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Desertec was a large-scale energy project which provided for the exploitation of the","datePublished":"2017-03-01","dateModified":"2017-03-01","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/38\/Info_Simple.svg\/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/38\/Info_Simple.svg\/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png","height":"12","width":"12"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/project-misserentic-wikipedia\/","wordCount":8314,"articleBody":" DESERTEC Foundation logo.  DII industrial initiative logo. Desertec was a large-scale energy project which provided for the exploitation of the solar energy potential of the deserts of North Africa and the Middle East in order to permanently supply the neighboring regions (in particular Europe) with renewable electricity. The DESERTEC concept was originally developed by “transmediterranean cooperation for renewable energy” (TREC for Trans-Mediterranean Renewable Energy Cooperation). The Desertec Foundation was born in 2003 under the auspices of the Rome club and the National Center for Energy Research in Jordan (NERC). The industrial “pendants” of the foundation are respectively the DII GMBH (founded under the name of Desertec Industrial Initiative ) and Medgrid, which aim to promote the establishment of the Desertec concept in the EU-MENA region (Europe, Middle East and North Africa). As for the organization Sahara Green , it continues to promote all the initiatives that aim to exploit the sun of the deserts to get them back. Initially Desertec aimed both to meet largely the needs of the producing countries in North Africa and the Middle East, and to cover up to almost 20% of electricity demand in Europe. Since then, the initial objective of export of energy to Europe has been temporarily abandoned because it was not competitive with local solutions to the European energy production continentrenewable. The consortium refocused its project towards the production of energy for sub-Saharan Africa. In August 2020, the Algerian Minister of Energy, Mohamed Arkab, said that the Desertec project is ” outmoded ” , on the grounds that he requires, according to him, to “Big investments” And that the country would benefit from opting rather for small solar power plants.  Summary mapping allowing to view the structure and nodes of the DESERTEC project electrical network. The DESERTEC concept is based on the fact that every km 2 desert receives annually \u201cSolar energy equivalent to 1.5 million barrels of oil. The total surface of the deserts on the whole planet would provide several hundred times the energy currently used worldwide \u201d ; Cover 0.3% of 40 million km 2 Deserts from the planet in solar power plants would cover the electrical needs of the planet in 2009 (around 18,000 TWh \/an).   The DESERTEC concept was born within a global network of scientists, managers and entrepreneurs, the TREC, which developed it in collaboration with the German branch of the Rome club. TREC participated in the realization of three studies which made it possible to assess the potential of renewable energies in the countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), the needs expected for 2050 in water and energy of these countries , and the feasibility of the construction of an electrical transport network between the European Union (EU) and Le Mena. It was the German center for aeronautics and aerospace (DLR for “Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr luft-und Raumfahrt”) that carried out the three technical studies, funded by the Federal Ministry of the Environment in Germany (BMU) [ first ] . According to this study, such a network could before 2050 provide more than 50% of the EUMENA \u200b\u200belectricity needs (Europe + Middle East + North Africa). In 2009, the Desertec Foundation was created in order to advance the implementation of the Desertec concept on a global scale. THE July 13, 2009 , a memorandum of understanding for the realization of the DESERTEC concept in the EU-MENA region is signed by the Foundation, the Munich RE-reinsurance company as well as twelve other companies based in Europe, in the Middle East and North Africa, in Munich [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] . The October 30, 2009 , these same partners create the Desertc Industrial Initiative, later becoming Dii GmbH, which pursues three objectives. The first is to create a technical, economic, political and regulatory framework, making investments in renewable energies in the EU-Mena region possible, the second is to set up three reference projects in order to demonstrate the feasibility of the DESERTEC concept. The third objective is to develop a scenario of implementation of the long -term concept until 2050, containing recommendations in terms of investments and financing. The Dutchman Paul Van Son was appointed in 2009 at the head of the consortium [ 4 ] . DII now includes more than 55 shareholders and associated partners from 15 countries in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East [ 5 ] And works in collaboration not only with companies, but also with scientific, political institutions and civil society on both sides of the Mediterranean. The activities of the DII industrial initiative, as well as those of the French consortium Medgrid, have the backdrop of the Mediterranean solar plan which aims to develop the use of renewable energies and to strengthen the energy efficiency of the 43 member states ‘Union for the Mediterranean [ 6 ] . The two organizations have also signed a memorandum of understanding in November 2011 In Brussels in the presence in particular of the French Minister of Energy and his German counterpart. The areas of cooperation include the exchange of information, updating the progress made, the joint evaluation of potential synergies, and the joint efforts of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa to obtain A more favorable regulatory framework for the renewable energy market [ 7 ] . In June 2011 , the DII consortium signs a cooperation agreement with Masen (Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy) [ 8 ] relating to the implementation of a large -scale solar project in Morocco. This project mainly aims to demonstrate the feasibility of the export of solar origin from the desert to Europe. Masen is a developer of the project and oversees the complete process in Morocco, including the project specification and the identification of the sites. DII plays a facilitator role, and brings its expertise by developing a viable commercial file for the project. This should take the form of a grouping of thermosolar and photovoltaic power plants with a total capacity of 500 MW [ 9 ] , [ ten ] . Depending on the technology used, the pilot power station will be able to feed the Spanish and Moroccan electricity networks between 2014 and 2016 [ 11 ] . Morocco is indeed favored by the electrical network connecting it to Spain, but also by the importance which it attaches to the sector of renewable energies. Another agreement is signed in April 2011 Between Steg Renewable Energies, a subsidiary of the Tunisian Electricity and Steg Gaz, and the DII initiative on a feasibility study for major solar and wind energy projects in Tunisia. The technical conditions and the regulatory framework relating to local electricity consumption, export to neighboring countries and Europe will be examined. Likewise, the possibilities of financing a possible reference project for a volume of 1,000 MW In partnership with Tunisia are assessed [ twelfth ] . Algeria also meets exceptional conditions for the production of solar electricity [ 13 ] . In December 2011 , Sonelgaz, the national electricity and gas company in Algeria, and the DII industrial initiative, decide to cooperate in order to strengthen the exchange of technical expertise, to examine ways and means for access to external markets and jointly promote the development of renewable energies in Algeria [ 14 ] . As part of this agreement, a feasibility study is conducted by Sonelgaz and DII on a potential reference project of a total volume of 1,000 MW [ 15 ] . In April 2012 , the Association of Mediterranean Electric Networks Managers (Med-TSO) is created with Noureddine Boutarfa, CEO of Sonelgaz. The association consists of fifteen operators of electrical networks from thirteen countries around the Mediterranean. The creation of this association is considered a real turning point in the conduct and strengthening of relations between electric operators on the two banks of the Mediterranean. Among other things, this association aims to promote the coordination of development and exploitation plans of networks in the Mediterranean region, to encourage the integration of electrical systems in the Med-TSO zone, by setting up executives legal and regulatory and promoting cooperation between electrical networks managers [ 16 ] . In June 2012 , DII publishes its project “Desert Power 2050” according to which Europe would earn 30 euros per MWh of electricity by important 20% of its needs from the desert regions and, on the other hand, “EU’s climatic objectives could be more efficiently achieved” [ 17 ] . In May 2013, DII announced to change strategy, only a small share of the energy produced in North Africa finally to be exported to Europe [ 18 ] . The consortium has refocused its project on energy production for sub-Saharan Africa [ 19 ] . In April 2020, Algerian Minister of Energy Mohamed Arkab revealed the preparation of a preliminary agreement with Germany for the Desertec project [ 20 ] . In May 2020, he presented to the Algerian government the launch of the “Tafouk 1” project for the construction of photovoltaic solar power plants with a total capacity of 4 GWC Over the 2020-2024 period [ 21 ] . In August 2020, the Minister of Energy, Mohamed Arkab, said that the Desertec project is ” outmoded ” , on the grounds that he requires, according to him, to “Big investments” and that the country would benefit from opting rather for small solar power plants [ 22 ] . The DESERTEC concept is based on the observation that every km 2 desert receives annually \u201cSolar energy equivalent to 1.5 million barrels of oil. The total surface of the deserts on the whole planet would provide several hundred times the energy currently used in the world [ 23 ] \u00bb ; Cover one twentieth of the surface of the Sahara, or 0.3% of the 40 million km 2 deserts from the planet of solar thermal power plants would satisfy all the electrical needs of the planet in 2009 (around 18,000 TWh \/an) [ 24 ] . However, Desertec not only provides for the construction of solar thermal power plants but also the development of wind farms and photovoltaic power plants. Other technologies such as hydroelectric energy and biomass could also cover part of the future energy needs of the Mediterranean region. These installations on both sides of the Mediterranean could be linked together by an interconnected electrical network which would feed North Africa, Europe and the Middle East, this network can be optimized via a Supergrid type approach. In June 2012 , DII publishes the \u201cDesert Power 2050\u201d strategic study which shows that an integrated Supergrid type electrical network with Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, 91% fueled by renewable energies (53% wind, 16% thermosolar electricity, 9% natural gas, the rest between hydro, biomass and other renewable energies), a large part from the North African desert, is not only possible but also advantageous for all countries involved. The study thus demonstrates that such a system would reduce the cost of electricity, to contribute to environmental protection and to strengthen energy security [ 25 ] . DII announced the publication of a second document in early 2013 presenting the concrete measures to be taken for the achievement of such a target by 2050. However, Desertec Is not limited to aspects of energy production: people working around the DESERTEC concept are also interested in the socio-economic dimensions of the development of renewable energies in the region. The realization of the concept could thus make it possible to create many local jobs, relying on the experience of the local workforce agreeing to work in the very difficult conditions of the desert. In June 2013 , DII published a “Desert Power: Getting Started” report which examines the conditions to be fulfilled to obtain, beyond the 50 GW of projects announced (18 GW wind and about 30 GW Solar, especially heliothermodynamics) for 2020 by the countries of the MENA region, a transition from renewable energies in their electricity production at 45% in 2030, 80% in 2040 and 98% in 2050, as well as a Important development of Europe-Mena exchanges thanks to high-voltage direct current lines, in particular the Mediterranean loop Medring [ 26 ] . For production:   Concentration solar power plant using cylindro-parabolic sensors (Source: Nrel [ 27 ] ). One of the envisaged techniques is that of the solar thermodynamic solar power plants, that is to say using parabolic mirrors to produce water vapor at very high temperature and under high pressure, which runs a turbine and an alternator producing electricity [ 28 ] , [ 3 ] . This type of power plant is capable of providing electricity even at night, thanks to heat storage (tank of steam or melted salt) [ 29 ] ; In addition, the distribution of the power call over a longer daily period increases the use of generators and reducing their dimensioning, which reduces investment for the same production. Among the main technologies envisaged for the realization of the DESERTEC concept, there are also the photovoltaic solar power plants. This technology uses semiconductor materials, generally silicon, which have the capacity to directly transform sunlight into electricity. This is called the photovoltaic effect, the product of the shock of light photons on a semiconductor material which transmits their energy to the electrons which generate electrical voltage. Photovoltaic solar power plants consist of photovoltaic solar modules linked together (series and parallel) and use inverters to be connected to the network. Unlike the solar thermodynamic power plants, electricity production in photovoltaic solar power plants only takes place during the hours of sunshine.  Wind turbines and high -voltage lines near Rye, England. Wind is another source of energy available in abundance in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Thus, the DESERTEC concept also provides for the construction of terrestrial or at sea wind farms. Such an electrical production installation consists of several wind turbines, whose blades make it possible to transform kinetic energy (energy that has a body because of its movement ) Wind in mechanical energy, which is then transformed into electrical energy thanks to a generator. For the transport of electricity:  Project designers hope to be able to use new high voltage lines (modern high -voltage continuous current transmission lines) to allow electricity to be transported over large distances with much less loss online (3% for 1,000 km ) that with classic alternating current lines, and almost without electromagnetic pollution. For storage:  Part of the electricity production can be used to pump water towards mountain lakes in Europe, which has a lot. This water can then generate electricity on demand, allowing to cope with consumption peaks. In addition to the necessary geopolitical agreements, the project partners must: find sites that are not dunes and are close enough to the sea and nodes (existing or future) of the electrical network; Produce a safe and fairly interconnected electrical network; Testing and maintaining installations that will be subjected to sandstorms and significant thermal shocks; Ensure to study and settle or compensate for environmental impacts and in terms of water consumption; Before any real -size achievement, check by in -depth studies, and if necessary reduced -scale achievements, what will be the possible climate and meteorological impacts of the project because the solar energy captured will no longer heat the catchment area, but that ‘Conversely, the electrical energy transported which will ultimately be transformed into heat will further heat the areas of use. “In six hours, deserts receive more energy from the sun than what the whole human is eaten in a year.” The Desertec Foundation is based on this observation of the German physicist Gerard Knies to develop solar energy [ 30 ] . The authors of the project present it [ thirty first ] as a solution Gagnants-Gagnants For the countries of the North and the South concerned, allowing them both to develop and to reduce their contributions to CO emissions 2  (mais en \u00e9mettant de grandes quantit\u00e9s de vapeur d’eau qui est aussi un gaz \u00e0 effet de serre notent certains d\u00e9tracteurs, cette vapeur d’eau pourra ais\u00e9ment \u00eatre transform\u00e9e en eau). Le projet devrait aussi permettre l’\u00e9conomie de combustibles fossiles, qui pourrait limiter les pressions de d\u00e9forestation ou de collecte du bois mort dans la zone p\u00e9risaharienne, et par la m\u00eame occasion limite la d\u00e9gradation des puits de carbone forestiers.The climatic disruption being mainly caused by the countries of the North but first suffered by the MENA regions and especially the arid regions, the project promoters consider normal and just that Europe helps financially and technically the introduction of energies renewable in the MENA area [ thirty first ] . Some authors denounce the risk of new energy dependence from northern countries with regard to large oil and gas countries or the risk that local populations benefit less from the project than those of the North, or the vulnerability of such a network Faced with terrorist risk or fragile political balances (Torsten Jeworrek, Munich, believing that on the contrary such a project by contributing to energy needs and local economic development could contribute to the political stability of Africa and the Middle East) . Desertec adds that by example of what is noted in Europe, interdependence ensures better peace and cohesion than autonomy. In addition, the countries of the Middle East are beginning to build plant production factories intended to produce solar energy on their territory, for the benefit of the economy of these countries. Electricity export will be an additional income, which can partially replace those of oil that is starting to run out.The project provides for a electric mix (Trans-CSP scenario for 2050) with “65% of European renewable energy, 17% imports of solar electricity, 18% of substitution and advanced thermal power plants” .In this configuration, the loss of the 20 CCHT lines from the MENA would allow in Europe compensation by the network to the repair of the lines or negotiation of a “Political solution [ thirty first ] \u00bb . Faced with the risk of a new kind of ecocolonialism, the authors of the project say that technological transfer and the development of training programs and studies on renewable energies in MENA is clearly supported by European partners, in particular within the framework Union for the Mediterranean [ thirty first ] . Others [Who ?] fear impacts for the environment: important level of water consumption for cooling [Ref. necessary] , Impact on the desert albedo and radiative forcing [Ref. necessary] , Modification of local meteorology [Ref. necessary] or even climate [Ref. necessary] … Regarding water consumption of power plants, Desertec promoters indicate that it is possible to build seawater desalination factories, a solution which in turn arouses fears of disruption of coastal ecosystems via an increase in salinity induced by briefs of brine [ 32 ] , [ 3 ] . It is at this stage difficult to specify what could be the impacts of water vapor emissions. Stephan Kohler, Director of the German Energy Agency (DENA):\u201cThe construction of solar power plants in North Africa is judicious. Electricity transport in 3,500 km To Germany is much less so. We need this energy on site [ 33 ] \u00bb. The manager of the Think Tank Sahara Green and defender of the transfer of technology to Africa:“Sustainable trans-mediterranean projects such as those from Desertec, MSP and Medgrid initiatives, will allow the MENA zone to improve its supply of electricity and drinking water, will create many jobs in this region and will allow companies Local to develop know-how in renewable energies, water treatment, the fight against desertification and permaculture, if multinationals on the initiative of these continental projects provide for a profitable technological partnership there owners of these deserts [ 34 ] . \u00bb Other authors denounce the fact that certain solar power plants built within the framework of the Desertec project are in fact hybrid and are planned to produce almost all their electricity by burning gas, the production of solar origin is reduced to the congruent portion [ 35 ] . A quick calculation shows, for example, that the “Hassi R\u2019mel” solar power plant project in Algeria should produce 97% of its electricity from gas, and “Ain Beni Matar” in Morocco, 95% [ 36 ] . Desertc defenders justify the hybrid nature of power plants by the need to make the costly CCHT transport between MENA and Europe more attractive, by dividing its cost price (a gas power plant that can produce electricity for more Of 8,000 hours, while solar can only produce during the equivalent of approximately 2,000 hours per year at full power). Many organizations support the realization of the DESERTEC concept. In addition to the Desertec Foundation, many companies, research centers and political organizations contribute to the development of renewable energies in the Mediterranean region. We are among the players in the project among others: In Morocco, a thermodynamic solar power plant of 160 MW was built in Ouarzazate; This project is led by the developer of Saudi power plants Acwa Power International, who granted the April 29, 2013 the construction contract to a Spanish consortium led by acciona; the commissioning was initially planned for the 2 It is Semester 2015, and a contract for the purchase of electricity produced for 25 years was signed with the Moroccan agency for solar energy (MASEN); This power plant will be part of a 580 solar complex MW that Morocco intends to build in Ouarzazate; the call for tenders for the second phase of this complex (300 MW ) is scheduled for the end of 2013; another solar complex from 400 to 500 MW is planned in Oujda, and Morocco plans to produce 2 GW From solar by 2020, for an investment valued at $ 9 billion, according to the Minister of Energy Fouad Douiri [ 37 ] . The official inauguration of the Ouarzazate power station took place the February 2, 2016 [ 38 ] . In Algeria, the Desertc project has been abandoned, the Algerian Minister of Energy declares the August 31, 2020 that “the desertc project is exceeded”, judging that it “requires major investments” and declaring that the authorities opt instead for small solar power plants [ 39 ] . \u2191 ‘ Desertec-State for December 2009 places \u00bb , French Embassy, December 2009 (consulted the first is August 2011 )  \u2191 Desertc The colossal project of Saharan solar for Europe Futura sciences  \u2191 A B and C Desertec  \u2191 ‘ Desertec: appointment of Dutchman Paul Van Son as project director \u00bb , www.yelomart.fr (consulted the 13 mars 2012 )  \u2191 ‘ 2 billion euros to carry out the Desertec project in Morocco \u00bb , www.clubfrancemaroc.com (consulted the 13 mars 2012 )  \u2191 ‘ Towards reinforced cooperation of the Mediterranean solar plan \u00bb , www.connaissancedesenergies.org (consulted the 13 mars 2012 )  \u2191 ‘ Desertec and Medgrid initiatives are complementary \u00bb , www.enerzine.com (consulted the 13 mars 2012 )  \u2191 ‘ Masen (Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy) and the Industrial Consortium DIi agree on a cooperation project \u00bb , www.masen.org.mar (consulted the 15 mars 2012 )  \u2191 ‘ Desertc renewable energies reveals its ambitions \u00bb , www.clubfrancemaroc.com (consulted the 15 mars 2012 )  \u2191 ‘ The first solar farm made for the Desertc project, is in Moroccan land \u00bb , www.entreprendre.ma (consulted the 15 mars 2012 )  \u2191 ‘ Renewable energies: Desertec brings together its board of directors today in Marrakech \u00bb , http:\/\/africatime.com\/  (consulted the 15 mars 2012 )  \u2191 ‘ The Desertec project strengthens its activities in Tunisia \u00bb , http:\/\/kapitalis.com\/  (consulted the 15 mars 2012 )  \u2191 ‘ He was signed yesterday in Brussels: General Protocol of Cooperation between Sonelgaz and DII GmbH \u00bb , www.transACTIONDALGEie.com (consulted the 15 mars 2012 )  \u2191 ‘ Algeria – Sonelgaz signs a first agreement with Desertc Industrial Initiative \u00bb , http:\/\/www.maghrebemergent.info\/  (consulted the 15 mars 2012 )  \u2191 Yazid Ferhat, ‘ Algeria-a first production project of 1000 MW with Desertec \u00bb , Maghreb Emergent, June 14, 2012 (consulted the August 31, 2012 )  \u2191 ‘ Electricity: Creation of the Med-Tso association \u00bb , The life of the networks, April 23, 2012 (consulted the September 19, 2012 )  \u2191 ‘ “Desert Power 2050”: an integrated EU-Mena system with more than 90% renewable energy \u00bb , http:\/\/www.agendecofin.com , June 25, 2012 (consulted the August 31, 2012 )  \u2191 “Desertec abandons its solar energy export projects of the Sahara” , on Euractiv.com , May 31, 2013 (consulted the June 3, 2013 )  \u2191 Where is the DEERTEC production of ENR production in the Sahara? , Batiactu, July 04, 2017  \u2191 ‘ Desertec, the return, via Algeria \u00bb , on pv magazine France , April 16, 2020 (consulted the February 24, 2021 )  \u2191 ‘ Algeria is launching a project to carry out 4 GW of photovoltaic power plants \u00bb , on pv magazine France , May 26, 2020 (consulted the February 24, 2021 )  \u2191 Mussa Acherchour , ‘ This desert country struggles to exploit its huge solar energy deposit \u00bb , on Energy revolution , 13 mars 2023 (consulted the April 25, 2023 )  \u2191 Desertc project , site RTLinfo.be  \u2191 Brief information news from 2009\/08\/24  \u2191 Imen zine, ‘ Tunisia: a new integrated “Eumena” electrical network \u00bb , http:\/\/www.leconomistemaghrebin.com , July 4, 2012 (consulted the August 31, 2012 )  \u2191 Desert Power: Getting Started , DII site accessed March 12, 2014.  \u2191 Assessment of Parabolic Trough and Power Tower Solar Technology , site NREL.  \u2191 ‘ swissinfo.ch\/fre\/a_la_une\/dese\u2026 \u00bb ( Archive.org \u2022 Wikiwix \u2022 Archive.is \u2022 Google \u2022 What to do ?) .  \u2191 (in)  Thermal energy storage Solar accumulator  \u2191 Geo N\u00b0403 of September 2012 p.  \u2191 A B C and D Summary of the project and its arguments, by Desertec (Version 5 August 2008 consulted 2009 08 27)  \u2191 http:\/\/www.desertec.org\/downloads\/summomy_fr.pdf  \u2191 ‘ OPA on the Sun of the Sahara in question – Jeune Afrique \u00bb, Young Africa , July 21, 2009 ( read online , consulted the August 8, 2020 ) .  \u2191 ‘ desertec-mediterranee.over-blo\u2026 \u00bb ( Archive.org \u2022 Wikiwix \u2022 Archive.is \u2022 Google \u2022 What to do ?) .  \u2191 ‘ aftervonsleclimat.org\/etudeshtml\u2026 \u00bb ( Archive.org \u2022 Wikiwix \u2022 Archive.is \u2022 Google \u2022 What to do ?) .  \u2191 http:\/\/siteresources.worldbank.org\/intmena\/resources\/abener_solar_worldbank.pdf  \u2191 (in) Saudi Power Developer Gives Spanish Firms Work in Morocco , Bloomberg site consulted on May 6, 2014.  \u2191 Morocco: the NOOR solar power plant inaugurated by King Mohammed VI Factory site consulted on June 14, 2016  \u2191 ‘ Algeria definitively renounces the Desetec project \u00bb , on tsa-ngerie.com , August 31, 2020 (consulted the August 31, 2020 )  Related articles [ modifier | Modifier and code ] external links [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  "},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/project-misserentic-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Project misserentic \u2014 Wikipedia"}}]}]