant goals with 15 penalty seconds. So errors must be avoided if you want to be successful. The start takes place with the engine running. A special form of the slalom is the mountain slalom (analogous to mountain racing), in addition to the natural route of the mostly curvy road, pylons are set up.

Slalom competitions are also held in canoeing, water skiing, windsurfing, snowboard and skateboard.

1. ↑ ^{a b c d} Erwin Mehl: When did the word slalom come into German? In: Mother tongue. Volume 75, ed. from the Society for German Language, 1965, pp. 345–346.
2. ↑ German winter sports, 13. Jg., Nr. 17, February 25, 1904, pp. 208–210.
3. ↑ D. M. M. Crichton Somerville, W. R. Rickmers, E. C. Richardson: Ski-Running, London 1904 (edition of 1905: Archive.org )
4. ↑ The ski run, 1905, S. 186.
5. ↑ Henry Hoek: The ski and its sporting use, 1906, p. 111 and 124; From the 2nd edition to: Schi
6. ↑ F. Huitfeldt: The skiing. F. Manning, Berlin 1907, p. 42; revised German version of the 1896 Textbook for the description in Norwegian book.
7. ↑ Column 1: “In a few lines”, first post . In: Arbeiter-Zeitung . Vienna January 22, 1950, S. 9 ( The workers’ newspaper website is no longer active. The originally linked pages of the online archive are therefore not available. ).
8. ↑ “Fest at the European Cup”, Kleine Zeitung Carinthia, from March 20, 2017, p. 36/37.
9. ↑ Makes 21. Februar 2014, S. 29: Circus of the sloping birds