[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/gertrud-baumer-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/gertrud-baumer-wikipedia\/","headline":"Gertrud B\u00e4umer \u2014 Wikipedia","name":"Gertrud B\u00e4umer \u2014 Wikipedia","description":"Gertrud B\u00e4umer , born September 12, 1873 in Hohenlimburg, commune of Hagen, and died the 25 mars 1954 In the","datePublished":"2017-02-28","dateModified":"2017-02-28","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/96\/Vorstand_des_ersten_deutschen_Frauenkongress_Anfang_M%C3%A4rz_1912_in_Berlin.jpg\/220px-Vorstand_des_ersten_deutschen_Frauenkongress_Anfang_M%C3%A4rz_1912_in_Berlin.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/96\/Vorstand_des_ersten_deutschen_Frauenkongress_Anfang_M%C3%A4rz_1912_in_Berlin.jpg\/220px-Vorstand_des_ersten_deutschen_Frauenkongress_Anfang_M%C3%A4rz_1912_in_Berlin.jpg","height":"214","width":"220"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/gertrud-baumer-wikipedia\/","wordCount":6315,"articleBody":"Gertrud B\u00e4umer , born September 12, 1873 in Hohenlimburg, commune of Hagen, and died the 25 mars 1954 In the Bethel institution (of) \u00e0 gadss tree Gadders tree , commune of Bielefeld (Rhinenania-du-Nord-Westphalie), is a teacher, writer, journalist, feminist militant and German politician, deputy from 1919 to 1932. She is one of the most important figures of the German bourgeois women’s movement in German The end of the 19th It is and early XX It is century. It plays an important role in the federation of associations of German women ( Federation of German women’s associations , BDF), founded in 1893 as a umbrella organization of women’s associations in Germany. This spirituality will accompany him throughout his life and influence his feminism [ first ] . Feminist of the conservative movement, she uses her influence within the BDF to oppose the radical feminists who require sexual emancipation and the legalization of abortion.   Youth and training [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Gertrud B\u00e4umer comes from a family of pastors. His parents are the pastor and teacher Emil B\u00e4umer (1845\u20131883) and Carole SCHEDE (1850-1929). His great grandfather, Wilhelm B\u00e4umer (1783\u20131848), was a pastor in Bodelschwingh near L\u00fctgendortmund. Family campaigning for the Presbyterian Constitution, he was linked to the theologian and philosopher Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768\u20131834) [ 2 ] . When his father died, Gertrud B\u00e4umer, ten years old, his two brothers and sisters and his mother will live with his grandmother. In his memoirs, Gertrud B\u00e4umer describes the void in his mother’s life and his economic dependence on his loved ones as a painful but instructive experience. She decides, very early to have a job. “I wanted – and owed for economic reasons – to become a teacher” [ 3 ] . She frequents the ” Higher daughter school \u00bbIn Halle then the Magdeburg teachers’ seminar. From 1894, she taught in elementary schools of Halberstadt, Kamen and Magdeburg and can thus financially support her mother. Shortly after, through an older colleague, she contacted the general association of German teachers ( General German Teachers’ Association , ADLV) and meets President Helene Lange [ 4 ] . In 1898, she moved to Berlin to pass the exam of the principal teacher, a prior condition for admission to higher education. At that time, in Prussia, women only had access to higher education with the express authorization of teachers. The registration of women was only officially approved in 1908. Unlike the men of his family, Gertrud B\u00e4umer does not benefit from any scholarship and must finance his studies herself, among other things by publishing articles for the feminist movement. At the University of Berlin, she took courses in theology, Germanic studies, philology and economics and became, in 1904, the first woman in Germany to obtain a doctorate [ 4 ] . The Women’s Movement [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Like many women of the time, Gertrud B\u00e4umer adheres through his teacher work to the feminist movement, then bourgeois, initially conceived as an education movement of women. In Berlin, she became the assistant of Helene Lange, considered to be the undisputed leader in the teachers’ movement but whose eye disease limits activities. She worked with her from 1908 to the death of Helene Lange in 1930; She is also his partner. Between 1916 and 1921, Gertrud B\u00e4umer was the assistant editor of The woman (\u00ab Wife \u00bb) Then its editor -in -chief until 1944 [ 5 ] . It also contributes to the weekly of Friedrich Naumann The help . Federation of German women’s associations [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Gertrud B\u00e4umer quickly entered the Board of Directors of the Federation of German Women’s Associations ( Federation of German women’s associations , Bdf). In 1910, she succeeded Marie Stitt as President and remained at the head of the Federation for nine years, until 1919, but her influence continued for more than twenty years, through her articles in the newspaper The woman [ first ] , [ 6 ] . Under its presidency, the BDF evolves towards more conservatism, a trend reinforced by the arrival of associations of women of a religious nature, such as the German league for evangelical women ( German Evangelical Frauenbund ). The women’s middle -class women organizations on the left blame him for being too traditionalist. In addition, the BFD also withdrew its support from radical feminists who campaign in favor of sexual emancipation and the legalization of abortion. Gertrud B\u00e4umer considers abortion as a crime and contraceptives as immoral. According to her, the legalization of abortion would destroy “the maternal instinct” of the Germans and would contribute to the physical and moral degeneration of the German people, leading to efforts to glorify “free sex life” [not clear] . While the ideas of Gertrud B\u00e4umer progress within the Federation, the start of the First World War ends the last traces of more radical feminism [ 4 ] , [ first ] . WWI [ modifier | Modifier and code ] During the First World War, Gertrud B\u00e4umer founded, with Hedwig Heyl, the National Service of Women ( National women’s service , NFD), under the aegis of the BDF, in order to mobilize volunteer women in the war effort. The NFD provides food for families in need, gives nutritional advice to housewives and offers cooking lessons. It helps widows and their children, organizes daycares for workers in the war industries and helps pregnant women. In addition, the NFD provides educational, employment and legal services to women and adolescents [ 7 ] . Originally, it was the women of the radical movement who had the idea of \u200b\u200ba national service of women, considering it as a way to demonstrate that women could support the war effort with as much zeal as the men who were in combat; The final objective is to prove the ability of women to the right to vote. On the other hand, Gertrud B\u00e4umer – who recognizes that the service would not have “been possible without the prior work carried out by the movement of German women” – wants the service of women to demonstrate that German women place “the interest of the fatherland ” first of all [ first ] . She publishes Heimatschroniek (\u00ab Chronicle of the Fatherland ), A sort of ten to fifteen pages newspaper for The woman . The title appears from September 1914 to June 1919 and recounts the activity of the NFD. This is an adaptation of the War chronicle (” War chronicle \u00bb), that Friedrich Naumann publishes in the newspaper The help On the mobilization of men on the front [ 5 ] . In 1917, with Marie Baum, she took charge of development and management (until 1920) of the Social School of Women and the Social Educational Institute in Hamburg ( Institution of Social Women’s School and Social Pedagogical Institute Hamburg ), one of the first schools to train social workers in Germany. The Hamburg School follows the model of the very first School of Social Work for Women founded in 1908 in Berlin by the feminist and social reformer Alice Salomon (1872-1948) [ 4 ] , [ 8 ] . The pacifist movement [ modifier | Modifier and code ] In April-May 1915, 1,200 pacifist feminists from twelve countries participated in the international congress of women gathered in The Hague. He is held on the initiative of the American Jane Addams and American and Dutch feminist and pacifist associations. During the Congress was created the International Committee for Women for Permanent Peace, in order to protest against the First World War. Indeed, Congress is a split in the international feminist movement, while the majority of feminists of the time make the choice to support their national government and the war effort that arises from it [ 9 ] , often hoping that this commitment will play at the end of the conflict to get the right to vote. On the contrary, women gathered in The Hague choose to prevail their pacifist ideals and international cooperation on their national interests. They also debate means that will prevent future wars; According to them, female suffrage would be the most powerful means, women who can get involved to resolve conflicts before they lead to a war [ ten ] . Anita Augspurg, Lida Gustava Heymann, Frida Perlen (of) And Elise von Schlumberger go to the Hague Congress. They require the immediate cessation of hostilities and the opening of peace negotiations. THE Federation of German women’s associations (BDF), led by Gertrud B\u00e4umer, Boycotte Le Congress, disavows the radical and pacifist minority of pacifist feminists and excludes the three women for their “non -patriotic” attitude [ first ] . When they go around the countries at war to try to rally them to the cause of peace and to accept negotiations, Gertrud B\u00e4umer accuses them of “weakening Germany” by disarming the Germans “in a world filled with ‘Weapons \u201d. At the end of the war, she also criticized the Treaty of Versailles, which Germany was forced to sign; She considers that the document “rides German blood” [ 5 ] . In 1915, another International Women’s Congress was organized, this time by the socialist movement via the Socialist Women International. He was held in Bern from March 16 to 28, 1915, on the initiative of the German Clara Zetkin. Gertrud B\u00e4umer writes: “Bern’s conference is a corporatist conference of women who are not mandated by anyone, betray the order and the rules of associations and parties to which they adhere and want to take care of the problems of high responsibility … We have already had the sad example of the Hague Conference! \u00bb\u00bb [ 11 ] . The struggle for obtaining female suffrage in Germany ceased in 1918, when German women obtained the right to vote. At that time Gertrud B\u00e4umer engages in politics. Politics [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Politically, Gertrud B\u00e4umer identifies with the social liberalism of Friedrich Naumann, an influential politician who works to the rightization of German liberalism, with whom she works closely and who is a bit of her intellectual mentor. From 1912, she was responsible for writing the culture section of her magazine The help , founded in 1894. After her death, in 1919, she temporarily became the editor. She maintains that the feminist movement must support the objectives of the German nation, in particular its aggressive foreign policy and that it must also work to minimize social and class conflicts [ twelfth ] , [ first ] . When in 1908 the Prussian Associations law was changed to make women’s support for political parties possible, Gertrud B\u00e4umer and H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Lange joined the Liberal Association ( Free -minded association ), in which Friedrich Naumann has also been active since 1903. From this association was born the progressive popular party in 1910 [ first ] . In 1919, she left Hamburg and returned to Berlin, resigned from the BDF to devote herself to national politics, which she described as a patriotic gesture rather than feminist [ first ] . She founded the German Democratic Party (DDP) with Friedrich Naumann and others and is the vice-president from 1920 to 1930 [ 13 ] . German women participate for the first time in election in the January 19, 1919 elections [ 13 ] And Gertrud B\u00e4umer becomes one of the first elected women in Parliament. She was a deputy for the National Assembly (1919-1920) then the Reichstag (1920-1932) for the Liberal Democratic Party. It does not stand for the 1932 elections [ 4 ] . From 1920 to 1933, she was an advisor to the Ministry of the Interior of the Reich, where she was responsible for the Departments of Youth Protection and Schools [ 4 ] . In 1919, she joined the League against anti -Semitism ( Association for the defense against anti -Semitism ) and, from 1926 to 1933, she was delegate of the Reich government to the League of Nations in Geneva [ first ] . Writing [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Gertrud B\u00e4umer then turned to historical studies, travel and writing [ 5 ] . In the 1930s, she wrote books in which Christian mysticism was mixed with historical subjects as well as studies of literary characters [ first ] and, in the fall of 1933, his political autobiography Life path through a turnaround , an “intellectual confrontation with National Socialism”. At the beginning of 1934, she settled with her new partner Gertrud von Sanden (1881-1940) in Gie\u00dfmannsdorf, in Silesia (today Go.mir). National Socialism [ modifier | Modifier and code ] In 1933, with the coming to power of nationals-socialists, Gertrud B\u00e4umer was dismissed from his functions at the Ministry [ first ] . In a letter to her uncle Werner Schede, she talks about the dilemma that her work under the Nazi regime would have posed to him: “I am therefore dismissed with my pension […]. For me, it is the cleanest solution. If I was in office, I should now make the arrangements concerning Jewish children in schools […]. It would actually be impossible for me \u201d(letter of April 28, 1933). All women’s associations are ordered to dissolve and join the state -controlled Nazi women’s group. Gertrud B\u00e4umer wishes to maintain the Federation of Women’s Associations (BDF), even if this implies to comply with the requirements of the Nazis, as, among others, the expulsion of its Jewish members. BDF rejects its opinion and chooses to dissolve to avoid falling under the thumb of the Nazis [ first ] . During the rise in power of national socialism, from 1923 to 1933, Gertrud B\u00e4umer had published numerous very critical articles, mainly in the magazine The help . She predicted that “the political victory of this wave of feelings […] would be the German collapse. More dangerous than these moods themselves, it is the fact that even those who do not share them do not see all their dangerousness \u201d [ 14 ] . Despite these positions hostile to Nazism, Gertrud B\u00e4umer accepts compromise with the regime. She supports some of her ideas, is positioned for the integration of BDF into the Nazi women’s front [ 6 ] , [ first ] . She continues to publish the newspaper The woman, In collaboration with Frances Magnus-Von Hauser, despite the virulent criticisms of his militant colleagues like Dorothee von Velsen Dorothee von Velsen , Anna Pappritz Anna Pappritz and Marie Elisabeth L\u00fcders. Over time, she must accept ever more important concessions to the regime, going so far as to publish national-socialist content. The newspaper rarely comments on politics. She will later say that she wanted to offer a positive alternative to Nazism [ first ] , [ 15 ] . Post-war [ modifier | Modifier and code ] At the end of the Second World War, she was considered with suspicion by the winners and suspected of Nazi sympathies. It is prevented from resuming the publication of The woman And some of his books are prohibited for a few years [ first ] . During the winter of 1945, Gertrud B\u00e4umer took refuge in Saalfeld, then in Bamberg, with the grandson of his partner, who died in the meantime. It is trying to participate in the political reconstruction of the Federal Republic and in particular in the reconstruction of a women’s movement, but must quickly realize that, in particular in the organizations of post-war women, its behavior during the Nazi period is interpreted as opportunism and its vision of female policy as an outdated. It is active in the founding group of the Social Christian Union ( Christian Social Union , CSU) [ 4 ] . It gives some conferences, in particular on theological and historical subjects, but begins to suffer from atherosclerosis, which obliges it to gradually cease its public activities [ first ] . End of life [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Tomb of Helene Lange in the Heerstra\u00dfe cemetery in Berlin-Westend, with the tribute to Gertrud Ba\u00fcmer. Gertrud B\u00e4umer moved to Bad Godesberg in 1949 with his sister Else B\u00e4umer (1875\u20131959). At the beginning of 1954, she was transferred to the Bodelschwinghschen ANSTALTEN in Bethel (Bielefeld), where she died on March 25. It is buried in the local cemetery. On the tomb of H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Lange in the Heterstrasse cemetery in Berlin-Westend, an inscription pays tribute to Gertrud B\u00e4umer. Many schools in Germany bear his name, as well as streets, for example in his birthplace Hagen-Hohenlimburg, as well as in Munich, Wiesbaden, L\u00fcnen, T\u00fcbingen and Troisdorf. In 1974, the Deutsche Bundespost issued a special stamp with the portrait of Gertrud B\u00e4umer. Handbook of the women’s movement, vol. I et II (with Helene Lange), Berlin, Moeer, 1901 The Hoeherer educational institutions and the male school system in the German Empire (avec conrad retrus it rudolf lehman), berlin, asher, 1904 History of high school courses for women in Berlin , Berlin, Moeser,, 1906 Women’s movement and sexual ethics. Contributions to modern marriages , Heilbronn, Salzer, 1909 The social idea in the worldviews of the 19th century. The basic features of modern social philosophy , Heilbronn, Salzer, 1910 The German congress of women. All lectures , 1912 The woman in the economy and state life of the present . Two, Stuttgart\/Berlin, 1914 The mental crisis , Herbig, Berlin, 1924 Basics of democratic politics , 1928 German school policy , 1928 Home chronicle during the World War , Berlin, Herbig, 1930 Meaning and forms of intellectual leadership , Berlin, Herbig, 1930 Life path through a turnaround , T\u00fcbingen, Wunderlich, 1933 Adelheid – mother of the kingdoms , T\u00fcbingen, Wunderlich, 1936 The power of love – the path of Dante Alighieri , Bruckmann, Munich 1941 The knightly person – the Naumburg foundation figures in 16 color recordings by Walter Hege , Berlin, F.A.Hherbig Verlagbuchhandlung Deutscher Kunstverlag, 1941 Mrs. Rath Goethe – the wisdom of the mother , T\u00fcbingen, Wunderlich, 1949 The three divine comedies of the West. Wolframs Parsifal. Dantes Divina Commedia. Goethe’s fist , Regensberg, M\u00fcnster 1949 Small Ricarda Small Rick , T\u00fcbingen, Wunderlich, 1949 Otto I. and Adelheid , T\u00fcbingen, Wunderlich, 1951 The royal head. A story , T\u00fcbingen, Wunderlich, 1951 In the light of memory , Wunderlich, T\u00fcbingen, 1953 (autobiography) A week in May – seven days of young Goethe , T\u00fcbingen, Wunderlich, 1956 Of life like the love band. Letters , (Custain Depiment Beappy Beckmann), Trennings, Wunders, Wunderlich, 1956 Portrait of lovers – shape and change of the woman , T\u00fcbingen, Wunderlich, 1958 Eleonora Duse , T\u00fcbingen, Wunderlich, 1958 The king’s mountain – the epic of the Langobardian people , T\u00fcbingen, Wunderlich, 1959 (of) Cordula Koepcke, Women’s movement between 1800 and 2000, Heldseberg at NUsbergg: Glock it lutt, 1979. (of) Ralf Koerrenz, Sebastian Engelmann, Gertrud B\u00e4umer, Deconstructing Gender and Discussing Social Work, Palgrave Studies in Alternative Education , 2019 (of) Ralf Koerrenz, Sebastian Engelmann, Forgotten Pedagogues of German Education: A History of Alternative Education ,Palgrave, 2019 (of) Angelika Schaser, Helene Lange and Gertrud Baumer: a political community, BOHLAU POLLAGE GMB, 2010, (ISBN\u00a0 978-3412091002 ) Marianne Walle, Germany, 1915. Feminism to the test of war , (World Wars and Contemporary Conflicts, n \u00b0 219), Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 2005. Read online \u2191 A b c d e f g h i j k l m n o and p ‘ B\u00e4umer, Gertrud (1873\u20131954) | Encyclopedia.com \u00bb , on www.encyclopedia.com  (consulted the November 17, 2020 )  \u2191 (of) Alborn, Schleiermacher as a church politician. The arguments about the reform of the church constitution in Prussia (1799\u20131823), in Unio et confessio. Vol. 20 , Bielfeld, 1996  \u2191 (of) Gertrud B\u00e4umer, Life path through a turnaround , T\u00fcbingen, 1993 (ISBN\u00a0 3596237386 )  \u2191 a b c d e f and g ‘ Gertrud B\u00e4umer (1873-1954) | Toward’s emancipation? \u00bb , on hist259.web.unc.edu  (consulted the November 17, 2020 )  \u2191 A B C and D Marianne Walle, “Germany, 1915. Feminism to the test of war” , World wars and contemporary conflicts , 2005\/3 (n\u00b0 219), p. 63-69.  \u2191 a et b (of) Angelika Schaser, Helene Lange and Gertrud B\u00e4umer. A political community , Cologne, B\u00f6hlau, 2010 (ISBN\u00a0 978-3-412-09100-2-2 )  \u2191 (of) Sabine Hering, The war winners – practice and ideology of the German women’s movement in the First World War , Pfaffenweiler, 1992 (ISBN\u00a0 978-3-890-85368-0 )  \u2191 (of) Marie Baum, Review of my life , Heidelberg, 1950 , p. 209 and following  \u2191 \u00c9velyne Morin-Rotureau, Women’s fights 1914-1918 , 2004, p. 5-13.  \u2191 ‘ International Women’s Congress in The Hague 1915 \u00bb , on 14-18.bruxelles.be  (consulted the June 19, 2020 ) .  \u2191 (of) Gertrud Ba\u00fcmer, ‘ Home chronicle \u00bb , The woman n \u00b0 11 , August 1915  \u2191 (of) Gertrud Ba\u00fcmer, Life path through a turnaround , T\u00fcbingen, 1933 , p. 250 and following  \u2191 a et b (of) Foundation German Historical Museum , ‘ Just seen in Lemo: Lemo Biography \u00bb , on www.dhm.de  (consulted the November 17, 2020 )  \u2191 The help , 5 mars 1932, p. 221.  \u2191 (of) Marie-Elisabeth L\u00fcders, Do not be afraid. Political and personal from more than 80 years , Cologne, 1963 (ISBN\u00a0 978-3-322-98441-8 ) , p. 140 and following   "},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/gertrud-baumer-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Gertrud B\u00e4umer \u2014 Wikipedia"}}]}]