[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/saad-al-dawla-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/saad-al-dawla-wikipedia\/","headline":"Saad Al-Dawla-Wikip\u00e9dia","name":"Saad Al-Dawla-Wikip\u00e9dia","description":"Saad Al-Dawla (in Arabic : Saad state \/ sa\u02bfd ad-aawla ), of its full name Abu Al -Ma\u2019ali Saad Al","datePublished":"2017-06-27","dateModified":"2017-06-27","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":100,"height":100},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/saad-al-dawla-wikipedia\/","wordCount":3095,"articleBody":"Saad Al-Dawla (in Arabic : Saad state \/ sa\u02bfd ad-aawla ), of its full name Abu Al -Ma\u2019ali Saad Al -Dawla Sharif bin Abi Al -Hassan Ali ( Ab\u016b Al-Ma\u0101l\u012b Day Ad-Dawla View from Bin Ab\u016bs al-Dawa Song ), is an emir of Aleppo, of the Hamdanid dynasty. He becomes emir the February 8, 967 After the death of his father Ali Sayf al-Dawla, founder of the Emirate of Aleppo. He is then young and he has to face an important Byzantine offensive which, in two years, conquers the Western regions of his kingdom, transforming the emirate into a vassal state. Until 977, Saad faced multiple rebellions and desertions, which prevent him from entering his own capital, in the hands of his father’s principal, Qarquya. By maintaining solid relations with the Bouyides, he manages to restore his authority in Jazira territories, but his power is challenged by the rebellion of Governor Bakjour, supported by the Fatimids. In response, Saad comes to rely on the growing support of Byzantines, even if his allegiance fluctuates between the Byzantine Empire, Bouyids and Fatimids.   First years [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Saad al-Dawla is the son of Sayf al-Dawla, the first emir of Aleppo, and Sakhinah, the daughter of Abu Firas, a cousin of Sayf al-Dawla and a court poet. In February 967 , his father died and he was only fifteen years old. He then lives in Silvan, the capital of the province of Jazira [ first ] . His accession to power is not disputed but the emirate he inherits is in full decay while the forces of the Byzantine Emperor Nic\u00e9phore II Phocas have just conquered Cilicia and launch raids in his Western and northern provinces. Finally, rebellions of the closest lieutenants of Sayf al-Dawla have weakened the author’s authority in the years before his death [ first ] . Saad al-Dawla reached Aleppo in June or July 967 , while the city has been governed for several years by Qarquya, the main minister of Sayf al-Dawla. Quickly, he faced a rebellion of his uncle Abu Firas, then governor of Homs. She say until the death of her manager in combat, in April 968 [ first ] . At the same time, Aleppo is threatened by the Byzantines and Saad al-Dawla, advised by Qarquya, leaves the city. However, the Byzantines do not attack the city and Qarquya took the opportunity to seize the capital of the emirate, supported by his Ghulam (military slaves). Accompanied by three hundred faithful, Saad al-Dawla is forced to wander from one city to another, through land belonging to it formally but without really dominating them. Several cities refuse to open their doors to him, including Saruj, Manbij and Harran. At Silvan, his own mother opposes what he enters the city. Finally, he took refuge in Homs [ first ] . At the same time, many of his father’s historical supporters join his cousin Abu Taghlib, then emir of Mosul, who takes advantage of the situation to extend his territory. Shortly after the death of Sayf al-Dawla, he seized Raqqa and, in 971, he extended his control over the provinces of Diyar Bakr and Diyar Mudar. Saad al-Dawla is then unable to resist and tacitly accepts these territorial losses as well as the suzerainty of his cousin [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] . The year 969 is decisive in Syrian history. It marks the peak of Byzantine progression. In October, generals Michel Bourtz\u00e8s and Pierre seized Antioch, ensuring control of the northern coast of Syria. Shortly after, the Byzantines walked against Aleppo and forced Qarquya to sign a treaty, in December 969 or in January 970 , making the emirate of Aleppo a Byzantine protectorate whose emir is Qarquya and his successor designated Bakjour [ first ] , [ 3 ] . At the same time, in Egypt, the Fatimids beat the Ikshidides and seized the country before progressing towards the south of Syria. The opposition between Byzantines and Fatimids becomes a central element of Syrian and Aleppo history for the next fifty years [ 3 ] . Resumption of Aleppo and fight against Bakjour, Byzantium and Fatimids [ modifier | Modifier and code ] In 977, Saad al-Dawla ended up regaining control of his capital, then controlled by Bakjour who deposited and imprisoned Qarquya in 975. Saad al-Dawla was supported in his reconquest by some of the Ghulman of his father and, more decisively, by the powerful tribe of the Kilab Banu living near the city. Qarquya is released and is once again entrusted with emirate’s affairs until his death a few years later. As for Bakjour, he received the governorate of Homs [ first ] , [ 4 ] , [ 5 ] . Shortly after, in 979, Saad al-Dawla managed to take advantage of the war between Abu Taghlib and the Bouyids of Iraq to use some of his father’s lands in Jazira. After recognizing the suzerainty of the Bouyides, he received the governorate of Diyar Mudar, with the exception of the cities of Raqqa and Qasr al-Rahba. At the same time, he received from the abasside caliphate, then under the thumb of the bouyides, the nickname under which he has since been known [ 6 ] . At the same time, Bakjour relies on his new position in Homs to get in touch with the Fatimids, who hope to use it to submit Aleppo and complete their conquest of Syria. Saad al-Dawla himself balances between the Fatimids and the Byzantine Empire. If he feels badly by Byzantine domination and is ready to recognize the suzerainty of fatimids, he does not want his territory to become a simple Fatimid province, like South Syria. His first attempt to free himself from his status as Byzantine protectorate in 981 is a failure, due to the lack of support he has. When a Byzantine army appears under the walls of Aleppo, he must renew his submission. Meanwhile, the Fatimids push Bakjour to act and, in September 983 , he launched an offensive against Aleppo with the support of the Fatimids. Saad al-Dawla is forced to request the help of the Emperor Basile II and the seat is lifted by the intervention of the Byzantine troops, led by Bardas Phocas le Jeune. The Byzantines then sack the city of Homs in October. The city returns under the control of the Hamdanides, while Bakjour flees in Fatimid territory, where he became governor of Damascus [ 6 ] , [ 7 ] , [ 8 ] , [ 5 ] . Despite Byzantine assistance, relations remain tense between the Byzantine Empire and the Hamdanids because, after Bakjour’s flight, troubles burst between Byzantine troops and the Hamdanid forces. They are only resolved when the Emir Hamdanide agrees to pay double the annual tribute of 20,000 golden dinars [ 5 ] . Hamdanid relations with Byzantium deteriorate completely in 985-986, after taking the fatimids of the Byzantine fortress of Banias. Saad al-Dawla refuses to continue the annual tribute to the Byzantines. Consequently, the latter, led by Bardas Phocas, invade the Hamdanid territory and save Kilis before heading south and besiege the city of Apamea without success. In retaliation, Saad al-Dawla sends his troops shaving the Saint-Sim\u00e9on-le-Stylite church [ 9 ] , [ 5 ] . However, shortly after, in May 986 , the prospect of coming peace between Byzantium and the Fatimids forced Saad al-Dawla to submit again and accept its status as a tributary state [ 6 ] . This does not prevent Saad al-Dawla from supporting the rebel Bardas Skl\u00e8ros in his uprising against Basile II in December 986 , nor to recognize the suzerainty Fatimid at the same time, taking advantage of the Byzantine civil war which lasts until 989 [ ten ] . The war with the Fatimids threatened to resume in 991, again due to Bakjour. After having governed Damascus until his deposition in 988, he leaned in Raqqa. There, with limited support from the Fatimids, he tries to attack Aleppo. Saad al-Dawla manages to defeat him and take him prisoner in Na’ura, thanks to the help of the Byzantines, led by Michel Bourtz\u00e8s, the leader Antioch. Shortly after, he made him execute [ 6 ] . However, relations with fatimids deteriorate with the arrest of Bakjour’s sons and it is only his death of a hemiplegia, in December 991 , which prevents him from tackling the Fatimid lands [ 6 ] , [ 7 ] , [ 11 ] . It was his son Sa’id al-Dawla who succeeds him at the head of the emirate. \u2191 a b c d e and f Canard 1986, p. 129.  \u2191 Canard 1986, p. 127, 128-129.  \u2191 A B and C Kennedy 2004, p. 280.  \u2191 Kennedy 2004, p. 280-281.  \u2191 A B C and D Stevenson 1926, p. 250.  \u2191 A B C D and E Canard 1986, p. 130.  \u2191 a et b Kennedy 2004, p. 281.  \u2191 Whittow 1996, p. 367.  \u2191 Whittow 1996, p. 367-368.  \u2191 Whittow 1996, p. 369-373.  \u2191 Whittow 1996, p. 379-381.  (in) Hugh N. Kennedy , The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates\u00a0: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century , Harlow, Pearson Education Ltd, 2004 (ISBN\u00a0 0-582-40525-4 ) (in) Marius Canard , \u00abHamdanids\u00bb , In The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume III: H\u2013IRAM , New York, BRILL, 1986 , 126-131 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 90-04-09419-9 ) (in) William B. Stevenson, \u00ab\u00a0Chapter VI. Islam in Syria and Egypt (750\u20131100)\u00a0\u00bb , In The Cambridge Medieval History, Volume V: Contest of Empire and Papacy , New York, The MacMillan Company, 1926 (in) Mark Whittow, The Making of Byzantium, 600-1025 , University of California Press, 1996 , 477 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-0-520-20496-6 , read online ) "},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/saad-al-dawla-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Saad Al-Dawla-Wikip\u00e9dia"}}]}]