1992 Universal Exhibition – Wikipedia
This article concerns the Universal Exhibition of Seville. For the specialized exhibition of Genoa having taken place in the same year, see specialized exhibition of 1992.
L’ 1992 Universal Exhibition or Expo ’92 , officially Seville 1992 Universal Exhibition (in Spanish Universal Exhibition of Seville 1992 ) was held from April 20 to In Seville, Spain, on the island of Cartuja. The theme of the exhibition was “the era of discoveries” and celebrated the 500th anniversary of the discovery of America.
For the occasion, several roads of access to the city were built, including the Madrid-Séville and Seville-Cadix motorways. A new station has been built in the center of the Andalusian capital, from which since, the trains of the high -speed rail line between Madrid and Seville, created for the occasion, and the regional trains towards the site of the Expo. Seville-San Pablo airport has been enlarged and was connected to the city center by a new motorway section. Guadalquivir’s DASS was recreated north and its banks have been arranged. Six new bridges have been going through it since. Downstream, the port area has been adapted and improved. The former Sainte-Marie des Grottes monastery was restored and other buildings were built, such as the Théâtre de la Maestranza, a palace of congresses and exhibitions, an auditorium, several hotels and administrative buildings.
The summer heat of Seville has been checked on the exhibition site by digging a lake there, placing dozens of fountains, canals, aqueducts, waterfalls and foggers, planting thousands of ‘Trees and shrubs and by placing pergolas, hangings and parasols.
More than a hundred countries were represented there, as well as all Spanish autonomous communities, many international organizations and several national and multinational companies. There were thematic pavilions and numerous exhibitions of painting, sculpture and archaeological objects. Several scenes were dispersed on the exhibition site and in the city center. They offered dance shows (salsa and flamenco in particular), concerts of symphonic music, jazz, rock and Latin music, musicals, operas, plays, humorous shows, entertainment for children and fashion shows. Many conferences, seminars and debates have also taken place.
The crowds, with nearly 42 million visitors, exceeded forecasts. From the end of the exhibition, part of the park has been recycled in scientific and technological park, Cartuja 93 , and the amusement park Magic Island Another part occupies. Companies have settled in some of the pavilions, but many others have been destroyed or abandoned.
The , while Spain is going through a difficult social and economic period, King Juan Carlos I is Announcement, during a visit to Santo Domingo, in the Dominican Republic, that the country intends to organize a universal exhibition [ a 1 ] , [ a 2 ] , [ first ] in order to show the world, as the celebrations of the 500 It is Anniversary of the discovery of America, the qualities of Spain and the countries of Latin America. That the announcement be made in the Dominican Republic is no coincidence: Hispaniola is one of the Caribbean islands where Christopher Columbus accosted during his first trip.
The , the City Council of Seville approves the city candidacy to organize the event [ a 2 ] . In December of the same year, the United States announced at the International Exhibition Office (BIE) that they also intended to organize a universal exhibition to celebrate the same event [ g 2 ] , [ 2 ] . Three months later, the , the Spanish government officially announces to the Bie its intention to organize an exhibition in Seville whose theme will be “birth of the new world” [ g 2 ] . The “Sevilla 1992” project is created the Under the supervision of the Latin American Cooperation Institute. The precise place of the exhibition holding, the island of the Cartuja, is announced the [ g 2 ] . The Italian city of Genoa, where Christopher Columbus was born, is also a candidate [ a 2 ] .
After modifying its statutes to allow two cities to jointly organize a universal exhibition, the Bie announces the that the 1992 Universal Exhibition will take place at Seville and Chicago at the same time [ g 2 ] . The Bie offers Genoa the possibility of hosting a specialized exhibition [ a 2 ] , [ a 3 ] , [ d 1 ] .
The , the Spanish and American delegations present the general plan of the 1992 Seville-Chicago exhibition : Seville will present the role of the city and Spain in the discovery of America and Chicago will present the cultural and scientific advances that this discovery has brought. The budget allocated to the organization of the exhibition is then estimated at almost 184 billion pesetas (1.1 billion euros) [ a 2 ] .
Manuel Olivencia Ruiz is appointed commissioner general of the exhibition [ d 1 ] , [ g 2 ] . The , the Spanish government creates the structure responsible for the organization of the exhibition: the state -owned company Expo’92 SA ( State Society for Universal Exhibition Seville 92, SA ) is based [ g 2 ] . The general plan of the exhibition, presented the , is approved by the Council of Ministers . A competition is launched to determine the frame and general aspect of the exhibition. The main criteria are that the installations must take into account the climatic conditions of the region and must be able to be reused after exposure to educational, cultural and administrative purposes [ b 1 ] . The , the competition is won equally by the Argentinian architect Emilio Ambasz and by the team made up of José Antonio Fernández Ordóñez, J. Junquera and E. Pérez Pita [ a 2 ] , [ g 2 ] , [ g 3 ] , [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] .
The president of the government Felipe González launched the first work of the exhibition And the general plan for the city is approved by the municipal council in July of the same year. Work to improve transport infrastructure for Expo 92 begin [ a 2 ] .
For his part, Chicago does not receive the expected support from his government, which does not believe in the profitability of such a demonstration. Despite the enthusiasm of many companies, the political and financial support of the city of Chicago, Illinois and the United States is insufficient. The conflicts between the Democratic mayor Harold Washington and the Republican Governor of Illinois James R. Thompson and the opposition of environmental movements to the draft of a part of Lake Michigan are at the center of the problem [ g 1 ] . These difficulties were announced to the BIE in December 1985. The , the BIE assembly gives 90 days to the United States Federal Government to give a final response to the organization of the exhibition. In August, Chicago renounces. This decision is ratified by the Bie : Seville is then alone to organize the exhibition [ a 3 ] , [ a 4 ] .
The Seville municipal council approved the revision of the city’s general urban plan in July 1987 and the urbanization and construction of the enclosure infrastructure began. The directive plan of the exhibition, dating from the , which defines the functional and formal project of the exposure enclosure, provides for the construction of 300,000 m 2 and the participation of 60 countries [ g 1 ] .
Manuel Olivencia Ruiz resigns from his post as a general commissioner and is replaced by Emilio Cassinello Auban [ g 1 ] .
The Seville Universal Exhibition is part of a series of events that have marked the year 1992 in Spain, with the organization of the summer Olympic Games in Barcelona, the designation of Madrid as the European Capital of Culture and the celebrations of the fifth centenary of the discovery of America [ 5 ] .
The theme of Expo 92 is “The era of discoveries” ( The era of discoveries in Spanish) [ d 1 ] , [ g 4 ] . Under this title, the exhibition intends to celebrate the 500 It is Anniversary of the “discovery”, in 1492, of the American continent by Christophe Columbus, first person in modern history to cross the Atlantic Ocean by discovering a round trip between the American continent and Europe [ a 5 ] .
The city of Seville is the ideal host for a universal exhibition celebrating the 500 It is anniversary of the discovery of America: after the first trip of Christopher Columbus between 1492 and 1493 began a period of exploration and colonization called the Race to India . Seville being inside the land, at the end of a river route of 80 km making any attack impossible, she has no trouble establishing her role in trade with America. Indeed, although Cadiz can first See you more adequate, because it is easier to access, it is at the mercy of the attacks. Those of the English of 1587 and 1596 prove it. In addition, the richness of its land allows easy export of wine and olive oil from El Aljarafe. Thus is established in Seville in 1503 the Casa de Contactación, which controls all the trade in However . Then begins for the city a period of wealth which continues until the following century. Sevillian quays are almost leaving for all exploration expeditions of the first half of the XVI It is century, especially those of Diego de Lepe, Alonso de Ojeda, Diego de Nicuesa and Pedrarias Dávila [ 6 ] .
On the Expo website, on the island of Cartuja, is also the monastery of Saint Marie des Grottes ( Monastery of Santa María de las Cuevas , often simply called monastery of the cartuja). Christopher Columbus is preparing there, with the support of his friend Brother Gaspar Gomicio, his second trip. Thirteen years after his death, in 1519, he was temporarily buried in the Holy Anne chapel of the monastery before his body was transferred in 1541 to the cathedral of Saint-Domingue.
In addition, Seville has already welcomed the Ibero-American exhibition in 1929 [ g 2 ] .
The island of Cartuja, where the Sainte Marie des Grottes monastery is located, is chosen as the exhibition site. Christopher Columbus resided there for a few years and, helped by Brother Gaspar Gomicio, prepared his second trip there [ 7 ] . In addition to this historical and symbolic characteristic, the site is also a bare and unoccupied terrain and it is located just a few hundred meters from the historic center of Seville, east of the city [ g 5 ] . Area of 212 ha , the island is between the Guadalquivir to the west and its Dars to the east, just opposite the old town of Seville.
Logo, mascot, uniforms and commemorative parts [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The exposure logo is a red terrestrial globe covered with a network of yellow lines comparable to meridians and parallels [ a 5 ] .
The Expo 92 mascot is Curro, a white bird with a striped beak transversely in blue, green, red, yellow and pink, representing the five continents. The same colors are found in long feathers forming a rainbow at the back of his head. It has legs comparable to that of an elephant. It is created by the German designer Heinz Edelmann and is officially presented on the Place d’Espagne de Seville le [ a 5 ] , [ a 6 ] , [ f 1 ] , [ 8 ] , [ and 1 ] .
Expo staff uniforms are created by the Sevillans Victorio & Lucchino. They dress 8,000 people from twenty-five different services. Flamenco dresses Protocol to the work clothes of gardeners, the clothes keep their colors as a common thread: blue, red and yellow [ a 7 ] , [ and 2 ] .
For the occasion, the Spanish bank hits four commemorative pieces:
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Play of 25 pesetas: on the obverse, the legends Juan Carlos I And Space , a portrait of the king and the 1992 vintage; On the reverse, the Giralda, the legend Sevilla ’92 And the facial value, 25 ptas.
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Play of 25 pesetas: on the obverse, the legend España 1992 and the symbol sphere of the exhibition; On the reverse, the Torre del Oro, the legend Sevilla ’92 And the facial value, 25 ptas.
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Piece of 50 pesetas: on the obverse, the legends Juan Carlos I And Space and a portrait of the king; On the reverse, the symbol sphere of the exhibition, the legend Expo ’92 , the 1990 vintage and the facial value, 50 ptas.
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Piece of 50 pesetas: on the obverse, the legend sevilla Spain and the Cartuja monastery; On the reverse, the symbol sphere of the exhibition, the legend Expo ’92 , the 1990 vintage and the facial value, 50 ptas.
It is the architect Julio Cano Lasso who is responsible for recondizing the work of Emilio Ambasz and José Antonio Fernández Ordóñez, the two designers who won equally The competition launched to draw the exhibition site. Then, in turn, the technical team of the engineer of bridges and roads Jacinto Pellón, president of the Crown Company Expo’92 [ g 5 ] , retouch the Cano Lasso project [ a 8 ] .
The development work of the Expo site began in 1989. The total cost of building the enclosure is estimated at 104.7 billion pesetas (629 million euros), almost all of the sum being paid by the public sector. The cost of development of infrastructure (outside the site) in Seville and the immediate surroundings of the city amounts to 139.9 billion pesetas (840 million euros), including 76.2 billion for roads, 27.6 billion for the rail network, 12.2 billion for the airport, 3.7 billion for the port and 20.2 billion for the redevelopment of the river. The cost of development of infrastructure in the rest of Andalusia amounts to 550.5 billion pesetas (3.3 billion euros), including 147 billion for the road network, 388.9 billion for the rail network and 14.6 billion for other Andalusian airports. To this amount are added 97.7 billion pesetas (587 million euros) for the improvement of the electrical network, the water distribution network and telecommunications. From the project to dismantling, in all and for everything, 30,000 people will work on the Expo website, including 10,000 for the construction of the site and 14,024 during the 6 months of the event. By taking into account the construction of the infrastructure made outside the site itself, this figure reaches 64,640 in 1990 [ a 9 ] , [ b 2 ] .
General site plan [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The site is accessible by five access. The southern area of the site is articulated around the monastery of Sainte Marie des Grottes, near which are some of the main pavilions such as that of navigation and that of discoveries. From there leave the main longitudinal avenues to the north: the path of discoveries ( Way of discoveries ), to the east, is connected to important buildings such as the pavilion of the future and joins an artificial lake called Lac d’Espagne; The Acacias path, to the west, provides access to the greatest national pavilions such as those in Japan, Germany and Great Britain. A frame of five transverse avenues brings together the other pavilions: they are called, from north to south, avenue 1, avenue de l’Europe, avenue des Palmiers, avenue 4 and avenue 5. The avenues of Europe and palm trees are described In the paragraph devoted to pavilions of European countries. Avenue 1 has a pergola at each of its ends and is traversed by an aqueduct which is based on glass pillars in which water flows and which ends with a waterfall [ g 6 ] . On avenue 4 there is an information tower, an outdoor amphitheater, several fountains (including a 9 waterfall m ) and service centers [ g 7 ] . Avenue 5 is longed by a glass wall of 300 m long and 6 m From high on the walls of which water flows and which is surmounted by landscaping. A series of doors and bridges allows you to pass from one side to the other [ g 8 ] . The Spanish pavilion south of the lake and those of the autonomous communities are scattered on its east, north and west banks [ g 9 ] . The edge of the Alphonse-XIII canal hosts some of the buildings dedicated to the arts of the show and the sport [ d 1 ] . The alignment, the maximum volume and height of the participants’ pavilions is fixed but, within this framework, the architects have total freedom of project, according to their ideas and their interests [ g 10 ] .
Transport et communications [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Access to Seville [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The development of transport and communications is at the forefront in carrying out the exhibition. The first objective is to connect Seville and Andalusia to other regions of Spain, Europe and the rest of the world. Nearly 950 million pesetas (5.7 million euros) are injected into this company.
The SE-30 road, a peripheral belt of 75 km , is traced for the occasion and the Andalusian transversal axis (Mediterranean motorway) is built. The South A4-4 motorway, previously ending at 37 km South of Madrid, is over, joining Seville. To the west is open the A-49 motorway which links Seville to Huelva and Algarve, in southern Portugal, as well as the international bridge over Guadiana. On the Mediterranean coast is built the autonomous highway between Seville, Granada and Baza [ a 10 ] , [ b 3 ] .
Facilitating rail access to Andalusia by improving the connection between Seville and Madrid (and secondarily the rest of Spain) by creating a high -speed train (AVE) is one of the priorities of the Spanish government in 1986. He decides to build the new rail access to Andalusia ( New rail access to Andalusia – NAFA) using international spacing routes for high -speed train circulation. Projected by architects Antonio Cruz Villalón and Antonio Ortiz García [ g 11 ] , the Seville-Santa Justa railway station was built between 1987 and 1991 [ a 11 ] . In addition, a railway line is built between Seville and the Costa del Sol [ c 1 ] And another, temporary, is established to reach the Cartuja Island by bypassing Seville by the North West from Santa Justa station and a station is built just west of the site [ a 10 ] .
In 1989, for the exhibition, under the orders of the architect Rafael Moneo, the platform of Seville-San Pablo airport was enlarged, allowing to quadruple its capacity. A new access to the N-IV motorway is established and a new control tower is erected [ a 10 ] , [ a 12 ] , [ a 13 ] .
A heliport was built at La Cartuja in 1988, in order to carry out tourist overflies from the site and allow officials and official visitors to access the Expo site [ 9 ] , [ and 3 ] .
Access to the Expo website [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The site of the exhibition is accessible to the east of the Barqueta bridges, by the Alamillo et de la Cartuja Ou par la Triana Puerta and the bridge of Christ of expiration. It is also accessible by El Aljarafe, to the west, where there is a parking lot of 66,000 spaces and the temporary rail line station. The city’s bus network is extended to allow access to the exhibition site. Five doors allow you to enter the site: the doors of Itálica, the Barqueta, Triana, Aljarafe and the Cartuja [ a 14 ] .
Communications and telecommunications on the Expo website [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Several means are made available to visitors for their trips to the exhibition. The panoramic monorail train, with a capacity of 4,200 passengers per hour, has a circuit of 3.1 km and three stations. The cable car has 106 air -conditioned air cabins (by solar energy) that can each accommodate 8 passengers. With a capacity of 4,000 passengers per hour, the circuit has three boarding stations, one on the other side of the Dars of the Guadalquivir. Six catamarans allowing each 70 people to take the DASS of the Guadalquivir. Electric carts are rented by the Belgian company R.P.S. They are three hundred, divided into four premises located at the four entrances to the site. In addition, 35 buses commute between the car parks and the doors of Aljarafe (to the west) and Triana (south) and 15 other buses roam a peripheral circuit. There is also a tourist train (5 wagons of 25 people) and staff have 100 electric vehicles and 165 Ford cars [ a 15 ] .
The site is equipped with a sophisticated computer network, the installation of which must also be used for the future scientific innovation complex Cartuja 93 , which was imagined to make the site profitable after closing the exhibition.
Recentment of the banks of the Guadalquivir and construction of new bridges [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The redevelopment of the banks of the Guadalquivir river is a backwards in the history of Seville. Indeed, in 1948, to avoid the important floods which regularly affected the city and in particular the district of Triana (south of the exhibition site), the Guadalquivir was completely deflected to the west, outside the city. To this end, a new channel has been dug, starting from the north of the Cartuja district north the city and joining by the West the Pointe du Méandre, near San Juan de Aznalfarache. The section of the original river located between the upstream opening of the new channel and the triana district was clogged. This section corresponds exactly to the eastern border of the exhibition site [ ten ] .
On the occasion of Expo 92, Seville sets up the special plan of the Cartuja Metropolitan Park ( Special Plan of the Metropolitan Park of La Cartuja ) [ 11 ] : The original route of the river is partially recressed to the north, allowing the Dars to follow the site of the Expo, and its banks are refurbished. Six new bridges are built on the Dars: the first two on the existing Darsus: the fifth centenary bridge, on the route of the SE-30 ring road to the south of the city, high enough to allow river traffic and the Las Delicias bridge , drawbridge. The other four bridges are built north of the city, where the old bed of the river is recreated: from south to north, these are the bridge of Christ of expiration, the cartuja bridge, the bridge of the Barqueta and the Alamillo bridge [ g 1 ] .
Downstream, the port area is suitable and improved [ a 12 ] , [ a 16 ] .
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Deux des Ponts sur la DursE du Guadalquivir built pour l’Empo: Le Pont de la Barqueta au first is plan and, behind him, the Alamillo bridge.
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The Las Delicias bridge with, in the background, the port and, at the bottom, the fifth centenary bridge.
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Seville-Santa Justa station and its ave.
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The Renfe temporary station on the Expo website.
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The main hall of Seville-San Pablo airport.
Construction and renovation of buildings [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
As early as 1986, the Andalusian government decided to restore the monastery of Sainte Marie des Grottes. To this end is created in 1989 the Monumental set of the Cartuja de Sevilla , whose mission is to protect it, to convert it into a cultural center and to include it as part of the Universal Exhibition. Even if a large part of its heritage was lost during its hectic history, the monastery recovers on this occasion, at a cost of five billion pesetas (30 million euros), part of its past splendor and its gardens. The monastery is restored by José Manuel and Ricardo Sierra and the chapel by Fernando Mendoza and Roberto Luna. For his part, Guillermo Vázquez Consuegra plans the work of the Faïence and Porcelain Factory Pickman (which occupied the site between 1838 and 1982) and its chimneys [ a 11 ] . During the exhibition, it is the headquarters of the royal pavilion, a place of reception of foreign governments and heads of state [ and 4 ] .
The exhibition project plans to build an opera on the Cartuja Island website. The project is abandoned in 1988: it is proposed instead to modify the project of a culture palace, and to endow it with a scene likely to accommodate the major symphonic formations brought to perform in Seville during the Exposure. The agreement was signed in February 1989 and the organization management of the exhibition works leads to the work. The theater of the Maestranza is inaugurated the by the Spanish Queen [ twelfth ] . It is located in the old town, in the Arenal district, by the canal.
A palace of congresses and exhibitions is built, as well as an auditorium of white marble drawn by Eleuterio Población Knappe. The auditorium has a scene of 3,000 m 2 and can accommodate 4,750 spectators [ f 2 ] , [ g 12 ] .
Taking advantage of the momentum given by the city, several administrative buildings are built for the exhibition: Antonio Vázquez de Castro built the World Trade Center, hollow square building with a large patio covered with a metal pyramid structure [ g 13 ] ; The architect Navarrais Francisco Javier Sáenz de Oiza built the Triana tower, completed in 1993, administrative building of the Junta of Andalucía [ and 5 ] .
Seville and its region must prepare for the increase in demand for housing imposed by the influx of employees, tourists and officials during the event. The city of Seville only has 12,000 beds before the exhibition. There State Society for Universal Exhibition Seville 92 SA Creates the official reservations and accommodation center ( Official Reserve and Accommodation Center – Coral) to manage the question. There Expo City (Cité Expo), built in Mayorna del Aljarafe and which offers 1,289 dwellings at 15 km From the site, welcomes the majority of participants. In addition, through travel agencies, tour operators, businesses and organizations, hotels and tourist apartments are created, adapted or agreed in Seville and to Cordoba, Jerez de la Frontera and Chiclana de la Frontera: 16 new hotels are built in Seville, especially by individuals. Business Andalucía Ocio S.A. provides 15,000 beds in private housing in the city. Hot boats ( Hotels ships ) are installed in the port, offering 2,300 additional rooms and a 4,000 -seat campsite is installed near the site. In 1992, the city offered a total of 31,669 beds, which corresponds to an increase of more than 160% [ c 2 ] .
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The monastery of Sainte Marie des Grottes.
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The theater of the Maestranza.
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The buildings of Barceló Gran Hotel Renacimiento ***** built for the exhibition
Sevillian heat control [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Located in the south of Spain, not far from the African continent, Seville benefits from a especially Mediterranean climate, while undergoing continental influences [ 13 ] .
Even if the annual average temperature is established 18.6 °C (minimum: + twelfth °C ; Maximum: + 25 °C ), Seville knows particularly long and hot summers, with average maximum temperatures reaching or exceeding 25 °C From May to October. Temperature peaks are reached between June and September, at a period when mercury exceeds or constantly reaches the bar of 30 °C , see more. The maximum record is 46.6 °C [ 14 ] .
To fight summer heat during the exhibition, a particular accent is put on the water, whose presence is omnipresent. A lake is created and, as seen above, the Dars of the Guadalquivir is recreated along the site. A forest plan is developed and nearly 35,000 trees and 750,000 shrubs and other plants are planted, on the ground or on pergolas, representing 1,480 botanical varieties. From these varieties, 505 come from the operation Estate (Roots), in which 21 Iberian-American countries participate, and are therefore plants from Central America or South. This vegetation, which covers 44 ha (including 50,000 m 2 de Pergolas), associated with 117 fountains, canals, aqueducts, waterfalls, numerous foggers and evaporation systems dotted on the site, creates an air refresh system, developed by the department of ‘Energy and fluid mechanics engineering and through the Higher Technical School of Architecture at the University of Seville [ 15 ] . Engineers manage to reduce the temperature of 5 °C on avenues and ten °C on the public space of Palenque , a space covered with a textile structure of 9,000 m 2 , place of shows and various ceremonies, whose architect is José Miguel de la Prada Poole [ f 3 ] . For its bioclimatic system, the exhibition obtains the “medal of innovation and technical excellence”.
In addition, the architects of many pavilions develop systems to fight heat: the Netherlands erect a pavilion covered with a constantly damp canvas which, by a system called cooling-desert , lowers the temperature inside the building. The pavilions of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and the United States use water walls and those of Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, Mexico [ g 14 ] And from Navarre have waterfalls. The Chile Pavilion even has an iceberg. In addition, the organizers resort to giant sails, hangings and parasols to create shadow. The air of the interior of the cable cars allowing access to the site from the old town is conditioned by solar energy [ a 14 ] , [ a 15 ] , [ a 17 ] .
The date of is chosen for the opening of the exhibition. This is the date on which, in 1493, Christopher Columbus appeared before the kings of Spain Ferdinand and Isabelle on the return from her first trip.
Expo 92 is inaugurated by King Juan Carlos before the 200,000 visitors authorized to access the site during this first day (holders of a seasonal subscription and guests) and in particular in the presence of the President of the Spanish government Felipe González . The official ceremony ends with a release of one hundred and forty giant balls in the colors of the participating countries and by the flight of hundreds of doves. Thirty-eight bell towers of Seville ring in concert before giving way to fireworks. The first national pavilion to be inaugurated is that of Spain. Then comes the turn of the other pavilions: the presidents of the autonomous communities each inaugurate their pavilion, the chief of the Cheyennes tribe that of the United States and the president of Sony (as a commissioner of the pavilion) that of Japan. At 9 p.m., the Pavilion of the Telecommunications Company Retivisión begins to retransmit Sevilla, Sevilla , a program broadcast by 64 televisions worldwide for the duration of the exhibition. The program is presented by Carmen Maura and Antonio Banderas [ a 9 ] , [ a 18 ] .
The exhibition is closed the , day of the Spanish national holiday. This is the date on which, in 1492, American lands were seen for the first time by one of the men of Columbus, Rodrigo de Triana. The closing ceremony takes place in the presence of the royal family of Spain. After several speeches, a sound and light show is presented around the lake of Spain, ending with the letters Cartuja 93 Appearing in the laser in the sky, announcing the start -up of the technological park project which must take the place of the exhibition on the Cartuja site [ a 9 ] .
The prices charged for entry are 4,000 pesetas (24 € € ) For 1 day, 1,000 pesetas (6 € € ) for a night entry, of 10,000 pesetas (60 € € ) for a subscription of three days and 30,000 pesetas (180 € € ) to enter freely during the duration of the exhibition. For economic reasons, the organizers stop the sale of this season subscription Once the 110,000 units have been reached, which creates a large controversy and the irritation of those who cannot obtain it [ a 19 ] , [ a 20 ] , [ and 6 ] .
Before the opening of the exhibition, the organizers expect 33 to 36 million admissions, but this figure is exceeded: nearly 42 million admissions (41,814,571) are actually recorded. The number of different visitors reaches 18.5 million, including 66.5% Spaniards. Andalusian represents 19.9% of visitors. Even if the Sevillans represent only 5.5% of visitors, many of them regularly visit the exhibition: a holder of a frequent season subscription on average the exposure 60 times and the Sevillans represent 43.5% of Entrances. The other visitors come for 23.4% of neighboring countries (Germany, Great Britain, France, Italy, Portugal, Benelux and Switzerland), for 7.2% of the rest of Europe and North America and for 2 , 9% of the rest of the world. The maximum crowds are recorded the , with 629,845 visitors [ a 21 ] , [ a 22 ] , [ 16 ] , [ and 7 ] .
One hundred and nine countries participate in the exhibition: 30 European countries, 33 Americans, 7 Oceanians, 19 Asians and 20 Africans [ Note 2 ] , [ f 4 ] . The countries have their own pavilion or occupy a space in a building common to several nations.
Europe [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
European Community: Avenue de l’Europe [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
From the Pavilion of Spain leaves west the avenue de l’Europe to the west, with its twelve bioclimatic towers representing the member countries of the European Community. The project is signed by French architects Jean-Marie Hennin and Nicolas Normier and by the German architect Georg Lippsmeier. Each tower, imagined by the French, of metallic structure and covered with white fabric, measures 30 m , has 36 water mistateurs and, by an evaporation system, contributes downwards to temperatures on avenue [ 15 ] . The avenue is traversed by a watercourse and the towers delimit four places: the white square, the most eastern, which represents the light and the sun, is planted with orange trees and has a marble basin; The green square is planted with palm trees Phoenix and the yellow place of palm trees of the genre Washingtonia And the blue square welcomes wind sculptures. Each place is protected from the sun by a parasol roof made up of a network of cables supporting squares of perforated tissue [ g 15 ] . In the middle of the avenue, on a plot of 2,500 m 2 , is erected a large painted cone in the colors of the flags of the twelve countries: the pavilion of the European Community, created by Karsten K. Krebs. The pavilions of the twelve countries of the Union are on the verge of avenue de l’Europe [ a 23 ] , [ f 5 ] .
The Germany’s pavilion is located on Avenue des Acacias, at the southern end of the avenue de l’Europe. Designed to be ephemeral, it is a transparent building surmounted by a large elliptical structure suspended from a mast that crosses it. This structure, made up of a metal ring covered with polyester and PVC, allows the pavilion’s inner courtyard to stay in the shade [ g 16 ] . United Germany for two years presents the project developed by Georg Lippsmeier for the RFA. That of the GDR is not used [ a 24 ] , [ f 6 ] .
The Belgian pavilion, a black cube surrounded by white blinds allowing to see partially inside, is the work of Thomaes, Driesen and Meersman. He presents an exhibition on the architect Victor Horta, specialist in Art Nouveau. He exhibits works and documents in reference to Belgian comics, in particular to Tintin and the Smurfs, and offers various activities. The pavilion also houses paintings by Rubens, James Ensor and Magritte. We access the pavilion by an evocation of the atomium, symbol of the Universal Exhibition of 1958 in Brussels [ a 25 ] , [ a 26 ] , [ f 7 ] .
The Denmark pavilion is at the western end of the avenue de l’Europe. Built by Jan Søndergaard of Khr Arkitekter [ 17 ] , it is made up of a very fine building of 24 m high on which a self -supporting fiberglass structure represents three sails [ g 17 ] . It presents a projection of slides on the country [ a 27 ] , [ f 8 ] .
The Spanish pavilion, imagined by the architect Julio Cano Lasso, is a set of white buildings connected by patios, porches and porticoes. The most significant room is the large reception room, a white cube of 30 m On the side that opens onto the lake. The pavilion is at the start of the avenue de l’Europe [ g 18 ] . We meet works of art there like The naked morning from Francisco de Goya, The gentleman of the hand in the chest of El Greco, Night fishing in antibes of Picasso and others from Dalí, Miró, Murillo, etc. A cinema Movimax Projecting images of Spain seen from the sky is also there, as well as an exhibition retracing the history of the country, its culture, its present and its future [ a 28 ] , [ a 29 ] , [ f 9 ] .
The Pavilion of France, drawn by Jean-Paul Viguier (with Jean-François Jodry and François Lord), is covered with mirrors. It houses an exhibition centered on the book presenting the pearls of European literature, imagined by Jacques Attali at the request of François Mitterrand, and also offers films in IMAX format. It offers direct access, by IT, to the new National Library of France, which will be inaugurated in 1995 [ a 30 ] , [ f 10 ] , [ 18 ] .
La Grèce, Dans a Pavillon Céé Par Mariano Vilallonga et Luis Leirado Campo [ g 19 ] , presents a few pieces of great value from artistic and historical points of view, such as a bust of Alexander the Great and the disc of Phaistos [ a 31 ] , [ a 32 ] , [ f 11 ] .
Ireland present in its pavilion (built by James O’Connor) a typical advertising and commemorates the life of Saint Brendan de Clonfert, a monk who may have, according to legend, discovered America around 544. Also find a tribute to the writer James Joyce [ a 31 ] , [ f 12 ] .
In 1989, Italy appointed Luigi Turchi Commissioner for the Seville exhibition and gave him full powers. Turchi was previously responsible, for Italy, for several international exhibitions, such as those of Tsukuba (1985), Vancouver (1986) and Brisbane (1988). He has a delicate task of overcoming difficult relations between Seville and the organizers of the specialized exhibition of Genoa, dedicated to Christophe Columbus, which took place the same year. The pavilion is imagined by the architects Gae Aulenti and Pierluigi Spadolini and created by Italasad. The Italians show a large sphere representing the world as it was imagined by Ptolemy with, around him, a turning ground. There is also the Atlas Farnèse , models of cars Fiat and Alfa Romeo, the first astronomical Western clock, value documents such as an amerigo Vespucci card dated 1504, as well as various exhibitions on scientific progress in relation to the human body (like the nuclear magnetic resonance), on communications and on astrology. The pavilion also presents tributes to Italian inventors and scientists like Guglielmo Marconi and exhibits works of art among which there are paintings by Botticelli and Annibale Carracci and a Fresque by Piero Della Francesca [ a 26 ] , [ a 32 ] , [ a 33 ] , [ f 13 ] , [ 19 ] .
Legchegins Targethousand of Pavili Céré Yosian Pacczosi (pl) , Paul fitch it associates associates [ g 20 ] and whose interior space, imagined by the cartoonist of comic strip and scenographer François Schuiten, is made up of light paths leading to a large sphere located in its middle [ a 31 ] , [ f 14 ] , [ and 8 ] .
The participation of the Netherlands in the exhibition is coordinated by a foundation, whose president is Prince Claus. Among the other members of the Foundation are the Prime Minister, the Minister of State and the Ambassadors of the Netherlands in Spain and Spain in the Netherlands. The pavilion, drawn by Moshe Zwartz, Fred Temme and Rein Jansha [ g 21 ] , is a large cube covered with a constantly damp canvas which, by a system called cooling-desert , manages to lower the temperature inside the building. The building vaporizing water continuously, a hostess protects visitors at the entrance with an umbrella. The interior is a large art gallery strewn with flowers of flowers imagined by Johan Licher, florist of King Fahd and the Vatican. The visitor travels the pavilion by tunnels. There is the photo exhibition World Press Photo 1992 and works, in particular, by Van Gogh and Rembrandt [ a 26 ] , [ a 34 ] , [ f 15 ] .
Portugal, between the end of XV It is century and the beginning of XVI It is A century, plays a predominant role in trade between Europe and Asia and America. Vasco de Gama discovered the India Route in 1498, Pedro Álvares Cabral discovered Brazil in 1500, Francisco de Almeida became the first viceroy of Indies and Admiral AFonso de Albuquerque controls the commercial roads of the Indian Ocean and the Gulf Persian for Portugal [ d 2 ] . All this contributes to the construction of the Portuguese colonial empire and made Portugal one of the richest and powerful countries of the time. The country therefore holds an important place in the exhibition. The Portugal pavilion has five floors. It is built by the architect and expert in fine arts Manuel Graça Dias and by Egas José Vieira [ g 22 ] . He has in his top sculpted letters forming the word Portugal . We enter the building by a tower, called Baroque periscope , which is used to capture sunlight to project it inside. In the pavilion, among other things, works of ancient art, objects of the pre -Columbian era and the last two pages of the Treaty of Tordesillas, dating from 1494 and establishing the sharing of the new world between the two emerging colonial powers, Spain and Portugal. The country organizes during the exhibition a representation, with elephants, monkeys and exotic birds, retracing the parade of the Manuel King I is of Portugal in front of the pope. Portugal is the first country to officially announce its presence at the exhibition [ a 35 ] , [ f 16 ] .
The UK’s pavilion, the work of the architect Nicholas Grimshaw, is made of steel and aluminum. He has an east wall of suspended glass of 18 m On which, on its two sides, flows from the water to a basin along the building, which contributes to controlling heat inside. The water pumps are powered by solar panels. The latter are installed on the roof, fixed on blade shutters which also allow the whole to be refreshed. The western facade is made up of bunk containers filled with absorbing water external heat. The north and southern facades are made up of painted canvas panels on masts. These different techniques make it possible to lower the interior temperature of ten °C The hottest of the day [ d 3 ] , [ g 23 ] . The country presents Great Britain communicating with the rest of the world , a spectacle in which a mime shows, with laser effects and large screens, the dominant position of London as a financial center, the generalized use of the English language in the world and the prestige of the BBC and its services of information [ a 36 ] , [ f 17 ] .
Other European countries: the avenue des Palmiers and the bioclimatic sphere [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Most other European countries are located along the avenue des Palmiers ( Las Palmeras Avenue ). It forms the east-west axis of the site, between the exhibition station and the door of El Aljarafe to the west and the door of the Barqueta to the east [ g 24 ] . On the avenue is a large bioclimatic sphere. A diameter of 22 m , it is maintained at 6 m ground by three metallic and diffuse water vapor pillars. By the effect of the east wind, a computer system makes it possible to regulate the temperature of the surroundings. On the avenue of Gardens and rest areas. Sails give shadow [ a 37 ] . Three European pavilions, those of Monaco, Romania and Yugoslavia, are on avenue 4 [ g 7 ] and the Pavilion of Poland and Bulgaria is located on avenue 5 [ g 8 ] .
The Austria pavilion, built by Volker Giencke, is a transparent two -sloping building, covered with two layers of glass. The roof is protected by a heliostat made up of multiple aluminum strips allowing not only to thwart high summer temperatures, but also, by the optical effects produced, to highlight the different areas of activity of the pavilion. On the glass surfaces flows from the water which allows to refresh the building [ g 25 ] . At the entrance is a sound sculpture Formed of flexible bars connected to a computer which, moved by visitors, generate sounds. The pavilion houses a modified bösendorfer piano, playing alone False minute by Frédéric Chopin [ a 37 ] , [ f 18 ] .
Bulgaria has its pavilion in a building also occupied by Poland, created by Fernando Mendoza Castells [ g 26 ] . She presents icons there, the Or de varna (jewelry dating from 4600 of. J.-C. discovered in the Varna necropolis) and an explanation of the Cyrillic alphabet, used in Eastern Europe since the IX It is century [ a 32 ] , [ a 38 ] .
The Pavilion of Cyprus is created by Cristos Theodorou [ f 19 ] .
After the dislocation of the USSR in 1991, his pavilion became that of Russia. The other new countries of the former USSR, only Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are present in Seville. The Common Pavilion of the Baltic countries is funded by the exhibition and designed by Sandro Lomoro. Each of the nations exhibits some works of art there, cards showing their old borders and images of countries. Lithuania also exhibits amber and a Lithuanian pianist plays musical pieces in the country [ a 39 ] , [ f 20 ] .
The Finnish pavilion, drawn by a team of architecture students (Jääskeläinen, Sanaksenaho, Rouhiainen, Kaakko and Tirkkonen), is made up of two linked buildings: a glass and steel building, named the machine, and another in pine , called the keel, built according to the traditional modes of construction of wooden ships. The intermediate space between the two buildings, which serves as an entrance, is a passage of 35 m long m high and only 2 m wide. This open space, which gives its name “Gorge of Hell” ( Hell ) at the pavilion, comes from a venerated place in Finland where the soil has fractured following telluric movements [ g 27 ] . The Finnish pavilion houses works of art and current objects with Finnish design: skis, drills, toys, dishes, hooks, site helmets, etc. Finland organizes in full July a cross -country ski race between nine countries to promote the country’s candidacy for the Winter Olympic Games [ a 40 ] , [ f 21 ] .
The Hungarian pavilion, created by the architect Imre Makovecz, is the replica of a rural church in the country. Apart from concrete foundations, it is fully built in glass and wood and has seven towers and bell towers. It houses a dead dead oak whose roots are visible through transparent soil [ a 38 ] , [ f 22 ] , [ g 28 ] .
The Monaco pavilion is created by Fabrice Notari [ f 23 ] .
The plot of the Norway Pavilion, created by Pål Henry Engh, is fully occupied by a basin located one meter above the ground. A tower, called ice cathedral , in aluminum, embellished with masts, sails and spars evoking the country’s marine traditions, emerges from the basin. Its interior walls are covered with ice. The visitor also travels a long tube of concrete showing, by an audiovisual process, relations between the country and the water [ a 41 ] , [ f 24 ] , [ g 29 ] .
Centered on the theme “Global Solidarity”, the Pavilion of Poland, on a proposal by Lech Wałęsa, exhibits the projects of a hundred artists from all over the world for the creation of a earth flag [ a 38 ] . The country shares with Bulgaria a building created by Fernando Mendoza Castells [ g 26 ] .
Romania present in its pavilion (designed by Alberto Cababié Martin [ g 30 ] ) works of art, such as sculpture The prayer ( prayer ) by Constantin Brâncuși [ a 42 ] , [ f 25 ] .
The Russian pavilion was initially intended to be that of the USSR. After the dislocation of the USSR in 1991, the pavilion became that of Russia. Other new independent nations, only Baltic countries are also ultimately present at the exhibition. The head of the Russian pavilion is Nikolai Filippov, former principal advisor to the USSR Chamber of Commerce. The building is drawn by the architects Lettons Yuris Poga and Aigars sparans [ g 31 ] and by the painter and designer Ivars Mailikis. His style is based on the traditions of Russian avant-garde architecture at the start of XX It is century. Among 160 projects from the whole ex-USSR, the Russian authorities choose to present “the scale of knowledge”, a tribute to human knowledge which takes as a starting point the ideological reforms of the perestroika . The exhibition is divided into three sections: “Man discovers the earth”, “Man discovers the cosmos” and “Man discovers himself”. There is the first metallic submarine, dating from 1836, the first wireless transmission radio receiver, dating from 1895, a model of the first space rocket in 1921, the laser radius (made possible, in particular, by research de Prokhorov and Bassov), a scientific exploration vehicle of Mars, a copy of the Luna 3 automatic probe, etc. [ a 43 ] , [ f 26 ] .
The Sweden Pavilion was imagined by Stefan Alenius, Magnus Silfverhiel and Jonas Ahlund [ g 32 ] . Surmounted by a panoramic terrace, it houses an exhibition on Swedish inventions: the refrigerator, the English key, the design of the Coca-Cola bottle, Tetra Pak, the pacemaker, etc. In honor of Alfred Nobel, inventor of the dynamite, an explosion sounds every three minutes, projecting commemorative pieces. We also show the Calustry , the oldest ski in the world, from a museum in Umeå [ a 44 ] , [ f 27 ] .
Switzerland intended to build an ice cream for the exhibition of 30 m highly named Swice (word game formed from Swiss and of ice , English word for ice). Technically achievable, Vincent Mangeat’s project had the major defect of consuming a lot of energy. A more ecological pavilion is finally built by Wirth Architeakten Ag [ g 33 ] : A recyclable cardboard tower. There are six corns of the Alps in 3.5 glass fiber m long and works of art from different artists, such as photos of Balthasar Burkhard and sculptures by Bernhard Luginbühl ( Emmental i et II ) [ a 41 ] , [ f 28 ] , [ and 9 ] .
Czechoslovakia presents, in a pavilion created by Martin Nemec and Jan Stempel, a sound and light spectacle quickly considered too avant-garde and difficult to understand. The Czechoslovak parliament even tries to modify the presentation. The country offers the Macarena basilica a copy of the Prague Jesus Jesus. In June, when the separation of Czech Republic and Slovakia is becoming clear, the restaurant Slovaquia , located opposite the pavilion, takes a new dimension for the Slovia [ a 45 ] , [ f 29 ] .
The Vatican Pavilion, drawn by Miguel de Oriol E Ibarra [ g 34 ] , draw arches of steel and opaque glass which, associated with the roofs in vaults, recall the Catholic religious buildings. The participation of the Holy See in the Expo is organized by a committee chaired by M gr Tagliaferi. The pavilion presents works of art like The tomb caravagnement, The arrest of Christ of Goya, The tomb by Jean de Joigny and the Speech of Myron. He also exhibits old documents, seals, coins, religious texts written in Aymara, Quechua, Muisca or Zapotèque and shows films on evangelization in America [ a 26 ] , [ a 32 ] , [ a 46 ] , [ f 30 ] .
The pavilion that David Misa imagines for Yugoslavia houses historical works of art in the country. Following the declaration of independence of Slovenia and Croatia in June 1991, Yugoslavia was forced by the College of Commissioners, at the start of the exhibition, to give up its flag. The pavilion is transformed into a “meeting place between the countries of the Balkans”, according to the decision of the college, where food and clothing for war and signatures for peace are collected. The pavilion exposes in particular a sculpture from Ivan Meštrović. Albania does not participate in the event [ a 47 ] , [ a 48 ] , [ f 31 ] .
North America [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Canada is the first country to have started building its pavilion, the [ g 1 ] . Designed by Bing Wing Thom, it is a huge wood cube covered with zinc panels. It houses an IMAX cinema that projects Momentum , an 18 -minute film produced by the National Film Office and presenting the country. There are also computers with interactive programs [ a 49 ] , [ f 32 ] .
The first commissioner of the United States is Martin L. Stone, journalist and vice-president of the North American Information Agency (USIA). Usia also manages the pavilion, as during previous international exhibitions. At the start, a budget of 5 billion pesetas (30 million euros) is planned for the American pavilion, but only 700 million (4.2 million euros) are to finish allocated: again, as for financial support In the city of Chicago for the organization of the Seville-Chicago common exhibition, the support of the American government is lacking. The latter considers that it is private companies to finance the American presence in Seville [ and 10 ] . The impressive projects are therefore abandoned and a very simple pavilion is created by Carlos Langdon Ruiz, jointly funded by the American government and by fifty-three private companies, such as Signal, American Express, NASA or the city of Kansas City. The United States pavilion is made up of a large land delimited by metal structures covered with canvas, which had already been used for international exhibitions in Vancouver, in 1986, and Brisbane, in 1988. inside are located Panels painted by Peter Max and two capitals housing a tribute to the Declaration of Human Rights and the screening of a film on the elements of daily life common to all breeds and all cultures. Outside the demonstrations of acrobatic basketballs take place (notably by the Bud Light Daredevils) and sports activities for young people, coordinated by Arnold Schwarzenegger. There is also a wooden house typical of the country, fully equipped, and American cars like the Cadillac Seville [ a 50 ] , [ a 51 ] , [ f 33 ] .
Ibero-American [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The Ibero-American pavilion: the place of America [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Almost all of Iberian-American countries (apart from Chile, Cuba, Mexico and Venezuela) are brought together in a common pavilion called Plaza de América (Place d’Amérique). It is at the northern end of the site, between international pavilions and those of the Spanish autonomous communities. Built by Jesús Castañón Díaz, Ernesto Sánchez Zapata and Eduardo Gómez [ g 35 ] , it is the synthesis of various ideas on architectonics and bioclimatic architecture. It also houses the “inter -American system” ( Inter -American System ), a place presenting the organization of American states through an important artistic collection. There are works by Colombian Alejandro Obregón, Mexican Rufino Tamayo, Cuban Mario Carreño Morales or Venezuelan Carlos Cruz-Díez [ a 51 ] , [ a 52 ] , [ f 34 ] .
The Plaza de Americates also presents the exhibition “The gold of America” ( The Gold of America ). Four hundred gold objects as diverse as necklaces, shifts or wheel elements are shown; Most are of Colombian or Peruvian origin, shaped by the ugly, the Tayronas, the Nariño, the Lambayeque or the Zenú. There is a large part of the Quimbayas Treasury, a Colombian ethnicity famous for its production of gold objects [ a 53 ] .
Argentina offers Tango demonstrations every half hour. The pavilion houses an exhibition of goldsmith of Río de la Plata which presents, among other things, the silver cane of the Argentinian president Carlos Menem [ a 54 ] .
Bolivia uses the exhibition as a control platform for the global legalization of the coca leaf, the country of which wishes to make known the very limited effects compared to cocaine, with which it is often associated. The Bolivian government decides to offer visitors the opportunity to taste it, chew or infusion. The subject makes a lot of noise, the Spanish police confiscated to the airport the first shipment of 8 kg coca leaves and the Junta de Andalucía intervenes. Bolivia thinks of withdrawing from the demonstration when the exhibition prohibits the breakfast it provides for national holidays and to which a coca infusion must be served. The ban is ultimately bypassed without it triggering controversy. The rest of the time, COCA is presented in windows or in documentaries. The country, whose pavilion is imagined by Juan Carlos Callerón, also shows ceramics of the civilization of Moxos and a golden plastron from Tiwanaku [ a 32 ] , [ a 55 ] , [ a 56 ] .
Brazil presents its carnival and a documentary, on a large wall of televisions, on São Paulo. The atmosphere is ensured throughout the day by samba shows and folk dances [ a 54 ] .
Colombia offers coffee and natural fruit juices and has a documentary on the legend of the Eldorado. In addition, a Chiva , traditional bus, circulates on the avenue de la Cartuja, carrying visitors, boxes, suitcases, chickens and Colombians dancing to the sound of Cumbia [ a 54 ] .
Costa Rica is the first to participate in American garden By sending thirty-nine trees of 14 different species. The country houses in its pavilion (created by Carlos Valenzuela) a tropical forest with a waterfall. It also presents an exhibition on the relationship between gold, jade and nature through jewelry and pre -Columbian works of art [ a 54 ] , [ a 56 ] .
The facade of the Ecuador pavilion, created by Hugo Galarza, shows a ceramic set made for two centuries BC. AD, The Lords of the Bay [ a 32 ] , [ a 56 ] .
Guatemala presents Maya culture, its philosophy, its science, its mathematics and its astrology. The Madrid Codex, one of the rare known Mayan manuscripts, is exposed to it [ a 54 ] .
Panama houses in its pavilion (imagined by the Peruvian architect Juan Günther Doering) the reproduction of a traditional house and ancient objects of the archaeological site of Barriles site , in the province of Chiriquí. The country recalls by documentaries that the Panama canal will cease to be American to return under Panamanian control in 1999 [ a 54 ] , [ a 56 ] .
Peru exhibits a collection of pre -Columbian art and the treasure of the Huaca Rajada, the most important funerary complex of ugly culture discovered to this day [ a 32 ] , [ a 54 ] .
Salvador presents important works of art, such as Divine Salvador , boss of the country, offered by Charles Quint in 1546, the Tlaloc sphinx (god aztec of water) or a statue of Xipe Totec, aztec god of the renewal of nature [ a 32 ] , [ a 54 ] .
The Uruguay pavilion, created by Guillermo Gómez Platero, Enrique Cohe and Robert Alteri, presents documentaries, including At the comparison [ a 54 ] , [ a 56 ] .
The pavilions of Honduras (created by Dinorah Beatriz Lanza Castillo), Nicaragua and Paraguay are also present [ a 56 ] .
The other Ibero-American pavilions [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The pavilion of Chile, with curved walls, drawn by Germán del Sol and José Cruz Ovalle [ g 36 ] , houses a natural iceberg, 500 years old, brought to Seville from Antarctica by boat, which ensures a temperature of ten °C in the building [ a 52 ] , [ f 35 ] . The Cuba pavilion (created by José Ramón Moreno Orestes del Castillo) passes from Milanee Pablo music and cartoons from cartoons [ a 57 ] , [ f 36 ] . The Mexico pavilion, drawn by Pedro Rámirez Vázquez and Jaime Giovannini, is made up of a main building with basins, waterfalls, a garden with mexican flora and 2,100 species m 2 terraced gardens. A 55 gateway m Long links to an adjoining construction made up of two X -shaped elements of 18 m from above [ g 14 ] . The country presents its native cultures there [ a 57 ] , [ f 37 ] . The pavilion that in the Berique Hernández and Ralph Erminy [ g 37 ] Create for Venezuela presents a film called “Venezuela, land of grace” ( Venezuela, Tierra de Gracia ) [ a 52 ] , [ f 38 ] .
Arab World [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The Arab countries are located on avenue 5 of the site, built along a channel which travels 300 m and descends along a wall of 6 m Before throwing yourself into a pool [ a 58 ] . Iraq and OPEC are absent from the demonstration, especially due to the Gulf War. Iran does not participate either [ a 59 ] . On the other hand, the Arab League is present. It presents a tribute to Islamic culture by dedicating its space to characters like Moïse Maimonides or Avicenna. This Arab pavilion is imagined by Jesús Castañón Díaz, Ernesto Sánchez Zapata and Eduardo Gómez García [ a 60 ] , [ f 39 ] , [ g 38 ] .
The Algerian pavilion, drawn by Agustín Prudencio Díaz, shows some prehistoric objects and a tent from Bedouins, installed at the exit. Following the assassination, the , from Mohamed Boudiaf, president of the High Algerian State Committee, an official mourning of six days is established in the pavilion: the flag is put at half mast, projections and music are deleted [ a 59 ] , [ f 40 ] .
The Pavilion of Saudi Arabia, built by Fitch Benoy, is in cooked clay and palms. Hundreds of colored bedi covers give shade outside. The soil of the building is covered with sand, brought from the Saudi desert. The country presents the life and the customs of the desert, the Medine and Mecca models, an old tissue embroidered with gold threads which covered the Kaaba , a precious copy of the Koran, whose sacred principles he explains, and the statues of IN It is century of. J.-C. [ a 46 ] , [ a 61 ] , [ f 41 ] .
Egypt, Syria and Jordan are in the same pavilion as the Arab League. Egypt presents ninety objects of art, including sculptures from the Khéphren and Ramses II pharaohs, Greco-Roman busts of the Sarapis and Dionysos gods, a Christian icon of the Virgin Mary and a solar limestone dial. Jordan presents an original mosaic from the church of the apostles of Madaba and representing the primordial divinity Thalassa. Syria shows prehistoric objects like a piece of clay engraved with 30 characters, dating back II It is millennium of. J.-C. and considered the first known alphabet [ a 32 ] , [ a 60 ] .
The United Arab Emirates Pavilion (designed by marked, grace and associated [ g 39 ] ) is a replica of the fort of the city-oasis of Al Ain. The country shows a glass pyramid there, on the floors sown with saline, showing that scientific research can transform a desert into a cultivable land. We also show the history of the country through old objects and its economic boom thanks to oil [ a 61 ] , [ f 42 ] .
Despite the Gulf War, completed a few months earlier, Kuwait is present at the exhibition, with a pavilion created by the architect of Valencia Santiago Calatrava. The building has seventeen large wooden movable arms that imitate the pennies of a palm leaf. The pavilion houses objects of art from its different cultural eras [ a 61 ] , [ f 43 ] .
Morocco and King Hassan II invest in one of the most expensive exhibition pavilions: 3.5 billion pesetas (21 million euros). It is designed by the French architect Michel Pinseau, to whom we owe in particular the Hassan II mosque of Casablanca. A real palace, the Hassan-II pavilion is built in reinforced concrete and is dressed in decorations from Moroccan crafts, like Moucharabieh, forced natural ventilation devices, and columns coated with Azulejos. Outside the fountains and waterfalls are found outside the building. The pavilion houses a few Roman bronzes from the ancient city of Volubilis. Western Sahara, a territory plagued by a conflict between Saharawi separatists in Morocco who considers it as constituting its southern provinces, does not participate as an independent country in the exhibition. Despite everything, the Sahraouis celebrate their national holiday in the Jerez pavilion in which they are invited [ a 62 ] , [ f 44 ] .
The Mauritania pavilion, created by Eulalia A. Marques Garrido, is a truncated brass pyramise whose base is enclosed, housing ancient objects, some of which are 10,000 years old. The country also presents local products such as camel milk. In front of the pavilion is a Jaima , a desert tent in which craftsmen make typical objects such as wicker baskets or prayer carpets [ a 63 ] , [ f 45 ] .
Oman, in a pavilion of Azri architects, shows curiosities of the country such as falaj, ground water supply networks used for irrigation [ a 64 ] , [ f 46 ] .
The pavilion that Abdelhamid Ayadi created for Tunisia houses many works of art such as Roman mosaics, bronzes of the era of ancient Greece or steles of the Tophet of Carthage [ a 63 ] , [ f 47 ] .
Asia [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Even if the pavilions of Asian countries are scattered on the site, a certain number is located on avenue 1, traveled by an aqueduct supported by the glass pillars stopping at the water door. The place is garnished with pools, vegetation and small places. There are the pavilions of South Korea, Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and also of Australia.
The pavilion of the People’s Republic of China is built by Wang Song Jiang from materials made in the country and then transported to Seville. In its center is a Chinese garden. China shows four of its large inventions: paper manufacturing technique, printing, black powder and compass. It also presents its last major archaeological discovery: the mausoleum of the Emperor Qin and his army of thousands of terracotta soldiers [ a 65 ] , [ a 66 ] , [ f 48 ] .
South Korea presents 3 video art films by artist Nam June Paik. You can also see a documentary, in relief, on the Korean alphabet jangul , dating from XV It is century and a film, Hand over hand ( Hand on hand ), which explains the life of Koreans through their manual address. She also shows the Kayagum , a string instrument dating from III It is century and a large model of the Daejeon specialized exhibition, scheduled for the following year. The pavilion is built by the architect Hak-Sun Oh [ a 67 ] , [ f 49 ] .
The entrance to the Pavilion of India (imagined by Cristina García-Rosales and Julio Pellicer Zamora [ g 40 ] ) is decorated with a peacock tail in a fan [ a 67 ] , [ f 50 ] .
The Pavilion of Israel (imagined by Uri Shaviv) is a marquee with a simple projection presenting the history of the Jewish people until the creation of the State of Israel. The Israeli Commissioner is Samuel Hadas, the first ambassador of Israel to Spain [ a 68 ] , [ f 51 ] , [ and 11 ] .
The Japanese Minister for International and Industrial Trade (and former Minister of Foreign Affairs) Hiroshi Mitsuzuka is responsible for the presence of Japan at the exhibition. The allocated budget, (5.4 billion pesetas, 32.4 million euros), is the largest for a national pavilion. The commissioner is Akio Morita, the president of Sony. The wooden pavilion imagined by the architect Tadao Andō, is the first pavilion to have been finished [ g 1 ] . It is on Avenue des Acacias. We access the fourth and last floor by mechanical stairs passing under an arch symbolizing the passage of traditional Japan to modern Japan. The other three levels are accessible from inside the building, which in particular houses a reproduction of the Château d’Azuchi, models of landscapes and Japanese origami cities, a reproduction of the sanctuary of a shinto temple, the replica d ‘A Buddhist deity and exhibitions using laser, holograms and atomized images. When the Crown Prince Naruhito visits the exhibition, the Japanese organize a big demonstration for two days, with parades, martial arts tournaments, dances and traditional music [ a 48 ] , [ a 69 ] , [ f 52 ] .
Malaysia, in a pavilion of Kumpulan Jetson, presents a model of the Sultan Abdul Samad building, clothes and typical objects from the country [ a 67 ] , [ f 53 ] . Pakistan, in an architectural clinic pavilion, exhibits Mohammad Nawaz Mazari, considered, with 239 cm , like the greatest man in the world. The pavilion sells carpets and other typical objects [ a 67 ] , [ f 54 ] , [ and 12 ] . Singapore, in his pavilion imagined by Conrad Design Pacific Limited, recreates a street in his capital [ a 67 ] , [ f 55 ] . In front of the Sri Lanka pavilion, drawn by José Antonio Obregón, is a 12 m from above [ f 56 ] . The architecture of the Thailand pavilion, imagined by Prajade Thiravat, recalls that of the traditional Buddhist temples of the country [ a 67 ] , [ f 57 ] . The Turkey Pavilion is produced by Oner Tokcan, Hulusi I Gonul and C. Ilder Tokcan [ f 58 ] . Indonesia and the Philippines, in a common pavilion built by Fernando Mendoza Castells, are also present at the exhibition [ a 46 ] , [ f 59 ] , [ f 60 ] , [ g 41 ] .
Africa [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The “Place d’Afrique” building, located by the lake, next to the northern door of the site, is made up of two communicating buildings and it is accessed by a closed gateway passing over a pool. He is imagined by Alvaro Navarro and Miguel Martínez de Castilla [ g 42 ] and is built by the Confederation of Entrepreneurs from Andalusia . Cofinated by the European Community and by Spain, it allows some of the poorest African countries to be present at the exhibition. Most of the exhibits are on sale. The Congo offers tables by mahogany , a wood from mahogany Swietenia macrophylla ; Kenya presents objects such as wooden sculptures, carpets, bags or necklaces, zimbabwe of sculptures and masks, Cameroon a statue of lion and objects in ebony and hippopotamus bones, Senegal of animals full and CAP-green a loom and local fabric. Angola, Côte d’Ivoire, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Mozambique and Sao Tomé-et-Principe are also represented [ a 70 ] , [ f 61 ] .
The place of Africa also houses in the exhibition “Treasury of Nigeria” of historical objects of Nigerian art: Owo terracotta, bronze sculptures of an ancient IFE civilization or containers of the civilization of IGBO -Ukwu [ a 32 ] .
South Africa has its own pavilion, drawn Paer Reiner Kohl, made up of tents on avenue 5. It shows its richness in gold and diamonds, as well as photos of Nelson Mandela and Frederik de Klerk shaking the hand [ a 70 ] , [ f 62 ] .
Caribbean [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The Caribbean pavilion, created by Jesús Castañón Díaz, Ernesto Sánchez Zapata and Eduardo Gómez García, houses the Bahamas, Jamaica, Trinité-et-Tobago and the organization of the Eastern Caribbean States, which brings together Antigua-et-Barbuda, Dominique, Granada, Montserrat, Saint-Christophe-et-Niévès, Saint-Vincent-et-les-Grenadines and Sainte-Lucie. It is located on the way to discoveries, in front of the public space of the Palenque . We serve cocktails and listen to traditional music like reggae. Haiti and the Dominican Republic (whose pavilion was created by William Vega and Fernando Ottenwalder, and which presents objects from Tainnos Indians) are also present [ a 32 ] , [ a 56 ] , [ a 71 ] , [ f 63 ] .
Porto Rico has his own pavilion, imagined by Segundo Cardona Colom, Luis Sierra and Alberto Ferrer. The building is made up of three geometric volumes of different architectural styles: a triangular volume with natural stone, a volume of general cylindrical, metallic shape, covered with a copper and glass envelope and, between the two, a Pergola covered with white glass paste panels. The cylindrical building contains a cyclorama and an exhibition hall [ f 64 ] , [ g 43 ] .
Oceania [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Next to the place of Africa is the pavilion of the South Pacific Islands, in wood and bamboo, imagined by Stuart Hugget. Destroyed by a fire a few days before the inauguration, it must be rebuilt and opens its doors three months late. There are, on sale, objects from Fiji, Kiribati, Solomon and Vanuatu Islands. Folk groups occur there [ a 72 ] , [ f 65 ] .
The Australian pavilion is on avenue 1, among Asian countries. Imagined by Philip Page, David Rendon and Martinez Zúñiga and Donaire, he has 5 floors and his walls are wavy canvases held by a steel structure. Among other things, you can see a documentary on the country, projected on 360 degrees, a small humid tropical forest, inhabited by parrots, and the Argyle Library Egg , a gold jewel of 15 kg Decorated with 20,000 diamonds and representing a library locked in an egg [ a 73 ] , [ f 66 ] , [ and 13 ] .
The New Zealand pavilion, drawn by Peter Hill, recreated in relief on its facades the coastlines mapped by James Cook, with rocks, waterfalls, waves and mechanical animals like sea birds. Folk dances and music are interpreted by a group of Maori. The pavilion shows a documentary presenting Polynesian navigators, the island colonizers and famous New Zealanders, all on songs from the Maori soprano lady Kirawa [ a 71 ] , [ a 74 ] , [ f 67 ] .
The PAVILION of Papua Nouvelle-Guinée is on the avenue des Acacias. He was drawn by David Richardson who was inspired by haus tambaran , traditional ancestral houses of eastern sepik [ a 71 ] , [ f 68 ] .
Pavilions of autonomous communities in Spain [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The 17 autonomous communities in Spain have their pavilion [ a 75 ] , located around an artificial lake of 400 m of diameter [ a 14 ] , the Spanish lake ( Lake of Spain ), created for the occasion. The latter is, during the night, thanks to spotlights, lasers and water screens, the theater of a light show.
The Andalusia pavilion is made up of a white marble base in Macael, from which leaves a sandstone building whose base is half a job, itself crossed by an oblique cylinder covered with blue ceramics [ g 44 ] . Work of the architect and scenographer Sevillan Juan RUESGA NAVARRO, it is built near the busiest entrance on the site, the door of the Barqueta. The pavilion shows a collection of the first editions of books by Juan Ramón Jiménez, Antonio Machado and Federico García Lorca, the first grammar of Antonio de Nebrija and the treasure of El Carambolo. There is also, representing the Andalusian technologies of the future, a Tarifa wind turbine, the first model of a cylindro-parabolic mirror made in Tabernas, a prototype racing car created in Motril and an ultralight fiberglass plane built at La Rinconada . You can also consult the Electronic Encyclopedia of Andalusia and see a film which, on 360 degrees, gives the visitor to fly over certain Andalusian places such as the pilgrimage of El Rocío, the snow of Sierra Nevada or the shipyards of Cadiz. Outside the building is, under the jurisdiction of the Commissioner of the Pavilion Antonio Rodríguez Almodóvar, a park which reproduces, on a reduced scale, buildings, monuments and famous natural spaces of Andalusia. The park, with an area of 10,000 m 2 , is traveled in small trains [ a 32 ] , [ f 69 ] .
The Aragon pavilion, created by José Manuel Pérez de la Torre [ g 45 ] , exhibits a collection of Goya paintings [ a 26 ] , [ f 70 ] .
The Pavilion of the Principality of Asturias, imagined by Ramón Muñoz and Antonio Sanmartín, presents at the entrance a mechanical bear that can rise along a beam to the top of the building. The pavilion houses a cider factory and a small train course among forests and mountains [ f 71 ] . The pavilion was installed at the Musée du Peuple des Asturias in 1994.
The Balearic Islands Pavilion is the work of Miguel Vicens Coll. It is an entirely glazed building, with giant sails and surrounded by water, inside which is a collection of ancient art and a tribute to Miró [ f 72 ] .
The Canary Islands Pavilion, created by architects José Manuel Barrio Losada and César Mezquita [ g 46 ] , forms a large navy blue cube surrounded by a garden of local plants like the Dragonnier des Canaries or Euphorbia canariensis . Inside is a volcanic tunnel (representing that of the Cueva del Viento D’Icod de los vinos), aquariums with fish and marine vegetation of the Canary Islands and an exhibition of ancient and contemporary art, including works by Caesar Manrique [ f 73 ] .
Cantabrie shows in its pavilion, created by Ricardo Piqueras, Alain Pelissier and Arnaud Sompairae [ g 47 ] , a large -scale replica of the map of Juan de la Cosa and another from the Altamira cave [ f 74 ] .
The Castille-et-León pavilion is made up of two elements wrapped in a self-supporting cubic structure used as a reinforcement [ g 48 ] . œvre de Josefina González, Dario Alvárez, Yolanda Martinez, Felix Cavallero, Miguel Angel of the Church is the church et José Munuel Martínez [ g 48 ] , he exhibits the Glosas Silence : This is a Latin text in the margins of which medieval copyists noted comments in the Romanesque language of the Iberian Peninsula. They represent a fundamental manuscript for the Spanish language [ f 75 ] .
The Castille-La Manche pavilion, imagined by Manuel and Ignacio de Las Casas and Jaime Lorenzo, is entirely made of wood. It is found, lit by a slit pierced in the roof and some skylights [ g 49 ] , many works of art, including eight paintings by El Greco (including Spoliation or The tears of Saint Peter ) and the Custode of the Toledo cathedral, produced by Enrique de Arfe. The Custode returns to Toledo on the day of the Corpusrication and is replaced until the end of the exhibition by the Spheres of the four continents (Spheres of the four continents) of Lorenzo Vaccaro: silver spheres each mounted by a female figure, dating from 1695 and which also came from the cathedral of Toledo [ a 26 ] , [ f 76 ] .
Le Pavillon de la Catalogne, Dessiné Par Pedro Llimona et Xavier Ruiz [ g 50 ] , entirely white, houses a collection of Catalan design [ f 77 ] .
Tomás Vicente Curbelo et Juan José García Vionndi Créent Le Pavillon d’Estémadure [ g 51 ] . It is a vitreous avant-garde style building, with transparent floors. There is a statue of the Roman goddess Cérès, from the National Museum of Roman art of Mérida, as well as other works of art [ f 78 ] .
The Galician pavilion, in Granite of Lugo and Porriño and in shale of Ourense, imagined by José Antonio Franco Taboada, is open on the lake by a perron. There is a large model of the cathedral of Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle as well as one of its botafumeiros [ f 79 ] .
The Madrid community pavilion is a steel building coated with transparent materials, illuminated during the night, created by José Luis Ramón Solans, Ricardo del Amo and Pilar Briales [ f 80 ] , [ g 52 ] .
The pavilion of the Murcia region, imagined by Vicente Martínez Gadea, presents an anterior inclined facade covered with flowers, descending to a basin in which is the submarine of Isaac Peral. The building houses the autogire of Juan de la Cierva and a collection of art, including the Dinner , Salcillo sculptor [ f 81 ] .
Le Pavillon of the Comunauté Forale of Navarre, Imagine par fernando Redón Huici [ g 53 ] , is glazed and has a white roof with two slopes. It houses a forest of beech trees crossed by a stream in waterfalls. A presentation in holograms in the history of Navarre, produced by Juan Luis Buresi, is shown there [ f 82 ] .
The structure of the Pavilion of the Basque Country, drawn by Luis Angoloti and Apolinario Fernández de Sousa, recalls the hamlets premises. Its glass facade has the colors of the Basque flag. A film is screened, presenting an imaginary journey through the Basque Country [ f 83 ] .
Le Pavillon de la Rioja (I DESINÉ PAR RAÚL GONZALO ZARANDONA ET JULIÁN TORRES CASTILLO [ g 54 ] ) Watch to the visitor the Emilianenses Glosses , first book written in Spanish. The subsoil of the pavilion pays tribute to the cellars of the region [ f 84 ] .
The pavilion that Emilio Giménez Julián imagines for the Valencian community has a bell tower housing six bells of the Valence cathedral, which sounds four times a day. Inside the building is an exhibition on the link between the Valencian community and the discovery of America. She notably exhibits an original document signed by Santángel, a Valencien, allocating to Christophe Columbus a credit for her trip, as well as a letter, dated 1493, in which Columbus tells his creditor his discovery [ f 85 ] .
Pavilion of XV It is century [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Created by Francisco Torres, built on 3,305 m 2 And located in the monastery gardens, it has a central room surmounted by an octagonal dome [ g 55 ] . It shows, through audio-visual montages and a rotating theater, the face of the world before 1492 and how beliefs and certainties then rubbed shoulders, especially concerning the Eldorado. We see Europe at the time and the new world such as Columbus discovered it. There is also an astronomical clock. The monastery is also the seat of the royal pavilion, a place of reception of foreign governments and heads of state [ a 76 ] , [ f 86 ] .
Discovery pavilion [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
He is in the shape of a huge parallelepiped, imagined by Javier Feduchi. Shortly before the opening of the exhibition, a fire in ravaging the interior and, unusable, it remains closed for the duration of the event. It should have been the central core of the exhibition, showing, by advanced museographic techniques, the development of man and science between 1492 and the end of XX It is century. Despite everything, the exterior of the building is transformed by the painter Eduardo Arroyo: by decorating it large silhouettes of sweeps, it makes it a real monument to fire, illuminated by the sphere of omnimax cinema, the only part of the pavilion to be saved from flames. This spherical cinema allows you to project the documentary “Eureka, the passion to discover” ( Eureka, the passion to discover ), which recounts many discoveries, of the arrival of Magellan on Terre de Feu to discover the caves of Altamira. Omnimax also projects “blue planet” ( Blue planet ), providing an ecological message through images from around the world. The last concert of the Rolling Stones is also broadcast there during the last hour of the night [ a 77 ] .
It is the most visited pavilion of the exhibition [ a 78 ] . Work of architect Guillermo Vázquez Consuegra, he represents the inverted shell of a boat. It is located south of the site, at the level of the Guadalquivir platforms, just upstream of the expiration bridge, at the place where replicas of the three caravels of Columbus and the caraque are moored Victoria . Its main facade, turned towards the canal, evokes old port installations [ g 56 ] . The visitor walks inside the reproduction of a galleon, accessing a model of Seville de Columbus and real treasures discovered in the seas and the oceans over the centuries [ f 87 ] .
After the exhibition, he received the prize, given by the College of Architects, of best work built in 1992.
American nature and garden pavilion [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Drawn by Luis Fernando Gómez Stern, it is a gigantic tropical forest bubble sprinkled by artificial rain; There are more than 160 plants and animals in the humid forest: iguanas, turkeys, toucans, piranhas (in the Brazilian zone), MoDers (in that of the Canaries), fish of the Persian Gulf and Australia. In the Monaco area is an aquarium which is accessed by a transparent tunnel through which we can observe sharks from the Mediterranean. In addition, a show in showscan is screened, showing images of the Doñana National Park, the Los Roques, Gran Sabana, the Delta de l’Orénoque and Llanos d’Apure archipelago [ f 88 ] .
Around the nature pavilion is the American garden. It is a space of two hectares which has more than 500 plants brought by 21 countries in America participating in the exhibition: cedar of Cuba, Argentine Ceibo, Colombian oil palm, Belombra, Coca, etc. [ a 79 ] .
Future place [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Created by the architect Oriol Bohigas, the building named Square of the future (Place of the future) houses the four pavilions of become : energy pavilions, telecommunications, universe and the environment. In the energy pavilion are explained, using many devices, the principle of “energy transfer” and the energy problems that man will encounter in the future. Among other things, there is a solar car and the Miguel Indurain bike. The telecommunications pavilion broadcasts an audiovisual show on a wall of 848 televisions. The universe pavilion contains a planetarium exhibiting the cosmos and its evolution on 180 degrees. The environmental pavilion shows “concert for land” ( Earth concert ), a three -dimensional film [ a 80 ] , [ f 89 ] .
Twenty-three international organizations have their pavilion at the exhibition [ a 81 ] , [ g 1 ] .
The pavilion of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), created by Rafael de la Hoz, shows a collection of Olympic torches, from that of Berlin (1936) to that of Barcelona (1992), and works of art like The American athlete d’Auguste families, The cosmic athlete of Dalí or Faster Higher Stronger by Miguel Berrocal [ a 51 ] , [ a 82 ] , [ a 83 ] , [ f 90 ] , [ 20 ] .
The European Community pavilion, created by Karsten K. Krebs, is located at the center of the avenue de l’Europe, surrounded by the 12 bioclimatic towers representing the member countries of the European Community. The pavilion, at 50 m , is a large cone painted in the colors of the flags of the twelve countries [ g 57 ] . We discover Europe of the era of discoveries, from the Renaissance to the birth of the European Community. The course ends with a presentation, on 96 syncronized screens, of the Maastricht Treaty (signed in February 1992, two months before the opening of the exhibition).
The UN present in his pavilion (created by José Ramón Rodríguez Gautier, Javier Morales and Luis Uruñuela [ g 58 ] ) a film in which an extraterrestrial is irritated by the disasters that humans cause to the earth [ a 82 ] , [ f 91 ] .
The other organizations represented at the exhibition are ASE, BID, CERN, CICR [ f 92 ] , the Council of Europe, the Arab League Council, the taxman, the UNHCR, the IICA, the Austral European Observatory, the Oea, the Ouco, the ILO, the OMI, the OMS , OMT, UNUAA, ONUDI, OPS, UNESCO and UNICEF.
Many companies are present at the exhibition. Six of them [ g 1 ] Have a clean pavilion (Cruzcampo, Fujitsu, La Once, Rank Xerox, Rétivisión and Siemens) and all participate directly in the financing of the event. A law on tax profits ( Fiscal Benefits Law ) is introduced by Spain for the exhibition: this law exempts the participating companies from a large part of their direct turnover taxes in the exhibition and allows them not to pay VAT [ a 84 ] .
Official suppliers [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Bull, El Corte Inglés, Ford, Fuji, IBM, Olivetti, Panasonic, Philips, Rank Xerox, Real Casa de la Moneda, Schindler, Siemens, Sony and Telefónica are the official suppliers of the exhibition [ a 85 ] .
The presence at the exhibition of the Spanish department store chain El Corte Inglés is discreet, boiling about the construction of a children’s playground [ a 86 ] .
Fuji is the official supplier of the exhibition in cinematographic and photographic equipment, whose company obtains the monopoly of sale to the public [ a 86 ] .
IBM first plans to have its own pavilion at the exhibition but finally decides to abandon the project. Indeed, the difficulties encountered then by the project Cartuja 93 , to allow the reconversion of the exhibition in a technological center, persuade the company not to get involved in Seville as much. IBM still presents its Spanish language technology center , a voice recognition device, located in a building provided by the exhibition and that the American company can keep later. IBM also has the exclusivity on giant screens of public zones and disseminates on the 33 terminals site providing information on the event. A third of the firm’s expenses is assumed by the Junta de Andalucía [ a 87 ] .
Philips and Olivetti are the official suppliers of projection and computer equipment equipment [ a 86 ] .
The Rank Xerox company specializes in photocopiers and printers. Emilio Haase Barasoain, Managing Director of Rank Xerox in Spain, signs a contract of a billion pesetas (6 million euros) to supply the exhibition with office equipment. The company also invests the double in its pavilion, imagined by Manuel Carrilero de la Torre [ g 59 ] . She presents exhibitions devoted to several Spanish artists as well as a tribute to the ancient document, notably through a documentary, “The Mystery of Doerra” ( The mystery of Dogera ), which travels the history of the document since the printing house of Gutenberg [ a 86 ] , [ f 93 ] , [ and 14 ] .
The Swiss group Schindler, specializing in mechanical stairs, rolling sidewalks and elevators, built a panoramic tower of 65 m Next to the navigation pavilion [ a 86 ] . It consists of two distinct parts. The first is a metal structure which contains the staircase used for the descent; The second, white concrete structure with ogival -based base, built on the canal and whose shape evokes a ship’s shell placed on its end, contains the elevators allowing access to the terrace [ g 56 ] .
The Siemens pavilion, a German company specializing in high technology, is a large building imagined by the German Bertram Engel and built by the German architect Gunter R. Standke. Cylindrical, it is cut by a line directly inspired by the Giralda, the bell tower of the Cathedral of Seville. The building is protected from heat by a screen of blades turning with the sun, and operating on solar energy. Siemens presents the film “Concert Evolution” ( Evolution concert ), which warns against the risks of environmental destruction, offering as the only alternative the integration of man into nature. The film compares the human to a pianist breaking the harmony of a concert by deciding selfishly to play without taking into account other instruments. Siemens is the official supplier of exposure to telephone switches, versatile terminals and analog and digital phones. The company also collaborates with Alstom on the construction of the high -speed train Ave connecting Madrid and Seville. She plans to settle in Cartuja 93 With an investigation center led by Florencio Meleno, delegate of Siemens in Andalusia [ a 88 ] , [ f 94 ] .
Sony installs on the homonymous place of the exhibition JumboTron , a cathode screen of 228 m 2 , the largest in Europe in 1992, and plans scenes from the exhibition and the concerts [ a 14 ] , [ a 86 ] , [ a 89 ] .
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The BBVA, Banco Central Hispanoamero, Banco Español de Crédéo, Coca-Cola, Cruzcampo and Schindler are the official sponsors of the demonstration. Coca-Cola pays 1.7 billion pesetas (10.2 million euros) to officially sponsor the event and to obtain the exclusivity of sodas sales on the site [ a 86 ] . The American firm also organizes the daily parade which takes place in the streets of the exhibition. Cruzcampo, Spanish brewery based in Seville, sells in his pavilion (drawn by Miguel de Oriol E Ibarra [ g 60 ] ) beer that she brews on site [ a 85 ] , [ a 86 ] , [ f 95 ] .
Other companies [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Les Autres Entreprises Associées et Collabratrrices Sont Alcatel, American Express, Arbor, Bacardí, Campofrío, Coanbega, The Compagnie Sévillane d’ellectricité, Danone, Electrolux, Enasa, Esabe-Servipack, Ever Pink, Fujitsu, Hiram Walker, Hispasat, Iberia, J&B , Larios, Mapasa, Mapfre, Mesque Rodríguez and Cía, Nestlé, La Once, Pedro Domecq, La Renfe, Retevisión, Roneo Ucem, Seur, Lands de Jerez, Yuca E et Zanussi [ a 85 ] .
The theme of the Fujitsu pavilion, imagined by the architect Hajime Mori, is “the hormony between humanity and advanced technology”. It presents a collection of Spanish art and a 3-D film on a hemispherical screen (Imax Solido process) called “Echoes of the Sun” ( Echoes of the sun ) which will earn the price of best film in Expo 92. Fujitsu fails to obtain exclusivity on the giant screens of the public areas of the event (given to IBM). On the other hand, the Japanese company wins that of the control and monitoring systems of the entries. Fujitsu invests 3.2 billion pesetas (19.2 million euros) [ a 90 ] .
Jerez de la Frontera, fifth city of Andalusia and largest city in the province of Cadiz, wishes to have its pavilion. As a city, the regulations prohibit it from it and it is under the cover of a company, called “promotion of the land of Jerez and its products” ( Promotion of the land of Jerez and its products, S.A. ) that the municipality manages to enter the exhibition, for the sum of 400 million pesetas (2.4 million euros). The municipality as well as 52 companies in its comarque participate. The pavilion is drawn by local architects José Ramón González de la Peña and Ignacio de la Peña Muñoz [ g 61 ] and by engineers Juan Manuel Hernández and Fernando García Martín. The sherry wine (whose pavilion has exclusivity on the site) and local gastronomy are presented there, as well as the equestrian tradition and Andalusian folklore. The pavilion is set up in a circle around a large track on which are presented shows featuring Andalusian horses [ a 91 ] .
The Once Foundation pavilion, created by Gilbert Barbany and Sebastián Mateu, represents two juxtaposed glass parallelepipeds; The external structure is made up of concrete covered with stone. The building, emerging from the first subsoil, is surrounded by an English courtyard on a body of water [ f 96 ] , [ g 62 ] .
The Retavisión pavilion, a Spanish telecommunications company then public, transmits throughout the event Sevilla, Sevilla , a program presented by Carmen Maura and Antonio Banderas which will be sent by 64 televisions worldwide. The pavilion, also called Audiovisual technology pavilion [ g 63 ] , also offers a virtual reality video game. The building was imagined by Horacio Domínguez López [ a 82 ] , [ f 97 ] .
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The cable car and the exhibition.
In total, more than 6,500 works from 677 collections, are exhibited in the various pavilions. Among them are paintings from Goya, Rubens, Van Gogh, Velázquez, El Greco, Dalí, Miró and Tàpies, sculptures by Alonso Berruguete, Miguel Berrocal, Pablo Gargallo, D ‘ Eduardo Chillida, Gustavo Torner and Jorge Oteiza. Archaeological treasures such as the contents of the Peruvian funeral complex of the Huaca Rajada, sculptures of ancient Rome, Mayan murals, Chinese tapestries, Arab carpets, etc. , are also presented, not to mention more than 650 objects representing the ancestral cultures of the various countries present [ a 92 ] .
The Cartuja monastery is the seat of the exhibition “Art and culture around 1492” ( Art and culture around 1492 ) which shows, through 331 objects from 28 countries, pre -Columbian, European, eastern, Islamic and African cultures of the end of XV It is century [ a 92 ] , [ a 93 ] . The Plaza de Armas bus station, located on the other bank of the Dars of the Guadalquivir, in the center of Seville, also presents an exhibition of Iberian-American contemporary art. There are works by Wifredo Lam, Oswaldo Guayasamin, Fernando Botero, Edgar Negret, Alejandro Otero or Jacobo Borges. On the avenue de l’Europe is exposed Europe to heart , a sculpture by Ludmila Tcherina. At the entrance to the exhibition located at the Porte de Triana is the “blue and green half-sphere” ( Blue and green sphera medium ) of the Venezuelan artist Jesús-Rafael Soto, of which there are also other works on the site of the exhibition. There are also disseminated on the Guadalquivir garden of works by artists like Stephan Balkenhol, Ettore Spalletti, Per Kirkeby or Eva Lootz. The Arts Pavilion, out of 2,000 m 2 , accounts for four permanent sculpture exhibitions from four countries and eight temporary exhibitions allowing 555 contemporary artists from 44 countries to exhibit their works [ a 51 ] , [ a 94 ] .
During the 176 days of the exhibition, at the rate of 19 hours a day, on 16 scenes dispersed on the site (especially at Palenque , a covered space of 9,000 m 2 ), in the different show rooms in the city and in Itálica, follow one another dance shows, concerts, operas, plays, humorous shows, entertainment for children and fashion shows. Many concerts and shows take place at the Théâtre de la Maestranza, the central theater and the Cartuja auditorium [ a 14 ] , [ a 95 ] .
Mode [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
A parade of clothing from the collection of the Pierre Bergé – Yves Saint Laurent foundation takes place on the esplanade of the Pavilion of France; We show in particular for the first time during a parade the Mondrian collection. During an auditorium gala are presented collections of creators such as Giorgio Armani, Pedro del Hierro and Victorio & Lucchino, carried by models like Inés Sastre [ a 7 ] .
Music [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The Maestranza Theater lives with the exhibition its inaugural season. On the program of operas, we find in particular A masked ball by Giuseppe Verdi (with Plácido Domingo as tenor) and Fidelio From Beethoven, both by the company of the Metropolitan Opera in New York. The Traviata is played by the Compagnie de la Scala de Milan and Don Giovanni is interpreted by the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra and its choir. Kiri Te Kanawa also sings, accompanied by the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, just like the Greek Mezzo-Soprano Agnes Baltsa. The Dresden Opera also presents The Flying Dutchman by Richard Wagner and the Royal Opera of Stockholm Maria Stuarda De Gaetano Donizetti [ a 74 ] , [ a 96 ] .
The London Philharmonic Orchestras, Vienna (directed by Claudio Abbado), Munich (directed by Sergiu Celibidache), Warsaw, Moscow, Israel (led by Zubin Mehta) and Oslo (led by Mariss Jansons), The national orchestras of the Netherlands and Belgium and the symphonic orchestras of Gothenburg, Leipzig, Malmö and Hungary occur as part of the exhibition, as well as the cellist Mstislav Rostropovitch. We also note the presence of Michael Nyman Band and the Andalusí orquesta of Tetouan who interpret works by Michael Nyman [ a 74 ] , [ a 97 ] , [ and 15 ] . At the Cartuja auditorium, we can also hear works by Andrew Lloyd Webber interpreted by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra of Liverpool, as well as the musical Which Witch [ a 74 ] .
The Glenn Miller’s jazz orchestra occurs at Palenque In tributes to Miles Davis, Charlie Parker and John Coltrane. Kenny Garrett, Gerry Mulligan, Herbie Hancock and Tony Williams participate. Count Basie Orchestra and Pasadena Roof Orchestra also play [ a 89 ] , [ a 97 ] . Several salsa and Latin music concerts take place, notably thanks to the Panamanian Roberto Blades, Elba Ramalho, Gran Combo of Puerto Rico, Milton Nascimento or Nacha Guevara and Julio Bocca [ a 89 ] . Seville logically invites flamenco to the exhibition, with shows by Manuela Carrasco, accompanied by guitarists Chiquetete, Manuel Mairena or José de la Tomasa. Musical comedy Jerez gypsies is presented at the Cartuja auditorium, led by guitarist Manuel Morao [ a 98 ] . Pop and rock are also present and we can attend the Place Sony At the Crowded House, Rui Veloso, Luz Casal or Total Siniestro concerts, among others. The Scorpions group occurs in the German pavilion and Guns n ‘roses in the Benito-Villamarín stadium [ a 89 ] .
Theater [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Many pieces, under the responsibility of Maurizio Scaparro, theatrical consultant of the exhibition, are presented, notably at the Lope theater in Vega and at the Central theater in Cartuja.
Vittorio Gassman presents a work inspired by Moby Dick . Formerly peer , the work of Henrik Ibsen, is interpreted by the Dramaten company of Stockholm, with Börje Ahlstedt and Bibi Andersson in the main roles; The Comedy-French present The Barber of Seville , with Roland Bertin in the role of Figaro; the room Le Barufe Chiozzotte , a carlo Goldoni, east prosentée by Piccolo The Milan Theater; La Cestu de Pasquale Cancerón de la boat, Life is a dream , is interpreted by the Rustaveli company of Georgia; The Gate Theater from Dublin presents two works by Samuel Beckett, directed by Walter Asmus. The German company of Thalia Theater performs a musical show led by Bob Wilson, on music by Tom Waits and the French company L’Essquisse plays Full sun . Spanish theater is represented by Barbarian comedies by Ramón María del Valle-inclan, directed by José Carlos Plaza Lope de Aguirre , by José Sanchis Sinisterra and contemporary works by Martín Collection, Antonio Gala, Lucas Marañas and Alfonso Sastre. Greek tragedy is also in the spotlight with Antigone , by the Greek company Volos [ a 99 ] .
Dance [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The folk dances of many countries are revealed during the exhibition, especially during the national days of the different countries. Among other things, we find there the 200 dancers of the Cuban Tropicana cabaret, an epic show, epic form of traditional Japanese theater, Maori dances or folk ballets from Nicaragua or Dominican Republic. The Costa Rica National Dance Company presents a show entitled Our prelude At Palenque .
“The eyes of the goddess” ( The Eyes of the Goddess ), unfinished posthumous work of Martha Graham, is interpreted at the Italica amphitheater; The Helsinki theater presents “August” by Carolyn Carlson and the Grands Canadian Ballets The Russian version of “Le Tricorne” ( The Three-Cornered Hat ) of Serge de Diaghilev, on the choreography of Léonide Massine and with the decorations of Pablo Picasso. The Balletmet (Columbus Ballet Company (Ohio), in the United States, founded in 1974) performs a show on the history of jazz while the Gulbenkian ballet of Lisbon and Olga Roriz are going up Isolde , According to Tristan and Isode, on the music of Richard Wagner. The Ballet of the Kirov Theater, he performs “Prayer for the Age of Aquarius” by Sofia Goubaïdoulina under the musical direction of Mstislav Rostropovitch. Cristina Hoyos Dance “deserted” ( Yerma ) Avec Manuel Reyes et Juan Antonio Jiménez; Víctor Ullate Interprette From triana to Seville On music by Manolo Sanlúcar and Merche Esmeralda his choreography “The protective sky” ( The protective sky ) [ a 74 ] , [ a 100 ] .
Many conferences, seminars and debates take place on subjects as diverse as languages and literature, bilateral relations, trade and economy, climate, history, etc. There are international experts like the poet and essayist Octavio Paz, the writers José Saramago, Camilo José that and Günter Grass, the Philologists Rafael Lapesa, Manuel Alvar and Emilio Alarcos Llorach, politicians like Raúl Alfonsín or Helmut Schmidt, economist Jacques Attali, the theologian Hans Küng or the philosopher Karl Popper [ a 101 ] .
The Expo press center occupies an area of 11,000 m 2 In a site building with an international transmission center. A press office is responsible for disseminating official information through a daily bulletin. Moreover, Radio Expo And Tele Expo , official demonstration radio and television station, offer programs daily.
The exhibition takes an important place in the Sevillian and Andalusian media, not only during the six months of the demonstration, but also before. At the start of the project, skepticism is in the foreground, in particular concerning the ability of organizers to achieve their objectives. The price set for entries is also criticized. During the local elections of 1991, shortly before the inauguration, the media reflected criticism from the leaders of the opposition. Despite everything, after the fires which ravage a few days before the opening the pavilion of discoveries and that of Oceania, the media change their attitude and are united. After the inauguration, they become almost unanimously positive, directing their criticisms more on management than on the final result. The exhibition takes such a place in the Sevillian media that three local periodicals decide to modernize the equipment of the press center to be able to disseminate information. The negative aspects presented initially by the local press are partly taken up by the national press, which goes through the same periods of skepticism and enthusiasm. The inauguration is generally qualified as brilliant and successful. It is still legitimate to doubt the objectivity of a national press concerning a universal exhibition organized on your own soil. Press agencies like Reuters have offices on the site. The international press, in particular European but also American, is regularly interested in the demonstration and, generally positive, describes the investments of the organizers as indisputable as to the quantity and quality of the attractions and exhibitions of the exhibition [ c 3 ] .
Seville after the exhibition [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Impact on transport and town planning [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The exhibition has enabled the City of Seville to have modern infrastructure and renovate many others. Thanks to Expo 92, Seville, which was previously relatively isolated from the rest of the country, is a two and a half hours of Madrid train, with which it is also connected by a highway. Communications between the city and the rest of Andalusia have also improved significantly and the airport has quadrupled its capacity. The creation of a peripheral belt and the construction of several bridges make the city more accessible, especially from the west, and allows the development of peripheral areas. The creation of the new station to the north of the city eliminated the barriers that previously constituted the passage of railways in the middle of the city [ b 4 ] .
Despite everything, 15 years later, some infrastructure already seems out of date. The small number of routes of the peripheral belt and the fifth centenary bridge no longer absorb the road traffic of the XXI It is century, which regularly causes congestion. In addition, the peripheral ring is incomplete and the circulation which passes through the North must cross a zone of crossroads and signaling lights, which limits its functionality. Road communications with the areas west of Seville were favored during the preparation of the exhibition, in order to facilitate access to the site, in particular from Huelva and Cadix, without despite everything allowing adequate access to the is the Costa del Sol. Logically, during the following years, the emphasis was placed on the renovation of the infrastructure of other regions, the west of Seville and access to the Costa del Sol being sidelined, preventing them from developing [ b 4 ] , [ and 16 ] .
The city’s debt following the 1992 exhibition (at a cost of a thousand billion pesetas (6 billion euros), the debt is still in 2000 of a hundred and sixty billion pesetas (one billion euros )) and the retraining problems of the Cartuja site feed the controversy [ and 17 ] . Despite everything, it has been shown that if the Universal Exhibition had not taken place and that if, consequently, the vast majority of infrastructure made between 1987 and 1992 had not been built, the growth rates of the sector of sector The construction of the Andalusian region would have been, on average, 5.4% lower than the recorded values, this figure corresponding to a difference of 0.94% of the Commence . This increase in GDP reaches 3.24% if we add the indirect effects of the impact of Expo 92. At the national level, it is 0.43%, which places the Universal Exhibition in Seville before the Cup From the 2007 America 2007 of Valencia (0.09%) and before the Specialized Exhibition of 2008 in Zaragoza (0.044%), but clearly behind the 1992 summer Olympic Games in Barcelona (1.08%) [ d 4 ] .
In the years following the event, no net increase in tourism is noted in Seville. It is therefore not possible to assert that the exhibition has had a positive impact on the image of the city internationally [ d 4 ] . A survey was carried out in 2010 in Seville among 101 people aged 15 to 65 (61 Spanish and 40 foreign tourists from France, Italy, the United States, China and Germany). Among those questioned, 63.4% visited the exhibition in 1992, including 20.5% of foreigners. Among the 36.6% who did not visit the exhibition (including those questioned who were not born or were too young in 1992), 56.8% never heard of the demonstration and 43 , 2% have only one idea vague of what it was and what it represented for Seville. Among the Sevillans aged between 45 and 65, 85% recognizes the benefits that the demonstration brought to the city. More than 75% of those questioned think that the exhibition site was not properly exploited after the end of the event. Among these, 76.2% would see more facilities dedicated to leisure and 66.3% more cultural institutions [ c 4 ] .
The Cartuja district after the exhibition [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
A pavilion management company and exhibition spaces is created, called Agesa ( PUBLIC DE MANAGENO DE ASITOS S.A. ) [ 21 ] . The Cartuja 93 technological park and the Isla Mágica theme park resume part of the site after the exhibition [ a 5 ] , [ and 17 ] . Apart from projects Cartuja 93 And Magic Island , other buildings and infrastructures of the exhibition are reused: among them, the CIO pavilion is transformed into a nightclub, that of Puerto Rico is bought by Spanish post, that of Andalusia is the seat of RTVA, that of Morocco is the seat of the Three Cultures Foundation (Christian, Hebrew and Muslim) and the place of Africa is the seat of the Confederation of Entrepreneurs of Andalusia [ c 5 ] . The Cartuja monastery became in 1997 the Andalusian Center for Contemporary Art (CAAC), notably taking up the collections of the Museum of Contemporary Art then on rue Santo Tomás, and also houses the Andalusian Institute of Historical Heritage [ 22 ] , [ c 6 ] , [ c 7 ] . The , the navigation pavilion, after work which will have cost 11 million euros, reopens the public part of the collection exhibited during the exhibition, including the models of historic ships, enriched with interactive animations. Seville also manages to recover, after many years of abandonment, half of the plant species in the American garden, inaugurated in April 2010 after work that will have cost 8.5 million euros [ and 3 ] . In 2007, the Directorate General of Cultural Property of the Andalusian Ministry of Culture began a procedure to register in the general catalog of Andalusian historical heritage six pavilions of the exhibition: those of Spain, Andalusia, Hungary, France and Finland as well as the thematic pavilion of navigation. Their registration in this catalog presupposes, in addition to their safeguard, their development from a tourist point of view [ c 8 ] .
The temporary rail line C-2, established to reach the Cartuja Island from Santa Justa station, is closed at the end of the exhibition before being temporarily reopened during the 1999 athletics championships which which take place at the Cartuja Olympic stadium, then definitively from the [ 23 ] . The heliport built for the demonstration still exists and has since been managed by companies transported by Aereos del Sur and Helisureste. Civil Heliport, it also serves as the basis for official traffic management, health emergency and fire extinction [ 9 ] , [ and 3 ] .
Despite everything, many buildings and structures are gradually dismantled or demolished, such as the cable car, the Palenque and the discovery pavilion [ and 18 ] , [ 24 ] . The lack of prior planning leads to the total demolition of 70% of the expo infrastructure. In addition, large portions of the exhibition do not find a buyer and are abandoned: the air refresh system installed for the demonstration and which made it possible to control the temperature of the site is not maintained after The exhibition: the fountains and the canals are dried up, many pergolas are no longer maintained and are emptying all vegetation and others are transferred to different districts of the city, notably in Puerta Triana or in front of the Santa Justa station . As for the bioclimatic sphere, still in place, it no longer works [ and 3 ] , [ 25 ] . Several buildings are not maintained and getting up over time. To this must be added the growth of weeds that invade the streets and places. The monorail trains are left in their garage: the different ideas to reuse them (transport of employees of the Cartuja Island for example, or direct access between the Santa Justa station and the airport) are gradually abandoned. At the mercy of the weather and the vandals that set fire to it, the trains are definitively out of use [ 26 ] . The structures and buildings of the avenue de l’Europe, symbol of the exhibition, are not maintained and irreparably falling asleep [ 27 ] , [ 28 ] . Several projects to use existing structures are presented. Among them, the reuse of dried channels as parking lots or the installation of a roof on the auditorium. In 2013, these projects were not carried out. As for the flag of the future, which offers a usable surface of 25,000 m 2 , it is successively proposed to install the headquarters of the General Archives of Andalusia, a four -star hotel or museums of science and aeronautics. None of these projects succeeds and Agesa only manages to organize ephemeral events there such as the Science Fair. The Omnimax Cinema of the Discovery Pavilion remains in operation until 2005 before closing. The city of Seville imagined deviating part of the route of the cable car to allow access to the Alamillo park, located just north of the Expo site. Again, this project is buried, like that of selling it to the city of Jaén [ and 3 ] .
In 2011, the company Agesa was still active when it should have stopped operating, according to the project, after having fulfilled its mission of retraining the site, several years earlier.
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The flag of the future in 1992.
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The flag of the future in 2011. The grass invaded the site, the canal is dried up and the lampposts were broken.
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The abandoned site of Expo 92, photographed in 2007.
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A monorail station, abandoned, photographed in 2015.
Cartuja 93 [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
In 1989, the Andalusian junta charged a group of specialists in the research project on new technologies in Andalusia ( New Technologies Research Project in Andalusia – Pinta). The Cartuja 93 park project is one of them, as a means of technological innovation for Andalusia. A year earlier, the company responsible for the exhibition had given participating countries and companies the possibility of building permanent pavilions, the objective being to lay the foundations for a scientific and technological park. Many companies, seeing the need to make their investments profitable after the exhibition, sign agreements. Alcatel undertakes to open a training center, investigations and design; Philips Iberica, Siemens and Rank Xerox promise investigative, training and development centers. IBM imagines a research center on automatic natural language treatment. Other companies like Telefónica, Rétisión, Cruzcampo and Once also commit [ 29 ] , [ b 5 ] , [ b 6 ] .
In 1993, the Cartuja 93 technological and scientific park was born [ 30 ] , which includes several sectors of activity: advanced technology companies, public research and development services, scientific research centers, technology centers, universities, business schools and training centers. The pavilions taken up by the park are modified for their retraining. All of the locations planned for Cartuja 93 was finally occupied in 2008. In 2009, 329 companies, administrative or university offices reside on the site.
The problem of the lack of occupation and activity of the technological park during the first decade after the 92 exhibition has moved since the start of XXI It is A century in a completely opposite problem: companies and companies based on the site employ 14,000 people, number up to 30,000 if you count students from various schools and universities. This influx causes on the island and the surroundings of enormous problems of traffic and mobility, despite all the infrastructures, bridges and roads created for the exhibition [ and 17 ] .
Magic Island [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The project to build an amusement park on the field of the exhibition arises while we are thinking about the future of the site. The park chooses to follow the theme of centuries of major discoveries. Its construction began in 1995 around the Spanish lake. Apart from the Cruzcampo pavilion, transformed into a restaurant, and that of Spain, the other pavilions located on the site of the amusement park, especially those of most of the autonomous communities of Spain, are destroyed [ c 9 ] . King Juan Carlos inaugurates Park Isla Mágica (“Magic Island”) [ thirty first ] , the . Its construction will have cost 20 billion pesetas (120 million euros).
In 1999, with the lack of success, the park was about to close its doors and just managed to avoid bankruptcy, a situation which was repeated in 2002. In 2007, 5 million euros were invested in new attractions but Again the perspectives are not reached [ and 17 ] .
Tour Sevilla [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
La Tour Sevilla [ 32 ] , [ 33 ] is Seville’s first skyscraper. Designed by the Argentinian architect César Pelli and built south of the Expo site, it is inaugurated in 2016 [ 34 ] . Its height of 180.5 m in fact the highest Andalusia building and the 7 It is Spain [ 35 ] .
The project is undertaken by the former Sevillane Cajasol bank in order to make the tower its headquarters. After several months of uncertainty concerning the future of the tower following the takeover of Cajasol by the Catalan bank La Caixa [ 36 ] , the latter decides to finance the end of the construction. Among other things, we find the local offices of the Caixabank bank and the Orange telecommunications company [ 37 ] . A 5 -star hotel in the Spanish chain Eurostars Hotels is located between the 19 It is and the 37 It is stage [ 38 ] . The complex surrounding the tower houses a shopping center [ 39 ] and the CAIXAFORUM Cultural Center [ 40 ] , [ 41 ] .
- When replacing the Spanish peseta with the euro the , the latter was worth 166.386 Pesetas. This comparison is only informative and does not take into account inflation and the evolution of prices in Spain between 1992 and 2001. In 1992, 1 French franc was worth 19.34 pesetas according to the British University of Columbia Site
- The number of countries that participated in the Seville exhibition varies according to sources. Indeed, the dislocations of Russia, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia make the account difficult, some lists separate without reason Ireland from the United Kingdom and others take into account nations which had planned to participate in The demonstration but which, for various reasons, were not ultimately present, such as Libya, Iraq or Yemen. In addition, certain territories belonging to countries have sometimes been counted. This is the case with Puerto Rico and Montserrat. The count of 109 countries comes from the work Expo ’92, a universal adventure .
Works [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
- (is) Ricardo Sunday , Fernando Caralt et Francisco Gallardo , Expo ’92, a universal adventure , Barcelone, Diffusora Internacional, S.A., , 381 p. (ISBN 84-7368-181-9 )
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 77-78.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 368-369.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 211-212.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 15.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 347.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 70.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 277.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 93-96.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 337-341.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 360-361.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 104.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 33.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 49-55.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 348.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 349.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 57-67.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 87-91.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 43-47.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 69.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 357.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 363.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 371.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 163-167.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 177.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 172.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 292.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 167.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 141-145.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 291-292.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 169-172.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 183.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 291.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 191-193.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 174-175.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 185-189.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 179-183.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 195.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 203.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 207.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 199.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 201.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 203-204.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 206-207.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 195-199.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 204-206.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 209.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 204.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 298.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 217-219.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 211-215.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 301.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 224.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 288-289.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 231.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 224-231.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 373.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 221.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 233.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 234.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 234-235.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 238.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 233-234.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 241.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 238-241.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 244.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 287.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 249.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 235-238.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 243-244.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 253.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 259.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 255-259.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 255.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 306-310.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 147-155.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 118.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 118-131.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 131-133.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 135.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 135-139.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 352.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 263.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 295.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 263-264.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 353.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 271.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 264-268.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 268-271.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 313.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 264.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 157-159.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 23.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 287-288.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 297.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 251.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 305.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 310.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 317.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 319-324.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 324-327.
- Expo ’92, a universal adventure, p. 329-335.
- (is) Mary of the populo Pablo-Romero Gil-Delgado , The Universal Exhibition of Seville 1992: Effects on Andalusian economic growth , Séville, University of Seville, , 393 p. (ISBN 84-472-0715-3 , read online )
- (is) Laila Concepción Sánchez Bravo Et Eva María Buitrago corners , The Universal Exhibition of Seville 1992: the before and after , Séville, University of Seville, , 100 p. ( read online )
- Raúl Going ( you. ), César Alonso de the rivers ( you. ) et María José Grocer ( you. ) ( trad. Anne Guglielmetti, Christiane de Montclos, Christine Piot), Expo ’92 Seville: Architecture and design , Gallimard/ELECTA ET Sociedad State for the Universal Exhibition Sevilla 92 SA, , 368 p. (ISBN 2-07-015004-6 )
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 23.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 22.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. thirty first.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 11.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 15.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 114-115.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 122-123.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 124-125.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 53.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 18.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 35.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 110-113.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 346-347.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 271-273.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 116-119.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 137-141.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 198-201.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 203-207.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 231.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 265.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 232-235.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 296-297.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 301-305.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 120-121.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 155-157.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 295.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 213-217.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 236-241.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 286-287.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 306.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 307.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 313-315.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 316.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 308.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 142.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 180-183.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 322.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 292.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 202.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 242.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 212.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 136.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 298-299.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 143-145.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 147.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 165.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 166.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 168-169.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 170-173.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 174-175.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 210-211.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 266-267.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 278.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 264.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 106-109.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 279-285.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 187-189.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 276.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 300.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 191.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 344.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 290-291.
- Expo ’92 Seville: architecture and design, p. 318.
- (is) Guillermo Vázquez Consuegra, Seville Architecture Guide , Séville, Ministry of Public Works and Transportation, coll. «Architecture guides of Andalusia», , 239 p. (ISBN 8487001-94-7-7 ) , p. 158-161 .
- (pt) Paul Pear , Encyclopedia of the magic places of Portugal , vol. IX, Lisbon, , 159 p. (ISBN 989-619-075-5 ) , p. 70 .
- (in) Colin Davies, British Pavilion Seville Exposition 1992, Nicholas Grimshaw and Partners , Londres, Phaidon, coll. « Architecture in detail », , sixty four p. (ISBN 0-7148-2747-9 ) .
- (is) Ignacio Hermo García Álvar Curly drill , Economic and social impact of the great events: the case of the Zaragoza 2008 Expo , Barcelone, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, , 132 p. ( read online ) (Direct link often blocked by the UPC, but possibility of looking for the online thesis by inscribing the name of the first author on the search engine of their redirection page)
Press articles [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
- (in) Spencer Leigh , ‘ Heinz Edelmann: Illustrator who helped to create the psychedelic landscape of the Beatles film ‘Yellow Submarine’ » , The Independent , ( read online ) .
- (is) Dew Garcia , ‘ Victorio and Lucchino – Spanish colors and Andalusian roots for the uniforms of Expo 92 » , The country , ( read online ) .
- (is) A. Estrella Yáñez , ‘ The expo we lost, 20 years later » , ABC of Seville , ( read online ) .
- (is) Ignacio Díaz Pérez , ‘ Expo 92: A memory of 20 years ago » , The world , ( read online ) .
- (is) ‘ Francisco Javier Sáenz de Oiza, Master of Modern Architecture dies at 81 » , The country , ( read online ) .
- (is) Thomas Balbontín , ‘ Unanimous support of municipal groups to the demand for a political solution to the problem of seasonal passes » , ABC of Seville , , p. 43 ( read online ) .
- (in) July García del Junco , Georg Dutschke Et Marina Petrucci , ‘ The Hofstede model in the study of the impact of Sevilla Expo 92 » , Steps, Tourism and Cultural Heritage Magazine , vol. 6, n O 1, , p. 27-36 ( read online ) .
- ‘ Portrait – Franis Sunites », Magazine – The periodical of the Belval Fund , n O 4, , p. 8 ( read online , consulted the ) .
- (in) Fernanda out of pariah , ‘ The Swiss Pavilion moves to the rhythm of its cultural mosaic » , ABC 92 Expo Diario , , p. 59 ( read online ) .
- (in) Alan Riding , ‘ Seville Journal; Picture a U.S. Pavilion (Better Late Than Never) » , The New York Times , ( read online ) .
- (in) ‘ Israel Designates Ambassador to Spain » , Los Angeles Times , ( read online ) .
- (is) Antonio of the tower , ‘ The Expo, above the shoulder » , ABC 92 Expo Diario , , p. 62 ( read online ) .
- (in) ‘ Value of the ultimate Easter egg $11.5 million » , The Spokesman-Review , . A4 ( read online ) .
- (is) Antonio Pine tree , ‘ Rank Xerox’s day of honor » , ABC 92 Expo Diario , , p. 59 ( read online ) .
- (is) Manuel I. Ferrand , ‘ The fusion between Michael Nyman and Andalusian music » , ABC 92 Expo Diario , , p. sixty one ( read online ) .
- (is) Luis from Renau Renau , ‘ Two decades of urbanism-spectacle in Spain: the great events as an engine of urban change » , Bulletin of the Association of Spanish Geographers , n O 53, , p. 309-327 (ISSN 0212-9426 , read online ) .
- (is) Cristina Ortega , ‘ The telecabine and the palenque of Expo’92 are going to be demolished » , 20 minutes , ( read online ) .
Official Expo ’92 website [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
- (is) ‘ Curro » , on Expo92.es (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ Auditorium » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ Palenque » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ Exhibition Pavilions » , on Expo92.es (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The European Community pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Germany of Germany » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Belgian Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Denmark Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Spanish Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Pavilion of France » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Greece pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Ireland pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Italy Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ Ke Fo Pavilon du » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Pavilion of the Netherlands » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Portugal Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The United Kingdom pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ Austria’s pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Cypron Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Pavilion of the Baltic countries » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Pavilion of Finland » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Hungary Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Monaco pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Norway Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Pavilion of Romania » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Russian pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Sweden Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Swiss Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Czechoslovakia pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Vatican Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Yugoslavia pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Canada Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The United States pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ Place d’Amérique » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Chile Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Cuba Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Mexico Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Venezuela pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The pavilion of Arab countries » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Algerian Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Pavilion of Saudi Arabia » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The United Arab Emirates Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Kuwait pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Moroccan Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Pavilion of Mauritania » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ Oman’s pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Tunisia pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The China Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The South Korea Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Pavilion of India » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Israel Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Japan Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Malaysia Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Pakistan pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Singapore pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Sri Lanka pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Thailand pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Turkey Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Indonesia pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Philippines pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ African Place » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The South African Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Caribbean Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ Le Pavillon de Porto Rico » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Pavilion of the South Pacific Islands » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Australia pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The New Zealand Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Pavilion of Papua-Nouvelle-Guinée » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Andalusia Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Aragon Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Asturias Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Balearic Islands Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Canary Islands Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Cantabrie pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Pavilion of Castille-et-León » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Castile-La Manche Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Catalonia Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Estremadors pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Galicia Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Madrid community pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Murcia Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Navarre Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Spanish Basque Country Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Rioja Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Valencian community pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The pavilion of XVecentury » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The navigation pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The nature pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Pavilion of the Future » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The CIO pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The UN pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The CICR pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Rank Xerox pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Siemens pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ Le Pavillen of Cross » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Once Pavilion » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The Pavilion of Retivisión » , on Expo92.es , (consulted the ) .
Other sources [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
- (is) «Web of the Universal Exhibition of Seville 1992: History» (version of April 17, 2011 on Internet Archive ) .
- (and+de) ‘ The Seville World Exposition 1992: “The Birth of a New World” » (version of March 15, 2012 on Internet Archive ) .
- (in) ‘ Curriculum Vita D’Emilio Ambasz » , on Emilioambaszandassociates.com (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ José Antonio Fernandez Ordóñez – chronology » , on upcommons.upc.edu (consulted the ) .
- ‘ 1992 The favorite year », The world , ( read online , consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ Puerto de Sevilla – Brief History » , on portal.apsevilla.com (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ Cristóbal Colón monument » , on iaph.es (consulted the ) .
- ‘ Curro » , on Flickr.com (consulted the ) .
- (is) José María Múñoz, ‘ The Helipuerto de la Cartuja is the main emergency aircraft base of Andalusia » , on lacronicadesevilla.com (consulted the ) .
- (is) Mariano Palancar Penella, ‘ Seville and Guadalquivir » , on hispagua.cedex.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) Damián Álvarez et Enrique Abascal, ‘ The special plan of the Metropolitan Park of La Cartuja » , on Sevilla.org (consulted the ) .
- (is) “History of the Maestranza Theater on the official website” (version of July 16, 2011 on Internet Archive ) .
- ‘ Météo Seville – ESP » , on Europe.lachainemeteo.com (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ Summary of climatological extremes in Spain » , on aemet.es , (consulted the ) .
- (is) José Pérez de Lama, ‘ ENVIRONMENTAL OR TECHNICAL ECOLOGY – PASSIVE COOLING SYSTEMS: CASES OF STUDY OPEN SPACE UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION 1992 » , on htca.us.es (consulted the ) .
- (in) ‘ The Seville World Exposition 1992: fact and figures » (version of March 15, 2012 on Internet Archive ) .
- (in) ‘ Khr Arkitekter: Projects » , on khr.dk (consulted the ) .
- Ministry of culture and communication, ‘ Competition fund for the France pavilion at the Seville 1992 Universal Exhibition » , on Archiwebture.citechilot.fr (consulted the ) .
- (and + it) ‘ Piero Castiglioni: Expo 92 – Palazzo Italia » , on pierocastigioni.com (consulted the ) .
- ‘ Berrocal, form and movement » , on library.la84.org (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ Ministry of Finance and Public Administration: AGESA » , on Agesa-sa.es (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ Andalusian Center for Contemporary Art » , on CAAC.ES (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The close to the Cartuja is put into service with a train every hour » , on Eosevilla.com , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ Expo 92 Today » , on Expo92hoy.webcindario.com (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ Expo 92 Today: Curiosities » , on Expo92hoy.webcindario.com (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ Expo 92 Today: What happened …? » , on Expo92hoy.webcindario.com (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ Pavilion of Europe: The one who was a representative building of the European Union at Expo´92 is abandoned » , on sites.google.com , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ The before and after, 15 years after Expo 92 » , on youtube.com , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ Expo 92: After the Expo » , on youtube.com , (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ CARTUJA SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL PARK » , on PCTCARTUJA.ES , (consulted the ) .
- (in) ‘ Magic Island » , on Islamagica.es (consulted the ) .
- (in) ‘ Seville Tower » , on http://pcparch.com (consulted the ) .
- (is) M. J. Pereira, ‘ More than 70 companies want to settle in the Pelli Tower » , ABC of Seville , ( read online , consulted the ) .
- (is) Olga Granado, ‘ Torre Sevilla: The tallest building in Andalusia seeks identity and content » , The newspaper , ( read online , consulted the ) .
- (is) M. J. Pereira, ‘ The Pelli Tower, the tallest building in Andalusia » , ABC of Seville , ( read online , consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ CaixaBank will keep the Cajasol brand in its offices in Seville, Huelva and Cádiz » , The world , ( read online , consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ Companies at the Seville Tower » , on https://www.torrre-sevilla.com (consulted the ) .
- ‘ Eurostars Sevilla Tower » , on https://www.eurostarshotels.fr (consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ Shopping Center – Fashion, Culture and Gastronomy » , on https://www.torrre-sevilla.com (consulted the ) .
- (is) José Gallego Espina, ‘ The Caixafórum de la Torre Pelli will be done by Vázquez Consuegra and will be in 2016 » , THE MAIL OF ANDALUCÍA , ( read online , consulted the ) .
- (is) ‘ Caixaforum Sevilla – A new cultural impulse for Andalusia » , on https://www.torrre-sevilla.com (consulted the ) .
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