Species Plantarum – Wikipedia

Title page of the first volume of the 1st edition of 1753

Species of plants (lat.; ‘plant species’) is the title of a two -volume work by Carl von Linné, in which he described all the plant species known to him and, in the 1st edition of 1753, stated for the first time for every kind. At the II. II. International Botanical Congress (IBC) in Vienna in 1905, the time of the publication of Species of plants determined as the beginning of the modern nomenclature for plants. ^{[first] [2]}

The first edition appeared in 1753 under the full title Feeding plants, the plants are properly known, the categories-related, with specific differences, names of trivial, synonymous selection, areas of birth, according to the system sexual digestia At the Stockholm publisher Lars Salvius (1706–1773) and is dedicated to the Swedish royal couple Adolf Friedrich and Luise Ulrike. ^{[3] [4]}

Albrecht von Haller described the work as Linné’s “Maximum Opus et aeternum”. ^[5]

History of origin [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

Page 1 from Species of plants With the description of the species of the genus Cane

Linné mentioned the intention in the spring of 1733 Species of plants to write. He wrote in a letter to the Chancellor of the University of Uppsala Gustaf Cronhjelm (1664–1737):

Until the final realization of this extensive project, however, almost twenty years passed in which Linné through research trips in his home country Sweden ^[7] , the description of local flores ^[8] and the inventory of botanical gardens ^[9] acquired detailed plant knowledge.

In a letter to Abraham Bäck, the project was Species of plants Mentioned again in early September 1746:

A good three years later, mid -October 1749, Linné wrote:

At the beginning of 1751, Linné again took the challenge Species of plants in attack. The progress he made when creating the work can be found in the letters written on baked:

• At the beginning of July 1751: “I’m finally up to Poa “ – S. 67 ^{[B 4]}
• At the end of November 1751: “I’m up to ICOSANDRIA Came ” – p. 466 ^{[B 5]}
• Mid -March 1752: “Up to the Syngnesia got ” – p. 789 ^{[B 6]}
• Mid -June 1752 “I ended my species.” – P. 1200 ^{[B 7]}

After a year, Linné had described about 7,300 species on 1200 pages.

Contents [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

Canna indicates is the first plant in Species of plants was named with a two -part name.

To in Species of plants Described plant species knew Linné from his own view. Either he had observed the plants through Sweden during his travels, examined them in botanical gardens as cultivated specimens or studied them using herbar material.

In his foreword ( Reader level ) reported Linné u. a. Shortly over the trips he made, the gardens and herbaria described. A list of the authors he cited is followed by the foreword ( Authors , divided into Reformatores and Usitatiores ) an.

The appendix consists of an index of the genera ( Index ), an index of the synonyms ( Index Synonymorum ) as well as from a list of trivial names ( Names trivialia ).

The main part is the short descriptions of the plant species. Each plant has a descriptive species name that Linné is in accordance with its in Philosophy Botanica formulated rules. According to the species name, the works in which this name was used are quoted in a abbreviated manner. Synonymous names of other authors follow. If Linné has previously named the species differently in one of his works, these synonyms come first. In rare or newly discovered plants, he has attached a reference to an illustration to the description. At the end of each species description, it provides information on the distribution area of ​​type and marks by a symbol whether the plant is one year (☉), two years (♂) or persistent (♃).

The epithet is particularly important, which he noted as marginalia on every kind on the side of the side and which is an innovation towards his earlier works. The genre name and the epithet together form the binary names of the species, as is still used in the modern botanical nomenclature today.

Linné’s description of Canna indicates looks like this:

Canna.
1. Canned leaves ovate on both sides of acuminate nerve. Indicates 
Roy. lugdb. 11. FL. Zeyl. first. Hort. upſ. first. [ten] 
Cane spatulis bifloris. Hort. cliff. first. 
Arunda indica latifolia. Bauh. pin. 19. 
Lives between the tropical Asia, African America. ♃ 

pads [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

• 1st edition, Lars Salvius: Stockholm 1753, 8 °
• 2nd edition, Lars Salvius: Stockholm 1762, 8 °
• 3rd edition, Johann Thomas von Trattner: Vienna 1764, 8 ° – corrected reprint of the 2nd edition

Caspar Bauhin had in Pinax theater botanici (Basel 1623) the first attempt to organize the confusing variety of plant names (approximately 6000 species). He consistently differentiated the terms “genus” and “Art”. ^[11] A plant was described at Bauhin by a generic name and at least one words that differed from other types of the same genus. With the discovery of new plant species, the differentiating phrases (“diagnostic” names) became longer. For example, one of the types of swords bore the name Iris latifolia German Ochroleucos have been blavescentibus and purplish distinct . ^[twelfth] In order to quote a way, the complete description of the species had to be specified.

In the manuscripts drawn up by Linné until 1749 Species of plants There is still no reference to two -part names. ^[13] In the index of the travel report Ölandska and Gothic journey (1745), however, had already named the plant names in binary. The idea of ​​a “trivial name” for the species formulated Linné for the first time in paragraph 257 by Philosophy Botanica (1751). He wrote:

This name, the epitheton, attached to the generic name, should be as far as possible essential Express the difference in the kind of other types of the same genus. A particularly striking license plate, local expressions or the names of the explorers were also permissible for Linné.

The result of the introduction of two -part plant names is the consistent separation of the description of a kind of its name. ^[15]

• Wilfrid Blunt: The Compleat Naturalist: A Life of Linnaeus . 2001. ISBN 0-7112-1841-2
• Richard Pulteney: A General View of the Writings of Linnaeus . London 1781
• Peter Seidensticker: Plant names: tradition, research problems, studies . Franz Steiner Verlag: 1999. ISBN 3-515-07486-4
• Karl Mägdefrau: History of botany. Life and performance of great researchers . 2nd edition, Gustav Fischer Verlag: Stuttgart 1992. ISBN 3-437-20489-0
• Arvid Hj Uggla: The Preparation of the Species Plantarum . In: Taxon , Band 2, nr. 3, Mai 1953, S. 60–62. doi:10.2307/1217343
• Felix BRYK: Linne and the species plantarum . In: Taxon , Band 2, nr. 3, Mai 1953, S. 63–73 doi:10.2307/1217344
• Felix BRYK: Bibliography of Linnaeana the form of plants pertaining . In: Taxon , Band 2, nr. 3, Mai 1953, S. 74–84 doi:10.2307/1217345
• And H. Nicolson: A History of Botanical Nomenclature . In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden . Band 78, Nr. 1, 1991, S. 33-56. doi:10.2307/2399589 – not evaluated
• II. International Botanical Congress, Vienna 1905 In: Plant Systematics and Evolution . Springer Vienna, Band 55, Nr. 2, February 1905, pp 41–47. doi:10.1007/BF01791123 – not evaluated

Correspondence

1. ↑ Carl Linnaeus to Gustaf Cronhjelm, spring 1733, Brief L0028 in The Linnaean Correspondence (accessed March 17, 2008).
2. ↑ Carl Linnaeus an Abraham Bäck, September 5, 1746, Brief L0725 in The Linnaean Correspondence (accessed March 17, 2008).
3. ↑ Carl Linnaeus an Abraham Bäck, October 17, 1749, Brief L1060 in The Linnaean Correspondence (accessed March 17, 2008).
4. ↑ Carl Linnaeus an Abraham Bäck, July 9, 1751, Brief L1285 in The Linnaean Correspondence (accessed March 17, 2008).
5. ↑ Carl Linnaeus an Abraham Bäck, November 23, 1751, Brief L1339 in The Linnaean Correspondence (accessed March 17, 2008).
6. ↑ Carl Linnaeus an Abraham Bäck, 17. März 1752, Brief L1394 in The Linnaean Correspondence (accessed March 17, 2008).
7. ↑ Carl Linnaeus an Abraham Bäck, June 16, 1752, Brief L1436 in The Linnaean Correspondence (accessed March 17, 2008).

Others

1. ↑ John Isaac Briquet: Kongress in Wien. International nomenclatura rules. Jena 1906, S. 55
2. ↑ The time of publication was set on May 1, 1753 (see, for example, ” Tokio-Code “(PDF; 1.5 MB) § 13.5).
3. ↑ The first volume appeared in May, the second in August 1753.
4. ↑ The preface Reader level is dated May 2, 1753.
5. ↑ Richard Pulteney: A General View of the Writings of Linnaeus . London 1781, S. 107.
6. ↑ ^{a b c} German translation according to: Felix Bryk: Linne and the species plantarum . S. 64
7. ↑ 1732 Lapland, 1734 Dalarna, 1741 Öland und Gotland, 1746 Västergötland Sowie 1749 Skåne.
8. ↑ 1737 LAPPONICA FLORA , 1745 Sweden flora and 1747 Flora Zeylanica .
9. ↑ 1738 Garden Cliffortianus and 1748 Gears Uppsala .
10. ↑ Roy. lugdb. stands for Adriaan van Royen: Flora Leydensis essay. Samuel Luchtman, Leiden 1740, S. 11 ( online ).
11. ↑ Karl Mägdefrau: History of botany. Life and performance of great researchers . 2nd edition, p. 46.
12. ↑ Caspar Bahin: Theater Botanists or history of plants . Johann König: Basel 1658, Lib. I, Sect. VI, Cap. V., III. (Sp. 585).
13. ↑ Felix BRYK: Linne and the species plantarum . S. 64.
14. ↑ 257. Name specific legitimate by a plant all Congeneribus distinguish; Trivial Now the name of laws.
15. ↑ Peter Seidensticker: Plant names: tradition, research problems, studies . Franz Steiner Verlag: 1999, pp. 33–36.