[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/nitrogen-protoxide-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/nitrogen-protoxide-wikipedia\/","headline":"Nitrogen protoxide – Wikipedia","name":"Nitrogen protoxide – Wikipedia","description":"Nitrous oxide Nitrogen oxide structure. Identification UICPA name nitrous oxide Synonyms nitrous oxide Diazote oxide laughing gas \u00abTherefore\u00bb [ first","datePublished":"2018-12-28","dateModified":"2018-12-28","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1a\/Nitrous-oxide-3D-vdW.png\/150px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-vdW.png","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1a\/Nitrous-oxide-3D-vdW.png\/150px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-vdW.png","height":"93","width":"150"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/nitrogen-protoxide-wikipedia\/","wordCount":35313,"articleBody":"Nitrous oxide  Nitrogen oxide structure. Identification UICPA name nitrous oxide  Synonyms nitrous oxide Diazote oxide laughing gas \u00abTherefore\u00bb [ first ] N O CAS 10024-97-2  N O Echa 100.030.017 N O THIS 233-032-0 N O RTECS QX1350000 Code ATC N01 Ax13  Pubchem 948  Chebi 17045  N O AND E942  FEMA  2779  SMILES  Inches Inches:  3D view  Inchi = 1\/n2o\/C1-2-3 Std. Inchi:  3D view  INCHI = 1S\/N2O\/C1-2-3 Std. InChIKey\u00a0:  GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Appearance Colorful liquefied compressed gas, characteristic odor [ 2 ] . Chemicals Formula N 2 O [Isomers] Molar mass [ 4 ] 44.012 8 \u00b1 0,000 7 g\/mol N 63.65%, O 36.35%,  Dipolar moment 0.160 83  D [ 3 ] Physical properties T\u00b0 fusion \u221290,8 \u00b0C [ 2 ] T\u00b0 boiling \u221288.5 \u00b0C [ 2 ] Decomposition at 300 \u00b0C  Solubility 1.5  g\u00a0l \u22121 (water, 15 \u00b0C ) [ 2 ] . Also soluble in sulfuric acid, ethanol, ether, oils. Volumic mass 1.23  g\u00a0cm \u22123 (liquid, \u221289 \u00b0C ) [ 2 ] 0.001 80  g\u00a0cm \u22123 (Gas, 25 \u00b0C ) [ 5 ] equation [ 6 ] : \u03c1=2.781\/0.27244(1+(1\u2212T\/309.57)0.2882){displaystyle rho =2.781\/0.27244^{(1+(1-T\/309.57)^{0.2882})}}Density of the liquid in kmol \u00b7 m -3 and Kelvin temperature, from 182.30 to 309.57 K. Calculated values: 0,7425 g\u00b7cm -3 at 25 \u00b0 C.  T (K) T (\u00b0C) \u03c1 (kmol\u00b7m-3) \u03c1 (g\u00b7cm-3)182,30\u221290,8527,9281,2292190,78\u221282,3727,379751,20506195,03\u221278,1227,099531,19273199,27\u221273,8826,81481,1802203,51\u221269,6426,525291,16746207,75\u221265,426,230681,15449212\u221261,1525,930611,14128216,24\u221256,9125,624711,12782220,48\u221252,6725,312521,11408224,72\u221248,4324,993581,10004228,97\u221244,1824,667311,08568233,21\u221239,9424,333081,07097237,45\u221235,723,990161,05588241,69\u221231,4623,637721,04037245,94\u221227,2223,274771,02439 T (K) T (\u00b0C) \u03c1 (kmol\u00b7m-3) \u03c1 (g\u00b7cm-3)250,18\u221222,9722,900141,0079254,42\u221218,7322,512460,99084258,66\u221214,4922,110060,97313262,9\u221210,2521,690880,95468267,15\u2212621,25240,93538271,39\u22121,7620,791350,91509275,632,4820,303520,89362279,876,7219,783210,87072284,1210,9719,222490,84604288,3615,2118,609680,81907292,619,4517,926450,789296,8423,6917,140970,75443301,0927,9416,18860,71251305,3332,1814,891670,65543309,5736,4210,2080,44928 Saturating steam pressure 51.7 bar at 21 \u00b0C  equation [ 6 ] : Pvs=exp(96.512+\u22124045T+(\u221212.277)\u00d7ln(T)+(2.8860E\u22125)\u00d7T2){displaystyle P_{vs}=exp(96.512+{frac {-4045}{T}}+(-12.277)times ln(T)+(2.8860E-5)times T^{2})}Pressure in Pascals and Kelvin temperature, from 182.3 to 309.57 K. Calculated values: 5 729 121,83 PA TO 25 \u00b0 C.  T (K) T (\u00b0C) P (Pa)182,3\u221290,8586\u00a0908190,78\u221282,37146\u00a0128,78195,03\u221278,12185\u00a0474,39199,27\u221273,88232\u00a0422,66203,51\u221269,64287\u00a0836,77207,75\u221265,4352\u00a0596,03212\u221261,15427\u00a0591,22216,24\u221256,91513\u00a0721,14220,48\u221252,67611\u00a0890,41224,72\u221248,43723\u00a0008,64228,97\u221244,18847\u00a0990,83233,21\u221239,94987\u00a0759,13237,45\u221235,71\u00a0143\u00a0245,79241,69\u221231,461\u00a0315\u00a0397,29245,94\u221227,221\u00a0505\u00a0179,51 T (K) T (\u00b0C) P (Pa)250,18\u221222,971\u00a0713\u00a0583,96254,42\u221218,731\u00a0941\u00a0634,84258,66\u221214,492\u00a0190\u00a0397,02262,9\u221210,252\u00a0460\u00a0984,75267,15\u221262\u00a0754\u00a0571,13271,39\u22121,763\u00a0072\u00a0398,35275,632,483\u00a0415\u00a0788,54279,876,723\u00a0786\u00a0155,43284,1210,974\u00a0185\u00a0016,7288,3615,214\u00a0614\u00a0007,15292,619,455\u00a0074\u00a0892,68296,8423,695\u00a0569\u00a0585,31301,0927,946\u00a0100\u00a0159,1305,3332,186\u00a0668\u00a0867,31309,5736,427\u00a0278\u00a0200Critical point 72.7  bar , 36.55 \u00b0C [ 7 ] Speed \u200b\u200bof sound 263  m\u00a0s \u22121 ( 0 \u00b0C , first  atm ) [ 8 ] Thermochimie S 0 Gaz, 1 bar  219.96  J mol \u22121 \u00a0K \u22121  D f H 0 gas  82.05  kj times \u22121  D vap H\u00b0 16.53  kj times \u22121 ( first  atm , \u221288,48 \u00b0C ) [ 9 ] C p  equation [ 6 ] : CP=(6.7556E4)+(54.373)\u00d7T{displaystyle C_{P}=(6.7556E4)+(54.373)times T}Thermal capacity of the liquid in j \u00b7 kmol -first \u00b7K -first and Kelvin temperature, from 182.3 to 200 K. Calculated values: T(K)T(\u00b0C)Cp(Jkmol\u00d7K){displaystyle ({tfrac {J}{kmoltimes K}})}Cp(Jkg\u00d7K){displaystyle ({tfrac {J}{kgtimes K}})}182,3\u221290,8577\u00a04701\u00a0760183\u221290,1577\u00a05061\u00a0761184\u221289,1577\u00a05611\u00a0762184\u221289,1577\u00a05611\u00a0762185\u221288,1577\u00a06151\u00a0763185\u221288,1577\u00a06151\u00a0763186\u221287,1577\u00a06691\u00a0765187\u221286,1577\u00a07241\u00a0766187\u221286,1577\u00a07241\u00a0766188\u221285,1577\u00a07781\u00a0767188\u221285,1577\u00a07781\u00a0767189\u221284,1577\u00a08321\u00a0768189\u221284,1577\u00a08321\u00a0768190\u221283,1577\u00a08871\u00a0770191\u221282,1577\u00a09411\u00a0771T(K)T(\u00b0C)Cp(Jkmol\u00d7K){displaystyle ({tfrac {J}{kmoltimes K}})}Cp(Jkg\u00d7K){displaystyle ({tfrac {J}{kgtimes K}})}191\u221282,1577\u00a09411\u00a0771192\u221281,1577\u00a09961\u00a0772192\u221281,1577\u00a09961\u00a0772193\u221280,1578\u00a00501\u00a0773194\u221279,1578\u00a01041\u00a0775194\u221279,1578\u00a01041\u00a0775195\u221278,1578\u00a01591\u00a0776195\u221278,1578\u00a01591\u00a0776196\u221277,1578\u00a02131\u00a0777197\u221276,1578\u00a02671\u00a0778197\u221276,1578\u00a02671\u00a0778198\u221275,1578\u00a03221\u00a0780198\u221275,1578\u00a03221\u00a0780199\u221274,1578\u00a03761\u00a0781200\u221273,1578\u00a04301\u00a0782 PCS 82.1  kj times \u22121 ( 25 \u00b0C , gas) [ ten ] Electronic properties first re ionization energy 12,886  this (gas) [ 11 ] Precautions SGH [ twelfth ] H270 , H280 , H335 , P370 , P376 And P403 H270 : Can cause or worsen a fire; combur H280 : Contains a gas under pressure; can explode under the effect of heat H335 : Can irritate respiratory tract P370 : In case of fire : P376 : Get the leak if it can be done without danger. P403 : Store in a well-ventilated area. Simdut [ 13 ] A, C, D2a, A : Compressed gas Critical temperature = 36.4 \u00b0C C : Comburant material cause or promotes the combustion of another material by releaseing oxygen D2a : Very toxic material with other toxic effects teratogenicity in animals; Embryotoxicity in animals 0.1% disclosure according to the ingredient disclosure list NFPA 704  Transport [ twelfth ]  Inhalation Asphyxiating so pure inhaled Skin Toxic so cryogenic or compressed Eyes Toxic so cryogenic or compressed Pharmacokinetic data ORANGE 105 %vol [ Ref. desired] Metabolism No Therapeutic considerations Therapeutic class General, analgesic anesthetic Administration Inhaling Psychotropic character Category Dissociative hallucinogen Way of consuming Inhaling Other names Laughing gas Nitrous oxide Diazote monoxide Therefore Risk of dependence Pupil [Ref. necessary] IS units and CNTP , unless otherwise stated. modifier  The nitrous oxide , or Diazote monoxide , nitrous oxide , nitrogen hemioxide or laughing gas , is a chemical compound of formula n 2 O .This colorless gas has a slightly sweet smell and taste. It is used in anesthesia, surgery, odontology, pediatrics as a adjuvant (in an equimolar mixture with oxygen) for its anesthetic and analgesic properties. It is said to be “hilarious gas” because euphorizing in inhalation, hence its use as a hallucinogenic recreational drug [ 14 ] , [ 15 ] . Like Comburant, it increases the power of motor competitions. With the acetylene H-C\u2261C-H , il est utilis\u00e9 dans certains appareils d’analyse (spectrom\u00e9trie d’absorption atomique[16]).Its emissions are of natural and human origin (more than 20% increase in air since the pre-industrial era). Present in the state of traces in the dry air ( 330 games per billion [ 5 ] ), it is a powerful greenhouse gas ( 298 times more powerful than CO 2 ) et il est devenu le 1er\u00a0contributeur \u00e0 la destruction de la couche d’ozone[17]. Des analyses am\u00e9ricaines publi\u00e9es en 2021 (command\u00e9es par le pr\u00e9sident Joe Biden[r\u00e9f.\u00a0n\u00e9cessaire]) concluent que son co\u00fbt social a \u00e9t\u00e9 sous-estim\u00e9, car ne tenant pas compte de l’appauvrissement de la couche d’ozone stratosph\u00e9rique, effet qui \u00e0 lui seul pourrait augmenter de 20\u00a0% sa valeur de nuisibilit\u00e9 sociale. Selon la m\u00eame \u00e9tude, ses liens avec d’autres effets de la pollution azot\u00e9e pourraient rendre son \u00ab\u00a0att\u00e9nuation encore plus imp\u00e9rieuse\u00a0\u00bb dans l’atmosph\u00e8re[18].  Nitrogen oxide is prepared by decomposition of the melted ammonium nitrate between 250 \u00b0C And 260 \u00b0C According to the following reaction equation [ 19 ] : NH 4 NO 3  \u2192 N2O + 2 H2OThere is always 1 to 2% of nitrogen n 2 and nitrogen monoxide no. The latter is eliminated by passing in iron sulfate (II). The ammonium nitrate used must be free from chloride ions – which catalyze the formation of n 2 . However, heating ammonium nitrate solutions in nitric acid or sulfuric acid leads to pure nitrogen oxide, even in the presence of small amounts of chloride ions. Very stable in the atmosphere, very little soluble in water, it is highly soluble in oils and in fatty substances. Reactivity [ modifier | Modifier and code ] This gas does not react to room temperature with the Dihalogens (cl 2 , Br2 ou I2), ni avec les m\u00e9taux alcalins (Li, Na, K).It can nevertheless be fixed on certain metal cations as a ligand and forms complexes like [RU (NH 3 ) 5 (N 2 O)] 2+.It can also oxidize transition metals with low valence in complexes. It is not modified by ozone o 3 , but contributes to the degradation of stratospheric ozone (layer of protective ozone of the biosphere against solar UV). At high temperature, it breaks down into nitrogen and oxygen: 2 N 2 O  \u2192 2 N2 + O2He reacts with many organic compounds and he boosts combustions thanks to his strong oxidizing power [ 2 ] . He thus served as a comburant to boost the engines of high altitude fighter aircraft during the Second World War and those of competition cars (car tuning and dragsters). It can also cause violent accidental explosions and large damage in the overalls of municipal waste incinerator when high capacity cartridges of euphorizing gas are unfortunately leading to it.  Ancient illustration describing a group of people experimenting with the “hilarious” effect of the N 2 O , au XIXe\u00a0si\u00e8cle. Satirical illustration of 1830, entitled Living made easy , describing Humphry Davy administering a dose of hilarious gas to a woman. In 1772, Joseph Priestley discovered nitrogen oxide [ 20 ] and describes it in Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air . In 1798, Humphry Davy discovered, among other things, its euphoric properties. Nitrogen oxide is used at the end of XVIII It is century as “hilarious gas” in fairs. In 1844, the dentist Horace Wells discovered his anesthetic effects, which he experienced on himself. Unfortunately, impatient to publicize his discovery, Wells launches without prior in -depth experimentation, in demonstrations in front of a medical audience in Hartford (Connecticut) and Harvard, who are resounding failures. Disappointed, Wells definitively abandons dentistry. We will have to wait for the successful research and demonstrations of William Thomas Green Morton with ether (October and November 1846 in Boston) so that anesthesia was used by surgeons, which allowed surgery to make a leap forward (pain was one of the two large limits of surgery, with the infection). Nitrogen oxide is restored by a so -called Colton, a show of hilarious gas shows, who, associated with dentist J.H. Smith, install a clinic in New York and then export their process in Europe. In 1961, English doctors used it for the first time in obstetrics where he attenuates pain and had an anxiolysis role. In the 1980s, its use was greatly improved by the association with oxygen because the first risk in its use remains asphyxiation for lack of oxygen. Medicine therefore uses it as a team mixture with oxygen (meopa). Nitrogen oxide gradually replaces ether and chloroform in obstetrics [ 21 ] . In 1998, he received an analgesic drug status. In November 2001 , he obtained in France the marketing authorization (AMM), while it is already regularly used in this form during the XX It is century. Previously, it was distributed (outside the classification medication like other gas medical ) in the majority of operating blocks and was one of the general anesthesia agents during the XX It is century ; Its low anesthetic power restricting its use to not very painful acts, and the role of adjuvant of more powerful drugs which it makes it possible to reduce doses by reducing certain undesirable effects. At the end of 2009, in France, Afssaps changed the regulations so that the Meopa can be used outside hospitals [ 22 ] , Regularizing the situation of those who used it (in France at least since 1996 “at home” in dull adult patients to relieve the pain of skin ulcers associated with Kaposi syndrome and in certain elderly patients carrying skin ulcers or Sunckets made too sleepy by previous treatment, or sporadically in home pediatrics, to relieve major pain when morphine products were no longer enough in children in palliative care [ 22 ] . It was also used punctually by doctors, for example in dermatology or ENT at the home of adult patients, then very regularly in children ( Annex 2 ) without reimbursement by social security because this analgesic means was outside the nomenclature). Doctors report that “The reproducibility of the effect is not complete, with a lack of efficiency in some” ; The main side effects are nausea and vomiting, “Generally reversible in a few minutes when you stop treatment” [ 23 ] (a group of experts [ 24 ] gathered by Afssaps considers in its report [ 25 ] what \u201cThe Meopa does not cover all the pain and painful care. According to the indications, the age of the child and the experience of the team, 10 to 30% of failures are observed. Children under two have much less marked effects \u201d [ 23 ] ). Afssaps specifies that \u201cAny misuse or abuse must be warned. In this context, a reclassification in the category of drugs reserved for professional use has been retained; This gas mixture can therefore only be distributed to the health professionals concerned and not directly to patients [ 21 ] .The modification of the conditions of prescription and issuance led to the complete revision of the RCPs of the specialties concerned. In addition, given all the risks linked to the use of specialties based on Meopa, Afssaps conditions their provision outside health establishments to the implementation of a management plan for Common national risks (PGR).It is based on a laboratory commitment to the implementation of management and minimization measures of the following risks [ 21 ] : the realization of a reinforced pharmacovigilance and pharmacodependence monitoring [ 26 ] with the incitement of health professionals to notify the undesirable effects, the cases of abuse, pharmaco dependence, diverted use and misuse linked to the use of Meopa; During the first two years, the semi -annual transmission to the Afssaps of up -to -date periodic reports of pharmacovigilance accompanied by the French summary of reported cases, the consumption assessment and the conditions of use of the product; securing and traceability of distribution and recovery, with in particular verification in ordering the quality and training of the applicant; Securing and traceability of use: volumes of bottles limited to five liters and securing bottles; The realization of a training plan for professionals: doctors, pharmacists and nursing staff; The provision of an information document for patients (in case of home storage.). \u00bb\u00bb The following year (2010), the hospital reserve opens up to dentistry. Afssaps is launching national monitoring of pharmacovigilance and pharmacodependence of the N 2 O \u00a0; en particulier, les vols de N2O doivent lui \u00eatre d\u00e9clar\u00e9s[21].In 2001 (in France), the indications in hospitalization at the pediatric home joined the following three cases: invasive and repeated medical acts, insufficiently calmed by other weak analgesic means (EMLA, analgesic landing 1 ) such as intramuscular injections for chemotherapy, repairing dressing on injured skin [ 21 ] ; Medical care deemed normally not very painful by doctors, but source of anxiety or anxiety marked for a particular child (such as central venous catheter dressings, blood peripheral venous blood samples) [ 21 ] ; repeated care for months becoming a source of marked difficulties in acceptance [ 21 ] . According to OMM (2017), its emissions are of natural origin for around 60% and human for around 40% [ 27 ] While an earlier estimate (2009) concluded 30% of human origin [ 28 ] . Natural sources [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Some soil and ocean microorganisms are the main natural sources, but it is also produced by the combustion of organic matter and fossil fuels, industry or wastewater treatment stations [ 29 ] , etc. Its production in soils and in air from soils is strongly increased by nitrogen fertilization (use of fertilizers, including natural “organic” origin, and nitrogen amendments) [ 30 ] . Part of the emissions from cultivated or meadow soils that have been the subject of spreading manure and slurry, purification sludge or certain fertilizers is thus of human origin [ thirty first ] . Bacteria living in some anthill are an important source; The gases exhaled by twenty-two nests of fumes cutting leaves (from the southwest of Costa Rica) showed that in wet and poor oxygen context, these bacteria produce very large quantities of methane and nitrous oxide [ 32 ] . These quantities are comparable to those observed in wastewater treatment plants and slurry pits [ 32 ] . These ants nevertheless also contribute to the functions of carbon wells of the soil; The results of their global climate effects are not yet evaluated, due to lack of sufficient data [ 32 ] , but this production explains why previous studies had measured very variable levels of methane and nitrous oxide in the forests and regions where these ants build their underground nests [ 32 ] . Human sources [ modifier | Modifier and code ] A third of the n 2 O  de l’atmosph\u00e8re provient de l’\u00e9pandage de lisier et d’engrais azot\u00e9s[33],[34]. Une autre contribution importante est la synth\u00e8se d’acide adipique, HO2C(CH2)4CO2H, un pr\u00e9curseur de nombreux polym\u00e8res de nylon et qui d\u00e9gage un N2O pour chaque mol\u00e9cule d’acide adipique[35],[36].En France, l\u2019agriculture contribue \u00e0 hauteur de 86\u00a0% aux \u00e9missions de N2O provenant essentiellement de la transformation des produits azot\u00e9s (engrais, fumier, lisier, r\u00e9sidus de r\u00e9colte) \u00e9pandus sur les terres agricoles. Une petite partie des \u00e9missions provient de la pollution routi\u00e8re, en particulier des v\u00e9hicules \u00e9quip\u00e9s de pots catalytiques et de quelques proc\u00e9d\u00e9s industriels[37],[38]. Contributions to anthropic emissions from n 2 O  en 2005 (sous-secteurs).  Les sources de moindre importance (ex.\u00a0: eaux us\u00e9es et aquaculture) figurent dans la barre du bas intitul\u00e9e \u00ab\u00a0Autres\u00a0\u00bb. Les barres rouges correspondent aux marges d’erreur (rouge)[39]. En 2005, le total (domin\u00e9 par les \u00e9missions agricoles) correspond \u00e0 30-40\u00a0% environ de tout le N2O introduit annuellement par l’humain dans l’atmosph\u00e8re.  Atmosphere content curve in n 2 O  (en ppb) sur 260 ans environ, montrant l’acc\u00e9l\u00e9ration du ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne de la fin du XXe\u00a0si\u00e8cle au d\u00e9but du XXIe\u00a0si\u00e8cle[41]. N cartridges 2 O  pour usage en cuisine, souvent d\u00e9tourn\u00e9es pour un usage comme drogue dite \u00ab\u00a0r\u00e9cr\u00e9ative\u00a0\u00bb. N bottles 2 O  \u00e0 usage m\u00e9dical, ici utilis\u00e9es en dentisterie. Rest of use as a so-called “recreational” drug, here near a school in the Netherlands in 2017.  Book by Humphry Davy entitled Researches chemical and philosophical: chiefly concerning nitrous oxide (1800), on chemical and philosophical research, relating mainly to nitrous oxide; view of pages 556 and 557 (right), describing the potential anesthetic properties of nitrous oxide to relieve pain during surgical operations. Nitrogen oxide is also a powerful greenhouse gases [ 42 ] . Its content increases in the air at least from the middle of XVIII It is century with an acceleration at the start of XX It is century and high acceleration from 1970s [ 43 ] . According to the IPCC [ 44 ] , its potential for global warming at a hundred years is equal to 298, that is to say that it contributes 298 times more to global warming than the same mass of CO 2  \u00e9mise en m\u00eame temps pendant les cent ans qui suivent leur \u00e9mission.In 2009, in an article in the journal Science entitled “Nitrogen protoxide: nothing to laugh” [ 45 ] , Donald J. Wuebbles (department Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth, Society, and Environment of the University of Illinois) is surprised that despite its importance long recognized as greenhouse gas and destructive of the ozone layer, nitrous oxide sometimes still seems to remain forgotten gas in Questions of protection of the atmosphere, climate or ozone layer. We mainly continue to focus on carbon dioxide emissions (Co 2 ) et de m\u00e9thane (CH4) provenant notamment des combustibles fossiles en oubliant que \u00ab\u00a0les changements futurs du climat et de la r\u00e9partition de l’ozone stratosph\u00e9rique d\u00e9pendent des \u00e9missions et de la concentration changeante de N2O dans l’atmosph\u00e8re [\u2026] l’oxyde nitreux m\u00e9rite beaucoup plus d’attention et de consid\u00e9ration pour une action politique visant \u00e0 contr\u00f4ler les futures \u00e9missions anthropiques\u00a0\u00bb[45].Its concentration in the earth’s atmosphere has reached 329 ppb In 2016, or +22% compared to the pre-industrial level, contributing 6% to radiative forcing induced by persistent greenhouse gases (see graph opposite) [ 27 ] . Contribution to the destruction of the ozone layer [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Nitrogen oxide (n 2 O ) en exc\u00e8s contribue \u00e0 la destruction de la couche d’ozone, en interaction avec d’autres gaz[46]. Il est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme ayant une longue dur\u00e9e de vie dans la haute atmosph\u00e8re (comme le CO2 et le m\u00e9thane responsable en exc\u00e8s, \u00e0 l\u2019effet de serre[47]. Or, le r\u00e9chauffement peut exacerber le trou de la couche d’ozone et inversement[47]).From the early 1970s, meteorologists and scientists were concerned about the increase in the N 2 O  dans la haute atmosph\u00e8re[48], mais il n’a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 inclus dans le Protocole de Montr\u00e9al. Au d\u00e9but du XXIe\u00a0si\u00e8cle, \u00e0 la suite du recul des \u00e9missions des gaz soumis au Protocole de Montr\u00e9al, le N2O devient le premier ennemi de la couche d’ozone[17],[28],[39]. Le GIEC pr\u00e9voit qu’il devrait continuer \u00e0 s’accumuler dans l’atmosph\u00e8re[47], tendance confirm\u00e9e par un article publi\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de dix ans plus tard, en 2018 dans Science, et il devrait le rester durant tout le XXIe\u00a0si\u00e8cle[28] car la part de prot\u00e9ines animales dans l’alimentation humaine ne cesse de cro\u00eetre, associ\u00e9e \u00e0 une production de fumier et de soja \u00e9galement source croissante d’oxyde nitreux. Selon un article de la revue Nature Geoscience, le lisier et le fumier lib\u00e8rent ainsi dans l’air 2\u00a0% environ de l’azote qu’ils contenaient et les engrais azot\u00e9s 2,5\u00a0%\u00a0; ces deux sources introduisent dans l’atmosph\u00e8re 2,8\u00a0Mt de N2O pour les lisiers et 2,2\u00a0Mt pour les engrais synth\u00e9tiques (dont la production et le transport et l’\u00e9pandage produisent aussi par ailleurs du CO2 qui aggrave l’effet de serre. L’industrie rejette bien moins de N2O (0,8\u00a0Mt\/an environ) et la combustion de la biomasse (0,5\u00a0Mt\/an).De 1860 \u00e0 2005, le taux de N2O dans l’air serait pass\u00e9 de 270\u00a0\u00e0 319\u00a0ppb (parties par milliard, un taux de croissance assez comparable \u00e0 celui du CO2).Various strategies for attenuation of n 2 O  sont possibles, dont en agriculture, o\u00f9 des changements techniques et de comportements pourraient consid\u00e9rablement r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions de N2O (et d’autres formes d’azote r\u00e9actif), mais elles sont peu soutenues par l’industrie et les \u00c9tats[39]. Les parties signataires du r\u00e9gime de l’ozone qui doivent appliquer la Convention de Vienne (1985) au travers de son Protocole de Montr\u00e9al de 1987 pourraient aussi prendre des mesures pour g\u00e9rer le N2O \u00e0 l’avenir[39]. En 2017, par un amendement au protocole, elles ont int\u00e9gr\u00e9 les HFC mais n’\u00e9voquent toujours pas le N2O. Des voies r\u00e9glementaires claires permettraient pourtant de l’inclure dans le r\u00e9gime de protection de la couche d’ozone en partageant l’autorit\u00e9 sur le N2O avec les trait\u00e9s internationaux (actuels et futurs) sur le climat. Selon Kanter et al. (2012), ce serait un moyen  suppl\u00e9mentaire et pr\u00e9cieux dans la gouvernance et diplomatie du d\u00e9veloppement durable[39].In some contexts (certain industrial premises, operating room in hospitals, use ” recreational In poorly ventilated premises or habitacles), it is an indoor air pollutant [ 49 ] . It is used in the context of local anesthesia, generally during operations outside hospitals (emergency cases) or in the event of contraindications. This gas is also popular with certain evenings where its effects are diverted to provoke sensations of uncontrolled giggles in the inhaleur. Medical use [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Nitrogen oxide has an analgesic effect (soothes pain) and potentia (increases) the effect of anesthetic drugs administered at the same time. We therefore use it: in anesthesia, as a common component of combined general anesthesia, in combination with injectable (hypnotic, morphine, curares) or inhaled anesthetics; in emergency medicine (fracture or dislocation reductions), pediatrics or in the delivery room, in the form of an equimolecular mixture with dioxygen (meopa); For the practice of painful gestures (meopa), in particular in children: difficult blood sample, myelogram, lumbar puncture, etc. Here it has the advantage of often inducing an amnesia of the gesture, useful when it should be repeated. For increased efficiency, nitrogen oxide is here associated with the preventive intake of analgesics, of the morphine most often. Nitrogen oxide (MEOPA) is classified in the model of essential drugs of the World Health Organization (update list in April 2013 ) [ 50 ] , but he does in a hospital environment “The object of reinforced monitoring of pharmacovigilance and addictovigilance” [ 26 ] . Action mechanism [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The pharmacological mechanism of action of the N 2 O  en m\u00e9decine n’est pas encore compl\u00e8tement compris.The N 2 O  interf\u00e8re avec des voies de signalisation en modulant directement une large gamme de canaux ioniques command\u00e9s par des ligands (r\u00e9cepteurs ionotropes), ce qui jouerait un r\u00f4le majeur dans bon nombre de ses effets. Il bloque mod\u00e9r\u00e9ment les canaux du r\u00e9cepteur nicotinique de l’ac\u00e9tylcholine contenant les sous-unit\u00e9s NMDA et la sous-unit\u00e9 \u03b22 (dite \u00ab\u00a0CHRNB2\u00a0\u00bb pour neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2). Il inhibe faiblement les r\u00e9cepteurs AMPA, et ka\u00efnate, GABAA-rho (anciennement nomm\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0r\u00e9cepteur GABAC\u00a0\u00bb) et le r\u00e9cepteur 5-HT3. Et il potentialise l\u00e9g\u00e8rement les r\u00e9cepteurs GABAA et glycine[51],[52].Il active le domaine K+ (canal potassique) \u00e0 deux pores[53].Bien que le N2O affecte (tr\u00e8s rapidement) de nombreux canaux ioniques, ses effets anesth\u00e9siques, hallucinog\u00e8nes et euphorisants sont probablement principalement ou totalement induits par une inhibition des courants m\u00e9di\u00e9s par les r\u00e9cepteurs NMDA[51],[54].In addition to its effects on ion channels, the N 2 O  pourrait agir en \u00ab\u00a0mimant\u00a0\u00bb l’oxyde nitrique (NO) dans le syst\u00e8me nerveux central\u00a0; ceci pourrait expliquer une partie au moins de son caract\u00e8re analg\u00e9sique et anxiolytique[54] (remarque\u00a0: l’oxyde nitreux est trente \u00e0 quarante fois plus soluble que l’azote).Les effets de l’inhalation de doses sous-anesth\u00e9siques d’oxyde nitreux varient selon plusieurs facteurs, et avec des diff\u00e9rences individuelles[55],[56], cependant selon Jay (2008), il est reconnu pour induire les \u00e9tats et sensations suivants[57]\u00a0:After inhalation of n 2 O , une minorit\u00e9 de personnes pr\u00e9senteront \u00e9galement des vocalisations incontr\u00f4l\u00e9es et des spasmes musculaires. Ces effets disparaissent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement quelques minutes apr\u00e8s l’\u00e9limination de la source d’oxyde nitreux[57].Euphoric effect [ modifier | Modifier and code ] In the laboratory rat, the n 2 O  stimule la voie m\u00e9so-limbique de r\u00e9compense, en induisant la lib\u00e9ration de dopamine et en activant dans le cerveau les neurones dopaminergiques de l’aire tegmentale ventrale et du noyau accumbens, vraisemblablement par antagonisation des r\u00e9cepteurs NMDA localis\u00e9s dans le syst\u00e8me[58],[59],[60],[61]. Cette action expliquerait les effets euphorisants du N2O et semble aussi notamment augmenter ses propri\u00e9t\u00e9s analg\u00e9siques[58],[59],[60],[61].It is remarkable, however, that in laboratory mice, the n 2 O  bloque la lib\u00e9ration de dopamine induite par les transporteurs li\u00e9s aux amph\u00e9tamines dans le noyau accumbens et qu\u2019il bloque l\u2019addiction, supprime le conditionnement pavlovien de type PPC (Pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence de place conditionn\u00e9e\/Conditioned place preference) induit par la coca\u00efne ou la morphine, sans produire d\u2019effet de renforcement ni d’aversion[62],[63].The effects of N 2 O  sur le PPC chez les rats sont plus complexes et \u00ab\u00a0m\u00e9lang\u00e9s\u00a0\u00bb, consistant en un renforcement, une aversion et aucun changement[64].On the other hand, the N 2 O  est un facteur de renforcement positif chez le singe-\u00e9cureuil[65]. Et il est bien connu pour \u00eatre addictif chez l’humain[66].These differences in response according to the species at n 2 O  sont mal comprises\u00a0: elles pourraient refl\u00e9ter de r\u00e9elles variation entre esp\u00e8ces proches, voire au sein d\u2019une esp\u00e8ce (ou refl\u00e9ter des diff\u00e9rences m\u00e9thodologiques entre \u00e9tudes\u00a0?)[63].Des \u00e9tudes cliniques humaines ont conclu que N2O induit chez l\u2019humain des r\u00e9ponses mixtes, similaires \u00e0 celles d\u00e9crites chez les rats, refl\u00e9tant une variabilit\u00e9 subjective qui semble \u00e9lev\u00e9e[67],[68].Anxiolytic effect [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Anxiety behavioral tests show that a low dose of n 2 O  est efficacement anxiolytique. Cet effet \u00ab\u00a0anti-anxi\u00e9t\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb a \u00e9t\u00e9 associ\u00e9 \u00e0 une activit\u00e9 accrue des r\u00e9cepteurs GABAA, car il est partiellement invers\u00e9 par les antagonistes de ces r\u00e9cepteurs.Conversely, animals that have developed tolerance for anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines are then also partially tolerant at N 2 O [69]Clinical studies have shown that a human receiving 30% of N 2 O  dans l\u2019air inhal\u00e9, les antagonistes des r\u00e9cepteurs aux benzodiaz\u00e9pines (GABAA) r\u00e9duisent le nombre de rapports subjectifs de sensation de \u00ab\u00a0sensations fortes\u00a0\u00bb, sans toutefois alt\u00e9rer les performances psychomotrices[70].Analgesic effects [ modifier | Modifier and code ] These effects seem to be linked to the interaction between the “endogenous opioid system” and the “descending noradrenergic system”. In effect : When animals receive morphine chronically, they develop tolerance for its effects Pain killer , and they are also also tolerant to the analgesic effects of the N 2 O [71]\u00a0;The administration of antibodies which bind and block the activity of certain endogenous opioids (but not \u03b2-endorphin) also blocks the antinocceptive (painkling) effects of the N 2 O [72]\u00a0;Drugs that inhibit the degradation of endogenous opioids also potentiate the antinocceptive effects of the N 2 O [72]\u00a0;Several experiments have shown that antagonistic drugs of opioid receptors applied directly to the brain block the antinocceptive effects of the N 2 O , mais que ces m\u00eames m\u00e9dicaments n\u2019ont aucun effet s\u2019ils sont inject\u00e9s dans la moelle \u00e9pini\u00e8re. \u00c0 l’inverse, les antagonistes des r\u00e9cepteurs \u03b12-adr\u00e9nergiques (adr\u00e9nor\u00e9cepteurs) suppriment les effets de r\u00e9duction de la douleur induits par le N2O s\u2019ils sont administr\u00e9s directement dans la moelle \u00e9pini\u00e8re, mais pas lorsqu’ils sont appliqu\u00e9s directement au cerveau[73].Mouses or “Knock-out” animals for \u03b12B-Adrenocers (or “ALPHA-2B adrenergic receiver”) not producing noradrenaline are made almost completely resistant to antinocceptive effects of N 2 O [74].Apparently, the release of endogenous opioids induced by the N 2 O  provoque la d\u00e9sinhibition des neurones noradr\u00e9nergiques du tronc c\u00e9r\u00e9bral, laquelle lib\u00e8re de la noradr\u00e9naline dans la moelle \u00e9pini\u00e8re et inhibe le signal de douleur[75]. En 2019, la mani\u00e8re dont le N2O provoque la lib\u00e9ration de peptides opio\u00efdes endog\u00e8nes n\u2019est pas encore comprise. Les progr\u00e8s de la neurophysiologie et de la cartographie du cerveau et de ses fonctions sensorimotrices, cognitives et langagi\u00e8res pourraient \u00e0 l\u2019avenir permettre de mieux comprendre ces ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes (pour les effets \u00ab\u00a0hilarants\u00a0\u00bb du N2O y compris).Combur in internal combustion engines [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Principle [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Due to its higher oxygen content than air, nitrogen oxide is sometimes used as an extra or substitution for the latter in internal combustion engines [ 76 ] . It increases the combustion\/fuel load in the cylinder, to promote combustion, and thus to significantly increase the power of the engine (from 30% to approximately 100%). It is the nitrogen oxide engine. Aviation [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The injection of nitrogen is used during the Second World War in certain German combat aircraft. A device, called “GM-1”, aimed to compensate for the decrease in air dioxygen at altitude (gas taken from air, used as comburant by piston motors), which had the consequence of reducing the level to combine in the engine compared to fuel, and thus led to the drop in the power delivered by the engine as well as the increase in consumption [ 77 ] . The injection of nitrogen oxide therefore aimed to compensate for the lack of comburant in the engine so as to allow it to operate at high altitude with an efficiency identical to that of low or medium altitude. The pilot thus had a power reserve which he could use until the candy containing the nitrogen oxide in liquid form, about ten minutes. At the time, these systems were poorly controlled and required a great precaution of use, especially for complicated engines of German devices. A pilot wishing to use the GM-1 had to do so at an altitude where the air was already rarefied (from around 6,000 m altitude) and had to reduce the gases before restarting them once the device started, under penalty of breaking the engine or worse, to explode the aircraft. Automobile competition [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Later, and like the other overeating processes such as the compressor and the turbo, the principle of the injection of nitrogen oxide was taken up in automotive competition, then by the individual since we find on the market of the kits nos ( nitrous oxide systems ) that can be adapted to just any automobile. Although these kits are very popular with car tuning enthusiasts, their installation on standard vehicles remains illegal in many countries. Use in France remains authorized as long as the (compulsory) safety valve valve is locked and that the equipped vehicle is not used on a public road; However, insurance is entitled to refuse to take charge of such vehicles. The presence of a nitro kit during an accident causes a significant increase in risks. In the event of shock, temperature change, wear, use of a poor quality kit, or non -renewal of connections and change of bottles in accordance with the standards governing the general gas conditions, that the Installation of the kit is not made a professional accustomed to these systems, there is a risk of gas leaks or explosion of the containers and their consequences (leak: risk of increased fire, spontaneous fire (self-irritation, Dangerous chemical reaction), cold burns, asphyxiation, loss of knowledge, degradation\/degradation of the mechanical parts of the car.In the event that there is a rupture of nitro bottles, is added to the risk linked to gas leaks, the explosion risks of the vehicle, the explosion\/explosion being multiplied compared to a deflagration without nitro kit. Fuel (petrol, diesel, etc. ) Burns and detonates faster, the temperature of the flames is about twice higher. Use as a so -called “recreational” drug [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Nitrogen oxide, legally sold in local shops – theoretically for whipped cream siphons – conditioned in candy or oval steel cartridges, has been, since 2000 at least, diverted for recreational purposes for its psychodysleptic properties [ 78 ] . According to Garbaz, the nitrogen oxide drug addiction has stayed for a long time (although from the XVIII It is century, he had parties often organized to the homes and by wealthy bourgeois (obtaining gas was done by chemical reaction directly on the spot) whose main goal was the inhalation of nitrogen oxide) rare, not touching First that employees of the hospital or medical world, then an increasing number of young adults and adolescents, even children. By extending to the general public (via the great availability of low -cost cartridges), “It exposes to the occurrence of accidents and undesirable unknown effects” [ 79 ] . This diversion of nitrogen oxide has been proven in the United States and the United Kingdom since the start of 1980s and in France since 1996\/1998 (first cases reported by the Marseille anti -paint center), in student circles in particular [ 20 ] . It is often shared or sold on the occasion of techno evenings, or in free parties, technivals, trance evenings, etc. [ 80 ] . If it is taken alone and episodically, nitrogen oxide does not represent a risk of addiction: the n 2 O  fait rire (m\u00eame si en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, bien que surnomm\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0gaz hilarant\u00a0\u00bb, il induit moins souvent le rire que les boissons alcoolis\u00e9es ou le cannabis), son effet est de relativement courte dur\u00e9e et certaines personnes ne ressentent peu ou pas d’effets anesth\u00e9siants, ni d’effet agr\u00e9able, et il n’induit g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement pas de d\u00e9pendance. Ce n’est cependant pas un produit anodin. Il peut induire des l\u00e9sions irr\u00e9versibles ou des pathologies graves telles qu’une forme d’an\u00e9mie particuli\u00e8re, d’atteintes neurologiques (poly-neuropathies, d’ataxies, c’est-\u00e0-dire troubles de l’\u00e9quilibre, probl\u00e8mes de coordination motrice), note William Lowenstein, sp\u00e9cialiste en m\u00e9decine interne et addictologie, pr\u00e9sident de SOS Addictions[80]. Et selon les statistiques anglaises collect\u00e9es par un rapport de l’universit\u00e9 de Londres (cit\u00e9 par le quotidien The Independent), en six ans, de 2006 \u00e0 2012, dix-sept jeunes Britanniques sont morts apr\u00e8s avoir consomm\u00e9 du gaz hilarant, dont six par asphyxie (hypoxie)[80].Nitrogen oxide seems to be subject to modes ; In France, a first peak in consumption appeared towards the an 2000 [ 80 ] and a revival noted in 2017-2018, especially in the regions near the United Kingdom [ 81 ] . It is most often inhaled by mouth via inflatable rubber balloons or condoms inflated with gas (sold by unit), according to a French report of 2007 commanded by the Directorate of Health [ 82 ] . Balloon packaging makes it possible to avoid frostbite and pulmonary or brain embolisms caused by the cold due to the relaxation of the gas if it is “Directly sucked in the cartridge” , like a bomb of dusting gas or a siphon in Chantilly, note drugs info service, which adds that “The fleeting effects of nitrogen oxide sometimes encourage user to repeated inhalations that can lead to death by asphyxiation” [ 80 ] . “Unlike other drugs, there is no dependence on nitrogen oxide” , indicates info service drugs. [Ref. necessary] Dependence cases are exceptional. People with real dependence (in the pharmacological sense) in nitrogen oxide, often present an initially a disease that is not relieved by the usual treatments and in these situations the N 2 O Present more benefits than risks (terminal cancer in children, chronic lesions and ulcers in elderly patients or in people victims of the HIV or, during chronic pain syndromes). In rare cases where dependence begins as a result of so -called “recreational” consumption, consumers quickly find themselves in a situation of social isolation which is often accompanied by economic difficulties, sources of malnutrition (deficiencies). “Even if it can be scary, you have to put into perspective. Hilarious gas is only a small fashion, in young people, in a search for drunkenness which is timeless ” , selon William Lowenstein. [Ref. necessary] In France [ modifier | Modifier and code ] In 2011, the National Agency for Drug Safety and Health Products (ANSM) warned against the recreational use of volatile substances in general and nitrogen oxide in particular (5.5% of them said having already experienced it in 2011) [ 80 ] . In 2014, Drugs Info Service had received very few requests for help or information (fifteen requests on 44,000 calls) [ 80 ] . Following a strong resurgence in 2017, 2018 and 2019 in the North [ 83 ] , [ 84 ] , then in \u00cele-de-France [ 85 ] and to the rest of the territory [ eighty six ] , [ eighty seven ] , a bill [ 88 ] tending to protect minors from the dangerous uses of nitrogen oxide is adopted unanimously on December 11, 2019 in the Senate [ 89 ] . The flagship measure is the prohibition of sales to minors, including on online commerce sites. The text also proposes to penalize the incitement of a minor to make a diverted use of a current consumption product to obtain psychoactive effects. He also plans to support the prevention policy carried out at school. The text should be submitted to the National Assembly in 2020. Through a decree, the commune of Toulouse prohibited, the September 28, 2020 , the recreational use of hilarious gases on the public domain and the sale to minors [ 90 ] . Nuisances and damage caused to municipal incinerators [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  3 -liter cylinder of nitrogen oxide for recreational use. N cartridges 2 O  abandonn\u00e9es dans la nature et dans les rues constituent une source de nuisances et de pollution non n\u00e9gligeable. En Belgique, rien qu’en trois semaines au mois de janvier 2023, Bruxelles propret\u00e9 en a r\u00e9colt\u00e9 plus de deux tonnes le long des voiries r\u00e9gionales auxquelles il convient \u00e9galement d’ajouter les collectes communales et celles des d\u00e9chets m\u00e9nagers habituels[91]. On les trouvent surtout aux abords des bars et des dancings.Large capacity cartridges not completely emptied, if collected and cremated, give rise to violent explosions seriously damaging the ovens of household waste incinerators [ 92 ] . The bars of the ovens of ovens are breaking and the ashes agglomerate in the reception space located below the gates, which clogs the evacuation systems of the ashes (floor ash (in) ) [ 93 ] , [ ninety four ] . This is how many incinerators must frequently stop some of their ovens in order to be able to repair the often considerable damage. Agencies responsible for public cleanliness and the treatment of household waste are forced to carefully sort the garbage cans located on the public highway in order to protect the ovens of incinerators and to limit their unavailability linked to the time necessary for the repair of the damage caused by these explosions . The problem also affects many municipalities in France [ 93 ] , [ ninety four ] . Other uses [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Nitrogen oxide is used as propellant gas, especially in whipped cream candles.It is also used in dry air bombs for electronics and computers. Its European code is the E942 [ 95 ] . Dissolved in water, nitrogen oxide has a sweet taste [ 96 ] . It was used for the conservation of meat [Ref. necessary] . The effects of chronic exposure to low doses are poorly understood, but have been studied for certain exposed trades (anesthesists in surgery, for example [ 97 ] ). In high doses, it causes neurological effects (spasticity with spasticity) and macrocytic anemia, with reduction in the rate of vitamine B twelfth circulating. Smith, in a review of health risks in hospital staff, recalls that it is a mitotic poison, which has been made responsible for tumors of the lymphoid system and the reticulo-endothelial system in the staff working in the Operation (with exchanges between chromatids sisters according to Saras et al. 1992, Eroglu et al. ) in which we have described various cytogenetic damage (problems also posed by exposure to other anesthetics). Nitrogen oxide with high concentration can kill by asphyxiation (due to a lack of oxygen); The anesthetic mixture still contains at least 21% oxygen (the proportion of oxygen of the ambient air, and up to 50% in the case of meopa). The diverted and prolonged use of nitrogen oxide presents, in addition to the risks of asphyxiation, the risks of medical complications for the newborn in the event of use during a pregnancy [ 98 ] . Effects and consequences, toxicity [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Short -term effects are fast and fleeting. They start fifteen to thirty seconds after absorption and end after two to three minutes. In high doses, nitrogen oxide becomes narcotic with it, as possible effects [ Ref. desired] : Euphoria, feeling of well-being and laughter; Disinhibition; floating effect; visual and auditory distortions; feeling of increased members; modification of the voice, which becomes very serious (inverse effect of helium); memory losses; spasms; HyperSalivation [Ref. necessary] . Significant short -term dose effects [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Long -term large or repeated dose effects [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The long -term toxic or undesirable effects of repeated exposure to nitrogen oxide are of several orders: hematological, neurological (cf. demyelination), psychiatric and teratogenic [ 79 ] . Professionals are not the only ones concerned. Intense and\/or regular recreational use of nitrogen oxide can cause symptoms and diseases that doctors are not accustomed to suspect or diagnose: Vitamin B deficiency twelfth (cobalamine) [ 100 ] Because the n 2 O  oxyde les ions cobalt de cet oligo\u00e9l\u00e9ment essentiel[101],[102]\u00a0;a reduction in vitamin B levels twelfth current [ 103 ] by inhibition of methionine hepatic synthase [ 104 ] , leading to large consumptions of n 2 O  des neuropathies (troubles neurologiques) telles que des tremblements ou des difficult\u00e9s \u00e0 coordonner ses mouvements\u00a0;neurological complications are possible and unknown (even doctors [ 102 ] ), including the bone marrow and the spinal cord resulting in a symmetrical and progressive weakness of the lower limbs, equilibrium disorders and an increasing difficulty in walking, underlined by several recent studies [ 105 ] , [ 106 ] , [ 107 ] , [ 108 ] , [ 109 ] in people used to inhaling high doses of n 2 O . C’est le d\u00e9ficit en vitamine B12 qui entra\u00eene la neurotoxicit\u00e9 du N2O \u00e0 forte dose ou en cas d’usage r\u00e9cr\u00e9atif chronique[110]\u00a0: une d\u00e9my\u00e9linisation des fibres nerveuses, ce qui finit par interrompre la transmission nerveuse (en l’absence de B12, le recyclage de l\u2019homocyst\u00e9ine en m\u00e9thionine est interrompu, emp\u00eachant la m\u00e9thylation des prot\u00e9ines de la gaine de my\u00e9line, ce qui entraine une d\u00e9my\u00e9linisation)[1]. Une scl\u00e9rose de la moelle se combine \u00e0 une atteinte d\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9rative de la moelle \u00e9pini\u00e8re (visibles sur l’imagerie par r\u00e9sonance magn\u00e9tique (IRM), o\u00f9 une coupe sagittale  montre comme cons\u00e9quence d’une d\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9rescence subaigu\u00eb de la moelle un hypersignal en s\u00e9quence pond\u00e9r\u00e9e T2 localis\u00e9 pr\u00e9f\u00e9rentiellement au niveau des cordons post\u00e9rieurs de la moelle cervicale ou dorsale[1]). Cette d\u00e9my\u00e9linisation d\u00e9grade la sensibilit\u00e9 profonde[1]. En mai 2018, \u00e0 Londres des urgentistes et neurologues de divers h\u00f4pitaux ont rapport\u00e9 dix cas de \u00ab\u00a0scl\u00e9rose combin\u00e9e de la moelle\u00a0\u00bb (SCM) chez des jeunes de 17 \u00e0 26 ans dont la plupart ne consommaient pas d\u2019autres drogues (et pas d’alcool)[1],[111]. La concentration sanguine en vitamine B12 peut \u00eatre normale, mais la vitamine non fonctionnelle. Une augmentation anormale du taux d’acide m\u00e9thylmalonique (AMM) et d\u2019homocyst\u00e9ine peuvent alors orienter le diagnostic[1]\u00a0;Quick vitamin B supplementation twelfth Conversely degeneration, but neurological recovery can be incomplete, especially if the person continues to inhale from N 2 O [112]\u00a0;A pneumothorax. 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