[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki2\/2018\/01\/27\/major-obligation-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki2\/2018\/01\/27\/major-obligation-wikipedia\/","headline":"Major obligation – Wikipedia","name":"Major obligation – Wikipedia","description":"The Contractual obligation occurs in particular in corporate law and finance and generally concerns the legal or contractual obligation of","datePublished":"2018-01-27","dateModified":"2018-01-27","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki2\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki2\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e2\/Icon-Rechtshinweis-blau2-Asio.svg\/20px-Icon-Rechtshinweis-blau2-Asio.svg.png","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e2\/Icon-Rechtshinweis-blau2-Asio.svg\/20px-Icon-Rechtshinweis-blau2-Asio.svg.png","height":"20","width":"20"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki2\/2018\/01\/27\/major-obligation-wikipedia\/","wordCount":1432,"articleBody":"The Contractual obligation occurs in particular in corporate law and finance and generally concerns the legal or contractual obligation of an economic subject to pay certain subsequent liabilities. The obligation to make a contractor is the obligation of a partner or comrade to increase the existing company capital in shares or to be liable for losses that have arisen. It can arise from the law, the articles of association or the social contract. In this context, a distinction is made between two types. It is either limited (up to the Prison ) or unlimited: [first] In the limited obligation (for example according to \u00a7 28 GmbHG) a maximum amount to be paid is determined in order to compensate for the deficit. This amount depends on the amount of the shares. But there can also be a caducation, but no collectives. In the unlimited obligation (approximately according to \u00a7 27 GmbHG), if it is not clear from the outset, the amount must be paid in, a partner can escape due to the so -called Abandonrecht. The shareholder is made available by the partner for auction. The proceeds are entitled to the company up to the amount of the margin to be performed. At the cooperative, too, the limited and unlimited obligation \u00a7 6 No. 3 Geng). In the event of the bankruptcy of a cooperative, the members are regularly obliged to pay off the business shares (s) to compensate for the claims of the creditors to the cooperative ( \u00a7 105 Gang). The insurance association on reciprocity (VVAG) can provide for the statutes that in addition to the contributions, benefits must be provided by the members that depend on the requirements that are regulated in the statutes and have an economic effect as an increase in contributions. The scope and confiscation of the contributions requested must be determined in a precisely the statute (\u00a7 \u00a7 179 Abs. 2 VAG, \u00a7 182 VAG). At the BGB Society, according to \u00a7 735 BGB the shareholders for the shortfall according to the ratio of which they have to bear the loss if the company’s assets are not sufficient to correct the community debt and reimbursement of the deposits. [2] The obligation of a borrower is also referred to as a borrower to contribute additional securities or cash as loan security in the event of an effect lombard loan if the lending limit of the collateral falls under the use of the loan. Course fluctuations of the loaned securities immediately change the lending limit and thus also the credit limit. If the lending limit drops due to course, without the credit limit being adjusted to this, the general terms and conditions of the general terms are triggered. These are covenants that are comprehensively regulated in para. The customer is then obliged to pledge further securities in order to adapt the lending limit to the credit limit. If the borrower does not comply with this request, termination rights according to Section 13 (3) in conjunction with Section 19 (3) Terms and Conditions banks or Section 26 Para. 2b AGB-Sparkassen are triggered (see negative declaration). This regulation corresponds to the standard content of the \u00a7 490 Paragraph 1 of the German Civil Code, which also extends to the collateral of the fall in value (see significant deterioration in financial situation). There is also an obligation to make additional payments in speculation with derivatives such as differential transactions, options, swap transactions or on -working accounts. Here, the investor (speculator, trader) is subject to a high risk of changing the course, because it must first use less capital than later – for example in the implementation of losses for fulfillment. If the investor loses more money in a trade than in the depot, he is obliged to pay the difference to his respective opponents (broker, credit institution) in the form of the Margin. Falls below the marginonto a certain lower limit ( English  maintenance margin level ), creates an immediate obligation English  margin call ) until the original margin ( English  initial margin ). [3] A well -known example of the risks of the obligation to make additional payments is the coupling of the Swiss francs to the euro, which was given up unexpectedly in January 2015. This resulted in large course differences, as a result of which many traders lost a lot of money due to the obligation to make a row. As a rule, one tries to intercept such unexpected course differences by a set stop loss, but sometimes this does not take effect in the event of very large jumps. [4] \u2191  Harald Bartl (Hrsg.), GmbH law , 2009, S. 238  \u2191  Shepherd: M\u00fcko BGB . Ed.: S\u00e4cker et al. 8. Edition. Band  7 , \u00a7 735 Rn. 1 ff. .   \u2191  David Blake, Financial market analysis , 2000, S. 240  \u2191  2800 euros use, 280,000 euros loss. SPIEGEL ONLINE, March 19, 2015, Retrieved on July 27, 2017 .    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