[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/mental-manipulation-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/mental-manipulation-wikipedia\/","headline":"Mental manipulation \u2014 Wikipedia","name":"Mental manipulation \u2014 Wikipedia","description":"View of an artist of coercion and brainwashing. A manipulation mentale or Psychological manipulation is – in psychology – a","datePublished":"2017-01-26","dateModified":"2017-01-26","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/38\/Brainwashing_1%2C_acr%C3%ADlico_sobre_lienzo%2C_100_x_80_cms.JPG\/220px-Brainwashing_1%2C_acr%C3%ADlico_sobre_lienzo%2C_100_x_80_cms.JPG","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/38\/Brainwashing_1%2C_acr%C3%ADlico_sobre_lienzo%2C_100_x_80_cms.JPG\/220px-Brainwashing_1%2C_acr%C3%ADlico_sobre_lienzo%2C_100_x_80_cms.JPG","height":"273","width":"220"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/mental-manipulation-wikipedia\/","wordCount":15106,"articleBody":" View of an artist of coercion and brainwashing. A manipulation mentale or Psychological manipulation is – in psychology – a method deliberately implemented in order to control or influence the thought, the choices, the actions of a person, via a relationship of power or influence (suggestions, constraints). The methods used distort or guide the perception of the reality of the interlocutor by using in particular a report of seduction, suggestion, persuasion, non -voluntary or consented submission. Even if mental manipulation is reminiscent of sects or brain washing, it comes into play in daily relationships and concerns both individuals and crowds. It can even have a positive perception in the case of love seduction. However, it remains poorly known despite the many experiences carried out and developed concepts (social influence, social engineering, freely consented submission, domination, propaganda, moral harassment, etc. ).   “Manipulation is to build a image of reality that looks like be the real [ first ] . \u00bb – Philippe Breton Manipulation is part of the daily life of civilizations as the modern West where systems of power, conflicts of interest, balance of power, are omnipresent: it develops from self-awareness, language and hierarchy of the company that produces a large number of interactions and each one wants to take advantage of [ 2 ] . It is a learned skill, which forms part of culture, and that everyone knows and uses in their personal or professional life, in a positive or negative way, conscious or unconscious [ 3 ] . In such a civilization, any communication can thus be a form of influence or manipulation [ 4 ] . There is a whole range of methods ranging from cunning, an action that can be perfectly legitimate, with the most degrading forms of psychic manipulations, passing by all kinds of lie. Manipulation as a scientific concept is mainly studied in social psychology and philosophy [ 5 ] . Mental manipulation induces a power relationship which leads to the psychic control of a person [ 6 ] . More specifically, it is “The modification of the mental state of one individual by another in the purpose of making him do something” [ 7 ] . Which can be summed up in one “Consent made” [ 8 ] . In the field of social psychology, we speak of “conditioning”, a word that appears in XIX It is century, and developed following the work of Pavlov. “Since then, and by extension, the packaging represents the mental or mental conditions necessary for the execution of a behavior” [ 9 ] . Fabrice d’Almeida classifies the different types of social packaging in relation to free will [ ten ] : Conditioning Accord Definition Reification Non Reification denies the individual: his submission is obtained without his consent. It corresponds to the concentration camps where the man-object has no free will and dies if he does not obey [ 11 ] . Alienation Possible In alienation, the individual accepts his condition and complies with the community himself. His freedom is limited to the areas defined by this same community [ twelfth ] . Instrumentalization Yes Instrumentalization describes the case where the individual voluntarily renounces his free will. For example when he engages in the professional army [ 13 ] . Manipulation Non Instrumentalization requires a substantive agreement in addition to consent. In manipulation there is no background agreement and only consent [ 13 ] . We distinguish the influence of manipulation, this even if they use the same tools and psychological springs, and if they are just as difficult to detect: influence implies a transparent motivation when manipulation includes the idea of \u200b\u200bdeception without any advantage for the manipulated person [ 14 ] . In psychology, manipulation is defined as a secret action on a person or a group of people [ 15 ] . The whole art of manipulation consists in depriving the manipulated of his freedom without him realizing it, and that he is convinced to be free [ 4 ] . Propaganda or advertising seek to mobilize the behavior of short -term masses, sometimes using irrational means. Disinformation is considered, according to its use, as a weapon of war; However, it is used as propaganda to manipulate public opinion [ 16 ] . Disinformation is “Probably one of the most difficult manipulations to detect and identify” , this is one of the main weaknesses of the information company [ 17 ] . Packaging acts in the long term by forming habits and playing on the affective. The indoctrination educates, also in the long term, by addressing beliefs and intelligence [ 18 ] . Despite all the terms that can be used to define mental manipulation, the one who is the instigator has only one name: the manipulator [ 19 ] . The manipulation is in essence a moral violence, because it has the sole purpose of breaking the autonomy of the person by a constraint, while remaining masked: it “Consists in breaking into someone’s minds to deposit an opinion or cause behavior without that someone knowing that there has been break -ins” [ 20 ] . The psychological dimension of manipulation appeared to XVIII It is century [ 21 ] . Previously we were just talking about cunning, a concept called metis In ancient Greece, which corresponds to a technical skill and an ability to overcome problems: the psychological dimension of these practices was then simply ignored [ 22 ] . In Antiquity, cunning and cunning were important qualities in politics. Plato advises in The Republic to create myths to counter urban emigration, making people believe that it is risky to move away from the city [ 23 ] . In the Middle Ages appear the words “scheme” then “imposture” which have a clearly pejorative meaning. Then at XVIII It is century, a semantic shift gave their figurative meaning in terms of “maneuver” and “manipulation” by referring to the ends and no longer to the means used in obtaining the other consent [ 24 ] . The decline in the Church gives way to a new so -called “transparency” policy [ 25 ] . In the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers understand that past methods of government are no longer sufficient and that the state must be more subtle. And it goes hand in hand with the development of the written press [ 24 ] . It is the emergence of liberalism, making the political subject autonomous, which allows manipulation. Fabrice d’Almeida sums up: “The liberal democracy of XIX It is century was the well understood synthesis of the honesty of law and de facto tartufferie [ 26 ] . \u00bb  The industrial revolution leads to submission to the production apparatus. Karl Marx rejects capitalism as an alienation in which the proletarian remains a modern slave by selling his work force. Georg Luk\u00e1cs goes further by speaking of reification, the worker exchanging his freedom for his food [ 26 ] . The term manipulation is used to decry the psychic conditioning methods that appeared to XIX It is century, then to express the failure of the right to tame human behavior in the aftermath of the Second World War [ 27 ] . The theories of brainwashing and mental manipulation come from research on totalitarian country programs in order to explain by what propaganda and what methods they had reached, apparently, endoctrine for example prisoners [ 28 ] , [ 29 ] . These theories were subsequently extended to the study of religious conversions in particular under the leadership of Margaret Singer in the 1960s. Some historians defend the point of view that the propaganda used by totalitarian countries, in particular by Nazism, has no link with mental manipulation [ 30 ] . In the 1970s, the terms of suggestion, brainwashing or psychic rape moved from fashion, it was then the idea of \u200b\u200bmental manipulation that is associated with sects [ thirty first ] : if before the force of suggestion seemed to be enough to organize a sect, from the 2000s, it was manipulation techniques that were put forward [ 32 ] . Other terms will be invented: psychological subjection by French law or abstract by ethnopsychiatry. But mental manipulation that did not exist at XIX It is century can also disappear at XXI It is [ thirty first ] . However, the advent of the “communication society”, the fall of the Berlin Wall or the media coverage of sects suggest that propaganda and manipulation are concepts of the past, limited to certain contexts. Democracy would have made them disappear: the very criticism of manipulation is no longer part of the news from the 1980s. It would be an illusion for Philippe Breton who supports the thesis of continuity with totalitarian regimes [ 33 ] . If we exclude the use of physical constraint, economic domination or the relationship of authority, manipulation is not defined. Indeed, it is then linked to the qualities of the speakers and the contexts, more than to the acts themselves [ 34 ] . In addition, the concept of freedom is in opposition to the mind and psychology: “Their character is such that it can allow arbitrary power to practice” [ 35 ] . For Denis Duclos, it is complicated to “To separate the free choice from the follower of the psychic influence of the guru” . He explains these difficulties by deep reasons, comparing society to a large sect [ 36 ] . Mental manipulation is an essential element of understanding of certain drifts for some, but a refuted thesis for others [ 37 ] . According to the office of the American Psychological Association, the theory of mental manipulation “Lack of scientific rigor and critical approach” [ 38 ] . The goal of manipulation is to destroy the freedom of manipulated without revealing itself, by identifying the resistance to be overcome and then by building an artificial message to win [ 39 ] . It opposes the argument which reveals both its goal and its method [ 40 ] . Manipulation acts on basic needs, in particular the needs of belonging and recognition. She plays on everything “What makes us human beings: communication, social relationships, feelings, emotions …” [ 41 ] . It takes advantage of social behavior, such as social proof which means that a person knowing how to react will follow others, sometimes blindly at the risk of putting themselves in danger [ 42 ] . Another very powerful lever is commitment: it is a consequence of the need for coherence, that is to say social behavior which pushes to continue in the ways in which we have committed, for the sake of stability and continuity. In this context, the manipulator will guide the person’s choices by taking into account the commitments made while leaving the illusion of free will, otherwise he may fail by causing the rebellion. This is called freely consented submission [ 43 ] . The first degree of manipulation consists of an argument, a feint or a staging. He remains benign, the individual who can find other sources of information allowing him to escape this kind of packaging [ 44 ] . However, the manipulator can reach its goal while remaining within the limits of the law: the offense will then be characterized by the damage suffered by the victim [ 45 ] . In The word manipulated , Philippe Breton, wonders about the handling process and the nature of violence against others. He takes up an example of Beauvois and Joule in which “a father asks his son, busy with a friend, to go and buy cigarettes. The son accepts thinking that it does not matter, the tobacco office being very close. The father announces to him that today the corner store of the street is closed, that you have to go to another, much more distant. The son, who was already about to leave, complies and leaves the house with a gloomy air. What happened ? The father knew that if he asked for a goal in white from his son to go to the distant store, the latter would not accept, because it would be too much waste of time. The manipulation is based here on the concealment of important information, during a first, misleading request, which makes it possible to obtain a first positive response (…) but in what is it a violent action? One could say that the son would certainly not have agreed to serve his father without hidden stratagem; But when he does, where is the constraint? His father did not give order, the son does not seem to obey. However, it is indeed a psychological violence: unlike physical violence, which involves explicit action, manipulation “Consists in breaking into a break in someone’s mind to deposit an opinion or cause behavior without this someone knowing that there was a break -in. Everything is there, in this gesture that hides from itself as a manipulatory \u201d [ forty six ] . St\u00e9phane Laurens, lecturer, analyzes the interaction that takes place between the source and the target in a situation of influence. He wishes to determine whether the relationship is asymmetrical (only the will of the source influence on the target) or symmetrical (there are influences on the source as on the target). It shows that the source can be influenced by the target and also by itself, and therefore that influence is fundamentally symmetrical [ 15 ] . The concept of manipulation applies to all kinds of legal activities, such as advertising [ 47 ] , or even more simply in the relationships of daily life [ 48 ] . For Michel Foucault, the State imposes a discipline on citizens through bureaucracy: it is a social conditioning necessary for its functioning, named “Internalization of the standard” [ 49 ] . Erving Goffman has created the concept of total institution to describe for example the internships, the army or the asylums of alienated which govern by the constraint the time and the behavior of their “public”. Again, the packaging puts individuals in accordance with the needs of the community [ 50 ] . Political parties, sports clubs, school, the army are organizations that require a particular form of packaging in order to maintain their cohesion. “All human associations require signs of identification and, therefore, instill them” [ 50 ] . The institutions that refuse to separate from individuals are called “conditioning organizations”: these are religious groups. They can be divided into two main categories: those which allow personal experience outside the institution (revealed religions or Buddhism) and those which include in their conditioning of psychic obstacles (certain sects) [ 11 ] . Companies [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Bernard Salengro denounces mental manipulation which sometimes accompanies management techniques, for example through a “pompous vocabulary”, where we frequently find the expressions “Citizen enterprise”, “sustainable development”, “social responsibility”, and regrets the “Lack of firm commitments” behind this “ethical varnish” [ 51 ] . States [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The first difficulty comes from the fact that the state puts the individual in a contradictory situation by wanting to guarantee his autonomy by a control policy thus leading to a dependence [ 52 ] . According to Egideria, specializing in economic intelligence, management of perception (perception management) , practiced by the United States at the initiative of the United States Department of Defense is considered a form of mental manipulation. In a process of “coercive persuasion”, she would try to influence the emotional behavior or the objective reasoning of the target and to “Understanding or strengthening foreign attitudes and behaviors that promote the achievement of objectives to send chosen information to foreign hearings in order to influence their emotions, mobiles, objective reasoning and, ultimately, the behavior of governments, organizations, groups and individuals foreigners ” [ 53 ] . This form of manipulation could cause deficiencies in the development of whole states strategies [ 54 ] . The theorization of mental manipulation (called mind control “Mental control” or more recently thought reform , “Reform of thought” in English -speaking countries) is very linked to the issue of sects. Psychiatrist Jean-Marie Abgrall underlines this by saying that “Without mental manipulation, there cannot be sects” [ 55 ] . Pour Arnaud Esquerre, L ‘ “Association of the expression” mental manipulation “with the term” sect “transformed the social, modified the law, changed the relationships between psyche professionals, and had an impact on the existence of communities” ; He tries to dissociate the two for analysis purposes [ 56 ] . Before the 1970s, no link was made between sects and mental manipulation [ 57 ] . In the early 1980s, Father Jacques Trouslard of the Catholic Church described a sect on the sole criterion of his harmfulness, and on three characteristics: mental manipulation, social destruction and scam (both moral and intellectual and financial and financial )) [ 8 ] . Denis Duclos, sociologist, expresses the tension that exists around the concept of mental manipulation when it is perceived as located only in sects: “The more we force people to (…) agree with the ideal of a humanity set by universal commercial law and its technological substrate (ignoring the fundamentally coercive character of this pure management), the more we will expose ourselves to open Wounds that the sect will exploit, as an accomplice opposition with its global big sister \u201d [ 36 ] . No one wants to enter a sect, but everyone can get caught: it is indeed impossible to escape all manipulations, the important thing is to get out as quickly as possible. According to statistics, the most vulnerable people have a level of study higher than the bac: the sect uses emotion more than reason; About 70% of followers are believers, the others are looking for an absolute or an ideal. “The sects put on enough masks to cover all the dreams of modern man [ 58 ] . \u00bb  The guru exploits the questions, the weaknesses, the distress of the individual and offers him ready -made, often delusional answers, which will reassure him and that he will appropriate [ 59 ] . Among the seduction techniques used, we can cite salvation after a great announced cataclysm (Jehovah’s Witnesses or Scientology have planned the end of the world several times) [ 60 ] , and the “love blush” (in English love bombing ) [ sixty one ] . Once inside, handling techniques change. Everything is done to prevent followers from developing their critical sense and especially to empty their minds, for example reciting mantras throughout the day [ 62 ] . Isolation and dehumanization destroy their convictions and lead them to perform reprehensible or taboos that they would not have committed in normally. The sect shows a totalitarian nature by wanting to represent the absolute truth against all those who are outside [ 63 ] . To ensure her survival, she must eliminate any space of freedom, empty, regulate. Sexual intercourse is either prohibited or forced, emotional ties have no room because it is entirely doomed to the guru [ sixty four ] . Finally, the follower is doubly victim, because he undergoes mental manipulation and imposes it in turn on others [ 65 ] . Characterization of manipulation [ modifier | Modifier and code ] In the context of sects, three criteria can be used to characterize a mental manipulation situation, by the one will be called “accuser”: a change in behavior and repetitive statements of the manipulated, statements and abnormal behaviors compared to The society in which he lives, and a consideration of the manipulated for the manipulator more important than for his relatives (including the accuser) [ 66 ] . The National Union of Family Defense Associations and the individual distinguishes six criteria: mental destabilization, rupture with the original environment, damage to physical integrity, children’s overhaul, unconditional allegiance to a person, and a doctrine pushing to commit acts contrary to the law or to human dignity [ sixty seven ] . For Tobie Nathan and Jean-Marie Abgrall, the construction of the individual is based on the concept of consent. The manipulation (or the abyss according to the terms of Nathan) creates an inauthentic, apparent or manufactured consent that must be identified by difference with authentic consent, that is to say what the individual really thinks [ 68 ] . Unpublished [ modifier | Modifier and code ] No one being immune to mental manipulation, the question arises of why not everyone is manipulated by a sect. The three reasons put forward by Arnaud Esquerre are: attachment to the image of oneself and to one’s loved ones, the social cost of membership (not being able or not desire new attachments), and the cost of membership in new discourse or new practices [ 69 ] . Legislation [ modifier | Modifier and code ] UNITED STATES [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The United States is opposed to any regulations concerning sects in the name of “freedom of religion” [ 36 ] . France [ modifier | Modifier and code ] In France, victims’ defense associations regularly ask for a penalty of mental manipulation [ 70 ] . Believing that the legislation no longer made it possible to effectively fight against sects, a new offense of “mental manipulation” had been proposed in the About-Picard bill of 2001, and thus defined: “The fact, within a group which pursues activities aimed at or for creating or exploiting the psychological or psychic dependence of people who participate in these activities, to exercise on one of them serious and reiterated pressures or to use techniques capable of altering its judgment in order to conduct it, against its will or not, to an act or an abstention which is seriously harmful to it \u201d [ 71 ] . The trial of Arnaud Mussy, of Neo-Phare, in 2002, was considered the first application of the About-Picard law on mental manipulation or rather the “Psychological subjection” [ 72 ] , [ seventy three ] . But the opposition to this creation of a new crime were numerous [ 74 ] . The National Consultative Human Rights Commission, chaired by Pierre Truche, former first president of the Court of Cassation, had been consulted on this occasion and had given its opinion as follows: “The creation of a specific mental manipulation offense does not seem timely to us” [ 75 ] . The deputies finally retained a more “consensual” formulation which consisted in completing “The fraudulent abuse of the state of ignorance or weakness” existing (article 313-4, book III of the penal code) [ 76 ] . Dani\u00e8le Hervieu-L\u00e9ger, sociologist of religions at the school of high studies in social sciences in Paris, is opposed to the thesis of manipulation, which “A postulates that the individual who chooses to enter a sect actually does not exercise any independent will” [ 77 ] . For Arnaud Esquerre, the question is \u201cTo know what is the freedom of a subject. In this case, it appears that a “free” subject is the one who has the right submissions, that is to say those recognized and authorized by the State ” [ 78 ] . Suisse [ modifier | Modifier and code ] For Roland Campiche, director of the Observatory of Religions at the University of Lausanne: “The American expertise that studied this notion concluded that it had no consistency, and that the individual remained capable of discernment when he was engaged in a sect. That said, we cannot ignore the exploitation by sects of a temporary weakness of a person. But beyond, the responsibility of the individual remains engaged. We live in a society where individual responsibility is highly developed. So why would people not be so responsible in the field of religion? \u00bb\u00bb [ 77 ] . On the contrary, for the lawyer Fran\u00e7ois Bellanger, president of the group of Geneva experts who looked into the question, \u201cMental manipulation is a reality. But it is true that the subject is extremely difficult to regulate. We must distinguish between daily mental manipulation, because we are all manipulated in various degrees, by advertising for example, and criminal manipulation. In order for this to take place, it is necessary a repeated and systematic physical and psychic action on others in the purpose of weakening its capacity for judgment or to place it in a state of dependence ” [ 77 ] . The following experiences show the overwhelming importance of the context to make ordinary people commit acts reprobated by their education [ 79 ] . Landis [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Carney Landis made one of the first psychological experiences in 1924 with several tests on emotional reactions. He asks his student colleagues as last test to decapitate rats. Although most refuses at first, he manages to convince 71% [ 80 ] , [ 81 ] . Asch [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Solomon Asch published in 1951 the result of experiences on compliance with the group: in a group of 7 people, 6 of whom were accomplices, he asked each participant to answer a simple question of observation. When the 6 accomplices gave an openly false response, the seventh stored generally in 37% of cases [ 82 ] . Milgram [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The experience of Stanley Milgram carried out in the early 1960s had very important scientific and public impacts. His work has been continuously referenced in other fields than psychology: medicine, history, economics, sociology or even philosophy [ 79 ] . Experience consisted in assessing the degree of obedience of an individual before an authority whom he considered legitimate, asking him to inflict increasingly strong electric shocks on a subject that made mistakes in a memorization exercise . The surprising results announced that 65% of the subjects had pushed the electrical load to the maximum (450 volts) on the order of the experimenter [ 83 ] . However, in a second experience when subjects were free to continue or not, 80% of them stopped at a “reasonable” load of 120 volts [ 84 ] . The third wave [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The third wave is the group experience organized in California in 1967 by the history teacher Ron Jones with a first class. His goal was to create a role -playing game to try to understand the rise of Nazism in Germany which led to a genocide. The experience escapes him after the fourth day, he then decides to stop explaining to his students how they trained each other towards a totalitarian organization [ 85 ] . Stanford [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Stanford’s experience is a study of social psychology on the consequences of the prison situation. It was carried out in 1971 under the direction of Philip Zimbardo with students who played the role of jailers or prisoners. It was a question of observing the behavior of ordinary people and of seeing if the situation rather than the personality of the participants induced behaviors sometimes contrary to the values \u200b\u200bprofessed by these participants. The roles of jailers and prisoners had been distributed randomly, and not according to the personality of each. Both quickly adapted to their respective roles, exceeding the limits planned and provoking dangerous and traumatic situations. A third of the jailers demonstrated sadism, and the experience was interrupted after a few days. Pavlov [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Pavlov, by exploring experimentally at the start of XX It is Century of the simple animal packaging paths, opened up perspectives for understanding certain behavioral reflexes that can be triggered by stimuli: it was raising a bell when it presented a food dog. By repeating the experience the tingling of bell triggered salivation, even without presentation of food. This behavior – which he did not have before – is the result of this packaging. Pavlov has shown that many stimuli can be used and program many reflex organic reactions. Here, the repetition of the stimulus is an essential factor. PDH method [ modifier | Modifier and code ] PDH means pain-drug-hypnosis (in English: Pain, Drug and Hypnosis ), and evokes a method that would have been used in North Korea on soldiers prisoners of war, by psychiatrists and secret services. Project msultra [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The Mkultra (or MK-ULTRA) project was the code name for a CIA project from the 1950s to 1970s aimed at mentally manipulating certain people by injection of psychotropic substances. Faced with complaints filed by many American citizens (one of the first documented cases was that of the former model of the 1940s, Candy Jones. The work, “Candy Jones control” ( Playboy Press ) portrayed her twelve years of intrigue as a spy of the CIA. [ eighty six ] ), who said he had been victims of mental manipulation, the CIA was forced by the government to reveal certain information. However, the government granted CIA members leading the MKULTRA project to destroy any document that could have harmed national security. All the recordings were therefore destroyed in 1973, by order of the CIA director at the time, Richard Helms. \u00ab\u00a0MICE\u00a0\u00bb \/ \u00ab\u00a0VICE\u00a0\u00bb [ modifier | Modifier and code ] “MICE” (Acronym English meaning M oney, I deology, C ompromise And AND go ; that one can translate into French by the acronym “vice” to IN with me, I Deology, C ompromission, AND Go) lists the psychological levers that the secret services would have used in particular during the Cold War to obtain information or the collaboration of an enemy national. The individual then called by the term neutral “agent”, is subject to one of the protocols inspired by studies and psychological experiments; The goal is according to his profile to buy his services, to convince him using his own ideas, to force him or intimidate with one of his weaknesses, or to flatter him and play on his pride. Subliminal messages [ modifier | Modifier and code ] From the 1950s, the development of cinema and television would have been an opportunity to test a method of mental manipulation based on the insertion of a subliminal image, that is to say so briefly present that we cannot consciously perceive it. The theory being based on the fact that the unconscious would nevertheless keep a trace of it, pushing to act thereafter in a predetermined manner (as for the purchase of a specific product, for example). The image must be simple and not equivocal (symbol, color, logo). The theory, established by James Vicary and Vance Packard, calls into question advertising. During the campaign of the French presidential election of 1988, an image of Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand appeared during the credits of the Journal of Antenne 2, the second national channel. The social psychologist Jean-L\u00e9on Beauvois, who talks about “Small scandal” , believes that these “Subliminal presentations [were] intended to produce a so -called” simple exposure “effect in the previous months the 1988 election” [ eighty seven ] . Manipulation by anxiety and violence [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The basic principle – studied in the 1930s – argues that an individual in a state of fear would show the most primary and therefore the most predictable flight and avoidance reactions. The complex brain functions, not offering an immediate solution, would be deactivated, making the individual manipulable in a situation of extreme anxiety. The terrorized subject – like the animal prosecuted by the hunter – could not avoid the traps that tend to him. Terror [Which ?] [ 88 ] was actually used since antiquity to ensure the power of despots, by the “method by example” supported by denunciations, interrogations, thumbnails, disappearances and random executions, etc. But history shows that the method has never been effective long, generally turning after a few years or decades against manipulators. Chemical method [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Use with high doses of antidepressants and sedatives or certain drugs would, according to some, have the effect of limiting the cognitive and discriminating capacities of the subject, enough to condition it. A romantic or science fiction literature evokes the possibility of conditioning the individual thus drugged, without him keeping trace of the information or the packaging made. Various totalitarian regimes have nevertheless used chemicals to put their victims in a state of fear and suffering or in the context of torture. Management of perception [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Perception management (perception management) is a technique invented by the United States Department of Defense (see above “States” section). Brainwashing [ modifier | Modifier and code ] To the extreme, brain washing reduces someone “In the state of” vegetable “, to create” false memories “by the use of drugs and other treatments” , but leaves doubt about the responsibility of the person who suffers it because he retains his personality and his humanity: hence his qualification of mental manipulation [ 89 ] . Brainwashing is a complex form of conditioning that modifies the entire psyche and acts on feelings and beliefs to disintegrate personality and build a new one [ 90 ] . A famous example in popular culture is visible in the series Game of Thrones , where the character of Ramsay Bolton manages to transform his prisoner Theon Grayjoy into a voluntary slave after breaking all his personality. Ethnopsychiatrist Tobia Nathan defends all therapeutic techniques, except those practiced in the sects which he assimilates to witchcraft [ 91 ] . He judges the notion of imprecise mental manipulation and invents that of “soul abduction” which in the end is just as imprecise. By studying the sects, he realizes that they are far from totalitarian and more like therapeutic organizations. While psychotherapy, psychology and psychoanalysis seek to modify the functioning of subjects, sects want to transform it into a new being. Tobie Nathan concludes that “Any psychotherapy involves the risk of potential drift” [ 92 ] . Psychological inoculation gives individuals good resistance to mental manipulation. \u2191 Breton 2000, p. 18.  \u2191 Cuzacq 2011, p. 9.  \u2191 Cuzacq 2011, p. 7, 10, 13.  \u2191 a et b Breton 2000, p. 21.  \u2191 D’A ALMEIDA 2011, p. 4.  \u2191 Left 2002, p. 48.  \u2191 Left 2009, p. 19.  \u2191 a et b Left 2009, p. 51.  \u2191 D’A ALMEIDA 2011, p. 52.  \u2191 D’A ALMEIDA 2011, p. 65.  \u2191 a et b D’A ALMEIDA 2011, p. 62.  \u2191 D’A ALMEIDA 2011, p. 63.  \u2191 a et b D’A ALMEIDA 2011, p. sixty four.  \u2191 Cuzacq 2011, p. twelfth.  \u2191 a et b Laurens 2003.  \u2191 Breton 2000, p. 65-67.  \u2191 Breton 2000, p. 106-107.  \u2191 Reboul 1977, p. 28-32.  \u2191 Cuzacq 2011, p. 7.  \u2191 Breton 2000, p. 26.  \u2191 D’A ALMEIDA 2011, p. 21.  \u2191 D’A ALMEIDA 2011, p. 7.  \u2191 D’A ALMEIDA 2011, p. 9.  \u2191 a et b D’A ALMEIDA 2011, p. 23.  \u2191 D’A ALMEIDA 2011, p. 24.  \u2191 a et b D’A ALMEIDA 2011, p. 59.  \u2191 D’A ALMEIDA 2011, p. 5.  \u2191 Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism; a Study of “Brainwashing in China . Lifton, RJ Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press.  \u2191 Coercive Persuasion: A socio-psychological analysis of the “brainwashing” of American civilian prisoners by the Chinese Communists (1961), W. W. Norton (publishers) Edgar Schein.  \u2191 Left 2009, p. 349.  \u2191 a et b Left 2009, p. 346.  \u2191 Left 2009, p. 340.  \u2191 Breton 2000, p. 14-20.  \u2191 Left 2009, p. seventy three.  \u2191 Left 2009, p. 177.  \u2191 A B and C Duclos 2000.  \u2191 Dick Anthony et Massimo Introvigne, Brainwashing, myth or reality? , Harmattan.  \u2191 Reported in Fear of sects par Jean Duhaime, Guy-Robert St-Arnaud, Fides.  \u2191 Breton 2000, p. 24, 26.  \u2191 Breton 2000, p. 27.  \u2191 Cuzacq 2011, p. 15.  \u2191 Cuzacq 2011, p. 16-19.  \u2191 Cuzacq 2011, p. 22-25, 53.  \u2191 D’A ALMEIDA 2011, p. 27.  \u2191 D’A ALMEIDA 2011, p. 38.  \u2191 The word manipulated , reading sheet of Thomas Marshall .  \u2191 On the humanities .  \u2191 Isabelle nazare aga, Manipulators are among us , \u00c9ditions de l’Homme, 1997.  \u2191 D’A ALMEIDA 2011, p. 60.  \u2191 a et b D’A ALMEIDA 2011, p. sixty one.  \u2191 Bernard Salengro, Management by mental manipulation .  \u2191 Left 2009, p. 144.  \u2191 Perception management , Source Egideria, a firm working in French economic intelligence led by Mr. Yves-Michel Marti.  \u2191 On this point, we will particularly consult the article “perception of the environment (economic intelligence)”, and the section “which hinders the perception of the environment”.  \u2191 On Psyvig.com .  \u2191 Left 2009, p. 11.  \u2191 Left 2009, p. 38.  \u2191 Fillaire and Tavernier 2003, p. 41-44.  \u2191 Fillaire and Tavernier 2003, p. 45-46.  \u2191 Fillaire and Tavernier 2003, p. 69-70.  \u2191 Fillaire and Tavernier 2003, p. 75.  \u2191 Fillaire and Tavernier 2003, p. 72.  \u2191 Fillaire and Tavernier 2003, p. 49-52, 57.  \u2191 Fillaire and Tavernier 2003, p. 76-77.  \u2191 Fillaire and Tavernier 2003, p. 49.  \u2191 Left 2009, p. 103.  \u2191 Left 2009, p. 104.  \u2191 Left 2009, p. 238.  \u2191 Left 2009, p. 115.  \u2191 Left 2009, p. 48.  \u2191 French Senate .  \u2191 Susan Palmer Notes .  \u2191 On Psyvig .  \u2191 Interventions of religious representatives, French Senate .  \u2191 Jacqueline Coignard, “The offense of mental manipulation deemed” inappropriate “” , Release , September 27, 2000.  \u2191 Nicolas Guillet, The difficulties of the fight against sectarian aberrations , Harmattan.  \u2191 A B and C Behind the OTS trial, the ambiguities of the notion of mental manipulation (Briel) .  \u2191 Left 2009, p. 49.  \u2191 a et b Gu\u00e9guen 2002, p. 8.  \u2191 Gu\u00e9guen 2002, p. 7.  \u2191 (in) Alex Boese, ‘ Facial expressions while decapitating a rat, 1924 \u00bb , on Mad Science Museum , July 4, 2011 (consulted the October 6, 2016 ) .  \u2191 Cuzacq 2011, p. 18.  \u2191 Gu\u00e9guen 2002, p. 13.  \u2191 Gu\u00e9guen 2002, p. 15.  \u2191 Tomasella 2015, p. 80-83.  \u2191 ‘ MK Ultra project \u00bb , on lenouvelexode.over-tlog.com  (consulted the August 16, 2020 ) .  \u2191 Jean-L\u00e9on Beauvois, Liberal illusions, individualism and social power , Presses Universitaires de Grenoble, 2005, p. 224 .  \u2191 GIAARD CHALIAND (YOU.) ARNAUD BLIN (YOU.), History of terrorism, antiquity in Al Qaeda , Paris, Bayard editions, 2005 .  \u2191 Left 2009, p. 55-56.  \u2191 Reboul 1977, p. 32, 109-110.  \u2191 Left 2009, p. 234.  \u2191 Left 2009, p. 236.  Yannick Bressan, radicalization, information and toxic individuals, VA Edition, 2018. Marie-Laure Cuzacq, Manipulators: identify them, thwart their traps , Paris, edigo, 2011 , 161 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-35933-129-5 ) .  Fabric D’Almeida, Manipulation , Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, coll. “What do I know? “, 2011 , 3 It is  ed. ( first re  ed. 2003), 127 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-13-058842-9 ) .  Philippe Breton, The word manipulated , Paris, La D\u00e9couverte, coll. ” Few “, 2000 , 221 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-7071-4419-5 ) .  Denis Duclos, \u00ab\u00a0 From mental manipulation to the global sect? \u00bb, The diplomatic world , August 2000 , p. 24-25 ( read online , consulted the October 3, 2016 ) .  Arnaud left, \u00ab Mental manipulation, this bad submission \u00bb, One in bedtime , n O 20, Fall 2002 , p. 47-64 ( read online  [PDF] , consulted the October 2, 2016 ) .  Left Arnaud, Mental manipulation: Sociology of sects in France , Fayard, coll. “History of thought”, 2009 , 376 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-213-63835-5 ) .  Bernard Fillaire and Janine Tavernier, Sects , Paris, the blue rider, coll. ” Stereotypes “, 2003 , 123 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-84670-054-2 ) .  Nicolas Gu\u00e9guen, Psychology of manipulation and submission , Paris, Dunod, 2002 (ISBN\u00a0 2-10-005504-6 ) .  Stephaz Laurens, \u00ab The dangers of mental manipulation: proselytism (winning followers, converting) or self-conversion (keep your followers by maintaining their faith)? \u00bb, C@hiers of political psychology , n O 4, December 2003 (ISSN\u00a0 1776-274X , read online , consulted the October 2, 2016 ) .  Olivier Reboul, Indoctrination , Presses Universitaires de France, coll. “The educator”, 1977 .  Saverio Tomasella, Hidden madness: survive an unlivable person , Albin Michel, 2015 , 261 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-222-25729-1 ) .  Bowedia bohols 150 Small media psychology experiences. To better understand how you manipulate you , Dunod, 2008, 234 p. (ISBN\u00a0 2100512099 ) . Yannick Bressan, The theatrical as a place of experience of cognitive neuroscience. In search of the principle of membership , L’Harmattan, 2013, 212 pages. Yannick Bressan, Daesh or the theater of death: the power of staging in the communication of the Islamic State , French intelligence research center, reflection note n18, Paris, April 2015 . Guillaume Xavier Bourin, Contribution to the study of the offense of harmful mental manipulation , University Press of Aix-Marseille, 2005, 301 p. (ISBN\u00a0 2731404590 ) . Dominique Chalvin, Good use of manipulation: hidden springs of influence communication , Esf Editor, 2006 ( 4 It is ed.) (ISBN\u00a0 2710117657 ) . Francis Chateauraynaud, The asymmetries of sockets. Forms of power in a network in a network , Paris, GSPR document, mars 2006 (accessible online). Robert Cialdini, Influence and manipulation. Understanding and mastering the mechanisms and techniques of persuasion (Trad. Marie-Christine Guyon), First ed., Paris, 2006, 318 p. (ISBN\u00a0 2-87691-874-9 ) . Nicolas Gu\u00e9guen, 100 small experiences in consumer psychology. To better understand how you influence you , Dunod, 2005, 268 p. (ISBN\u00a0 2100489631 ) . Nicolas Jallot, Handling of opinion: it is the polls that say it , Stock, 2007, 151 p. (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-234-06028-9 ) . Fabien Bleuze, They manipulate you, pierce them up to date , Edition trajectory. Paris, June 2005 (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-8419-7323-1 ) . Robert-Vincent Joule and Jean-L\u00e9on Beauvois, Small handling treaty for the use of honest people , Presses Universitaires de Grenoble, 1987, 231 p. (ISBN\u00a0 2706102918 ) , reissued in mars 2014 At PUF. Liliane Lur\u00e7at, Children’s manipulation: our children in the face of the violence of the images , \u00c9ditions du Rocher, Monaco, 2002, 209 p. (ISBN\u00a0 226804355X ) . Kevin D. Mitnick and William L. Simon, The art of deception: the revelations of the most famous hacker on the planet , CampusPress, 2003, 377 p. (ISBN\u00a0 2744015709 ) . Paul Moreira, New censorship. Behind the scenes of information handling , Robert Laffont, 2007, 285 p. (ISBN\u00a0 2221108639 ) . Jean-Pierre Morin, Sectarus: the rapist of conscience , Armand Colin, 1982 (ISBN\u00a0 2903944008 ) . ALEEX MUCUCELLI, The art of influencing: analysis of manipulation techniques , Armand Colin, 2005, 174 p. (ISBN\u00a0 2200269870 ) . Isabelle Nazare-Ca, The manipulators are with us. Who are they ? How to protect yourself? , \u00c9ditions de l’Homme, 1999, 286 p. (ISBN\u00a0 276191399x ) . Genevi\u00e8ve Pagnard, Unpunished crimes, or neonta: story of a manipulated love , Prime Fluo \u00e9ditions, 2004 (ISBN\u00a0 2952235805 ) . Philippe Ricalens, French manipulation , Economic, 2003, 202 p. (ISBN\u00a0 2717845860 ) . Bernard Salengro, Management by mental manipulation , L’Harmattan, Paris, 2006, 237 p. (ISBN\u00a0 2-296-01538-7 ) . Anne Ciocca, Say goodbye to manipulators free from the control of others , Qu\u00e9becor, 2008, 143 p. (ISBN\u00a0 9782764012741 ) . Aldous Huxley, Back to best worlds . Fabien turning it, Psychology of persuasion and commitment , University Press of Franche-Comt\u00e9, 2003 (ISBN\u00a0 9782848670331 ) . Andreas Edm\u00fcller and Thomas Wilhem ( trad. Christine Mignot), The art of manipulation: recognize and thwart the traps of manipulators [“Techniken manipulations”], Brussels, Ixelles \u00c9ditions, 2011 , 206 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 9782875151117 ) . Peter Berger et Thomas Luckmann ( trad. Pierre toniniaux (dr.) And danilo martitucelli), The social construction of reality [\u00ab\u00a0The Social Construction of Reality\u00a0\u00bb], Armand Colin, coll. “Individual and society”, 2018 , 341 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-200-62190-2-2 ) , p. 252-258 . Related articles [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Techniques [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Syndromes [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Mediatized [ modifier | Modifier and code ] external links [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  "},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/mental-manipulation-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Mental manipulation \u2014 Wikipedia"}}]}]