[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/bristol-blenheim-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/bristol-blenheim-wikipedia\/","headline":"Bristol Blenheim – Wikipedia","name":"Bristol Blenheim – Wikipedia","description":"The Bristol Blenheim It was a single -lamp plane and twin -rate plane made in the second half of the","datePublished":"2019-03-02","dateModified":"2019-03-02","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b5\/Bristol_blenheim_1_ExCC.jpg\/220px-Bristol_blenheim_1_ExCC.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b5\/Bristol_blenheim_1_ExCC.jpg\/220px-Bristol_blenheim_1_ExCC.jpg","height":"165","width":"220"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/bristol-blenheim-wikipedia\/","wordCount":15914,"articleBody":"The Bristol Blenheim It was a single -lamp plane and twin -rate plane made in the second half of the 1930s by the British company Bristol Aeroplane Company. At home it was produced in thousands of specimens by the designer company, Avro and Rootes Aircraft Factory; Following the granting of the relative license, it was also produced in Canada, Finland and Yugoslavia. He was mainly employed by the Royal Air Force where he remained on duty in the years that went between 1937 and 1945, participating, during the Second World War, most of the war campaigns that in those years saw the British armed forces engaged. He also found employment in the air force of numerous other nations, in particular belonging to the Commonwealth but, in the ranks of the Finnish and Romanian forces, it was also deployed by the powers of the axis. Blenheim was initially used in the role of light bomber but, following the creation of special versions, it was also used as a spare hunt; He was among the first British planes equipped with interception radar apparatus, thus being lined up in the departments intended for night hunting. Development [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] The origins of Blenheim are due to the meeting between the ideas of Lord Harold Harmsworth the Viscount Rothermere, owner of the Daily Mail, and those of the Bristol Frank Barnwell designer. The first of the two, in the early 1930s, had invited the British aeronautical companies to create “the fastest commercial plane of Europe, if not of the whole world”, to use it in their work, to encourage the use of the vehicle plane to businessmen and, last but not least, to demonstrate to the British Ministry of Air that the hunting planes of the time would not have been able to oppose a quick transport plane used in the role of bomber [4] . Barnwell, for his part, in the summer of 1933 he had edited the project Type 135 : it was a single -call transport plane destined to host six passengers, for which the use of a pair of Bristol Aquila engines was expected [5] . Barnwell came to estimate that, using Bristol Mercury engines, the plane could have reached the speed of 240 mph [4] (386 km\/h); In June 1934 Lord Rothermere took responsibility for covering all the costs of realization of the aircraft, as long as this was brought in flight within the following twelve months [4] . Bristol then revides the Type 135 project by replacing the engines, as indicated, and reducing the section of the fuselage in order to obtain a better aerodynamic performance; In the meantime, the autonomy of the plane was increased since the expected one initially did not respond to the client’s expectations [6] . He took the form forms the Type 142 to which the Type 143 which maintained the original Aquila engines; The two aircraft had 70% of the common parts and while the first was “exclusive” by Lord Rothermere the second did not delay to attract the attention of potential buyers, also thanks to the exposure of the mockup at the Paris Motor Show in November 1934 [7] . In particular, compared to the Type 143 the request of the Finnish government emerged for a particularly versatile aircraft which, with few specific changes, could be used both in the civil and military fields; Bristol replied by preparing a specific variant (called Type 143F ) which provided for the use of Mercury engines and which, thanks to interchangeable fuselage sections, could act as a transport (passengers, goods and posts), by aero -amber and huntbling [7] . In the meantime, the Type 142 prototype had been prepared: registered with the “G-Adcz” code and baptized by Lord Rothermere “Britannia First”, the new Bimotore was brought to Filton on April 12, 1935, arousing extreme accommodation [8] Since he was able to fly to 307 mph [9] (494 km\/h), that is 50 miles per hour (80 km\/h) faster than the new Raf hunt, the Gloster Gladiator, which would have been delivered to the departments only two years later [9] ! The Bristol prototype Type 142M Blenheim. Both the performances showed by the new Bimotore and the impressions reported by the testers led the Air Ministry to ask to be able to retain the prototype to evaluate it as a potential bomber: it was so that, with extreme satisfaction for having found confirmation of your initial thesis, Lord Rothermere decided to give the “Britannia First” to the Ministry [8] [ten] . In May 1935 Frank Barnwell presented a first project for a version of bombing equipped, once again, with the eagle engines followed, the following month, the proposal for the version equipped with Mercury engines; In this second configuration the final version of the project Type 142M Finally, he saw the light in July: the possibility of transporting 1 000 pounds (about 454 kg) of bombs, at the maximum speed of 278 mph (447 km\/h) was foreseen [11] And on the basis of this proposal, the Air Ministry issued the “specific n \u00b0 28\/35” which was followed, in August, the stipulation of the contract for 150 specimens of what, in May of the following year, would have been baptized “Blenheim” [twelfth] . On the other hand, Type 143, whose prototype flew for the first time on January 20, 1936 [8] , found no favorable development conditions: the commitments already made for the production of Blenheim and the long gestation of the Aquila engines project brought the provision first and then the definitive abandonment of each subsequent evolution [11] . In the meantime, the Type 142m project knew rapid success and, without the prototype still detached the wheels from the ground, had already collected (in addition to that of the British authorities) orders around Europe: in September 1935 Ten specimens were ordered by Finland and eight, plus the construction license, by Lithuania to follow new contacts with the Finns for eighteen airplanes (in March 1936), with Turkey for twelve aircraft (April 1936) and with Yugoslavia ( May 1936) [twelfth] . These commercial contacts were not opposed by the Air Ministy as long as the contractors were nations considered “friends”, that the orders provided for a limited number of aircraft and that it was in any case given precedence to the invasion of the orders signed by the RAF [twelfth] . Finally, on June 25, 1936, the Blenheim prototype was brought in flight and, after happily completing the cycle of evaluation tests without the need to make considerable changes, its series production was authorized that began to start from December [twelfth] [13] . The first (and unique) version produced in series of the Type 142m was intended for the role of bomber and designated as Blenheim Mk.I ; It was built in a total of 1 457 specimens [14] whose production was completed, in addition to the Bristol, in the Officine della Avro (in Chaddredon) and in those of the Rootes Aircraft Factory (in Speke, near Liverpool). A small quantity of Mk.i was exported abroad: two aircraft were sold to Greece, twenty -two to Finland, twenty -four at Yugoslavia, thirty in Turkey and thirty -five at the Kingdom of Romania [15] ; In addition, the construction license was sold to both Finland (which built fifty -five aircraft between 1941 and 1944 in the plants of the National Company Valion Lentokonetehdas [16] , located near Tampere) than to Yugoslavia (forty -eight specimens, at the Ikarus A.D. in Belgrade) [15] . Evolution [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] Already in August 1935 Bristol thought of a modified version of Blenheim to respond to the “Specific n \u00b0 G.24\/35” with which the Air Ministry identified the characteristics for a reconnaissance and bombing plane to be allocated to the Coastal Command of the RAF [twelfth] . Named Type 149 , the new version of the Bimotore was designed in anticipation of the use of a pair of Bristol Aquila engines with compressor but did not find the favor of the authorities who in the absence of satisfactory proposals decided to unify the “G.24\/35″ with the ” Specific m.15\/35 “relating to an aerosiluct destined to operate by the mainland. The combination of the two requests gave rise to the “specific 10\/36” for which the Bristol prepared the Type 152 which was subsequently chosen for the series production. In any case, as an interim solution, the Air Ministry gave its approval for a Blenheim reconnaissance variant that maintained the Mercury engines and that could enjoy greater operational autonomy; To comply with the latter request, the Bristol prevents the use of sub -branches and releaseable to be used as an alternative to a rack for offensive falling loads [17] . In this configuration, the Type 149 received the designation of Blenheim Mk.II , but did not go beyond the stage of prototype as it was in the meantime a further development of the aircraft to which it was preferred to give precedence: while maintaining (once again) the same factory denomination, in this case the plane was characterized by the presence of additional tanks internal to the wing structure in place of the external ones. Born in compliance with the “specific 11\/36” the new version was initially identified with the name of Bolingbroke Mk.I and his prototype brought to flight for the first time on September 24, 1937 [18] . The tests highlighted the pilot’s dissatisfaction with the arrangement of the window surfaces since, in particular during the landing maneuvers, it prevented the correct view; The changes made gave rise to the characteristic elongated muzzle (and asymmetrical in the upper part). The speed of the development process saw the creation of a first lot of planes built in series with the use of the new muzzle, but not of the tanks integrated into the wings to which it was attributed, to avoid misunderstandings, again the name of Blenheim and the progressive Mk.III . The production was then focused on the subsequent variant Mk.IV which included the integrated wing tanks; All MK.III were also updated to the latter standard before delivery to the departments [18] . Front view of a Blenheim Mk.IV delivered by ship to Singapore; Note the asymmetrical design of the muzzle. To allow the large scale production of the MK.IV specimens, the production continued, also in this case, both at the Avoro plants and at those of the Rootes [19] ; The latter also provides to update the last sixty -eight specimens of MK to the MK.IV standard. [15] , who assumed the designation Mk.IVL . The RAF received the first MK.IVs in February 1939 while, in the following era, some specimens were delivered to Portugal (six planes) and Turkey (one) [20] . The construction license was once again sold to Finland which began production in the first months of 1944; Until the month of September of the same year [20] fifteen planes were made overall, five of which remained not assembled at the end of the production [21] . The MK.IV version of the Blenheim attracted the attention of the Canadian government who, looking for a maritime patrol aircraft, acquired the production license from the Bristol by assigning the FAICHILD Aircraft Ltd. (Candese Company of the American Faircled Aircraft) ( . For the “Canadian” Blenheims, although externally identical to the original British specimens [20] , the Bolingbroke’s Bristlke denomination was already recovered previously set aside; Produced from 1939, the Canadian version of Blenheim had a rather marginal but autonomous development process compared to the variants of the parent company. Un blenheim mk.iv in Volo. In the meantime, at the end of 1938 the raf fighter command expressed the need for a hunting plane intended for long -haul spare missions [22] And the performance of Blenheim seemed suitable for this role. From the modification of a specimen of Mk.i the Blenheim Mk.IF : The only visible modification externally was the presence of a gondola in the belly of the fuselage, applied on the doors of the bomb compartment, in which the armament consisting of four Browning machine guns was housing. The specimens of this series, originally all MK.I bombers, entered service starting from the month of December 1938 [22] . Even in the case of MK.IV the Coastal Command and, to a lesser extent, the raf’s fighter command employed a Blenheim hunting version: identified as Mk.IVF It was characterized, like the previous MK.IF, due to the presence of the gondola containing the four machine guns [23] ; delivered between the end of 1939 and the beginning of 1940, the planes were used operationally for a couple of years before being relegated to second -line tasks [24] . Side view of a Blenheim Mk.v. The last step in the evolutionary development of Blenheim recorded itself in January 1940 on the proposal of Bristol: it was an attack version of the ground (with the possibility of adaptation to low -altitude interception missions or training)) [25] . The authorities positively evaluated the offer and released the “Specific B.6\/40” which provided for the new plane both the employment as a beaten bomber and the one in the role of low -altitude tactical bomber. The plane thus conceived was called Type 149CS by the company e Bisley mk.i from the RAF [26] . Two prototypes were ordered whose first flight took place, however, only in the autumn of 1940 when the outcome of the war operations on the western front had already seen the Dynamo operation developed and the RAF no longer had immediate needs for a plane attack on the ground. Bristol was therefore requested to review the Type 149cs project in order to also contemplate the possibility of operating as a high altitude tactical bomber with the reintroduction of the third crew member [14] depending on navigator\/bomber. The coding was assigned to the prototype of this new variant Type 149HA : it differentiated from the first due to the presence of glass panels in the muzzle in the area intended for the navigator\/bomber, not necessary in the beaten bombing version. The series production began in October 1941 by the Rootes Securities with the internal designation of Type 160 ; The following month, after two specimens had been completed, Raf changed its ideas (once again) and optimed, in order to avoid misunderstandings between similar planes, for the return to the Blenheim denomination by assigning the progressive model to the new model Mk.v . The series production was completed with the completion of the 942nd specimen [14] . Cell [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] Blenheim piloting cabin The Blenheim was a light, trifost and twin -rate bomber; Its structure was entirely metallic made of aluminum alloys, as well as the coating (of the work type), with the exception of the control surfaces that were coated in canvas [27] . The fuselage was made of three trunks with coating in alclad chiodato [3] ; He had a large front section and in the MK.I version the spacious entirely glazed passenger compartment hosted the pilot and the navigator\/bomber; The wing was arranged in a median position [N 1] , in order to obtain the space necessary for the realization of the bomb compartment. In the central area of \u200b\u200bthe fuselage, in correspondence with the wing exit edge, there was a defensive station, in the form of a swivel and semi -revived glass turret. With the transition to the MK.IV version, whose fuselage had been stretched by 3 ft (about 91 cm) [14] , there was a considerable transformation of the external lines of the cabin: the distance between the pilot’s seat and the glass surface of the cabin generated unwelcome reflections [19] And, to solve the problem, it was decided to bring the upper part of the window closer to the pilot’s station and to lower the lower front area. In the final solution the Blenheim muzzle presented a scaling on the left side [N 2] of the muzzle, which would have constituted its main external feature. In the MK.V version, it came to opt for a configuration of the interchangeable front: for the use as a beat bomber, the muzzle was completely metallic and occupied by the four machine guns arranged frontally, while in the event of use as bomber in altitude the bow cone He proposed, in more tapered and symmetrical forms, the glass area and the location for the navigator\/pointer. The engines were housed inside two gondolas arranged on the wing entrance edge; Inside the gondolas, in the rear area, the housing for the landing trolley that portrayed there was obtained, with rectilinear retrograde movement, leaving partially protruding the single wheel. In the MK.I and MK.IV versions, the trolley compartment was closed by means of a metal panel fixed frontally on the retractable part while in the MK.V version it passed to the system of side panels hinged to the opening in the engine gondola. The medium wing, raked towards the ends, was made of three pieces of which the central one was attached to the fuselage; The two wingweds were obtained from two heavy steel flanges with alclad ribs; The Centines were also made of Alclad and the same material was the wing coating [3] . It was equipped with “Frisee” ALLETONI [N 3] and hypersenters [19] ; In the external measures it remained unchanged in the transition from the MK.I to the MK.IV version while in the MK.V version the opening was reduced by 3 FT [14] . In the internal structure, the transition from the MK.I to MK.IV version marked the introduction of integrated wing tanks, placed in the external section of each semiala. The surge was of the classic type, also entirely metallic with mobile surfaces covered in canvas and balanced aerodynamically and statically [3] . Engines [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] The Blenheim was equipped, throughout its evolutionary cycle, with the radial Bristol Mercury, a nine -cooled nine -cylinder engine. The development of the engine went hand in hand with that of the aircraft and more powerful versions more powerful followed over time, passing from the 850 HP (equal to 634 kW) of the “Mercury VIII” installed on the Blenheim MK.I up to 950 HP (708 kW ) of the “Mercury 25” or “Mercury 30” that equipped the Blenheim Mk.v [14] . Rare exceptions to the use of British radial were represented by the creation of some specimens of Bolingbroke equipped with Wright Cyclone 9 engines or Pratt & Whitney R-1535 Twin Wasp Junior [14] . The propellers were of the Green Metallic Type and the Coat of the Engines was characterized by the presence of Flabelli [N 4] furniture, to regulate the scope of the air flow intended for cooling [28] . System [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] The Blenheims were, at the beginning of the war, the only available planes capable of staying the first interception radar equipment at the time at the initial stage of their development: the apparatuses Airborne Intercept (AI) weighed 600 lb [22] (about 272 kg) and for their use the presence of a dedicated operator was required [22] , so the Blenheim Mk.If hunting version had all the characteristics necessary to fulfill the role of night hunting. For the operation of the radar system there were a transmitting antenna, arranged at the end of the bow, and different receiving antennas to determine the position of the target: two arranged on the engine gondolas near the wing entrance edge, to determine the location side of the target compared to the radar, and one on each edge of the left wing to determine its height [29] . Determine the position of the targets in operating conditions was initially almost impossible, however the development work on the apparatuses continued without stopping and before the arrival of the spring of 1941 all the main critical issues had been overcome [29] . Weaponry [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] Machine gun in a Blenheim turret, Greece 1940 The original configuration of the blenheim mk.i bombing of bombing involved the possibility of transporting an offensive load of 1 000 lb (equal to 454 kg) to the bomb compartment inside the fuselage, while in the MK.IV version the possibility of transporting by other sub -sabating racks other 320 lb of bombs [30] [thirty first] . Still in the bombing variants, the defensive equipment underwent a progressive increase: initially, in the MK.I version, there were a total of two caliber machine guns .303 in (7.7 mm), of which one (Browning .303 mk. II) drowned in the Left semiala and standing forward and the other (at the beginning a Vickers K was used, but subsequently Lewis and Browning were also installed) placed in the machine gun station, consisting of a swivel turret arranged in the dorsal area at the center of the fuselage [32] [33] But already in the MK.IV version the machine guns in the turret could be two [34] And they were integrated by another machine gun or two (always of the same caliber) arranged, addressed in the opposite direction to that of travel, in a “Frazer Nash Fn54” turret (or “Fn54a”) arranged in the lower right area of \u200b\u200bthe muzzle [34] . The Blenheim bombing variant in the MK.V version used the same scheme in the defensive armament, however using a “Bristol BX” dorsal turret, of more recent conception and arranged within a wider opening obtained in the trunk of the fusoliera ; This turret could be expelled from its housing in order to allow an emergency escape route to the crew in case of need. The hunting and night hunting variants (MK.IF and MK.IVF) were equipped with a ventral gondola containing four gauge machine guns .303 in revolts in the direction of travel; The same armament was foreseen for the attack configuration on the ground of the MK.V variant, with the machine guns arranged at the extreme bow [35] . At the time of the German invasion of Poland, the Blenheim was among the most common aircraft in the Royal Air Force departments, for quantity according to Battle only [36] and, on a par with the Fairey monomotor, a modern and formidable means was still considered [36] ; Therefore there were numerous missions carried out “for the first time” which were entrusted to the departments with the Blenheim, in all the numerous theaters of war. The experience of the conflict, however, highlighted that the assessments made at the time, although not far away, of the birth of the Type 142 project had been quickly overcome, especially in consideration of the appearance of fast and agile single -seater between the rows of the enemies; It soon became evident that for Blenheim it became more and more difficult to get results without paying unacceptable losses [36] . United Kingdom [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] The first deliveries to the RAF took place in March 1937, at No. 114 Squadron [N 5] , allocated to the Wyton base (near St. Ives) [6] . Two years later, at the time of the Monaco crisis, squadron from bombing equipped with the Blenheims were a total of sixteen, belonging to three different Group [37] [N 6] . In the meantime, the Blenheim had begun to take service in the departments lined up in the colonial territories: at the beginning of 1938 they were deployed in Iraq while with the following year they found employment in India [37] . With the start of the production of the MK.IV, the role of bomber in the metropolitan departments was entrusted almost exclusively to the new version and the outbreak of the war only two of the squadron From bombing allocated to the mother homeland they still employed the MK.I which, on the other hand, constituted the flight material of eleven squadron allocated overseas (in Egypt, Aden, India and Singapore) [38] . Always at the same time the Blenheim Mk.IF equipped seven squadron from hunting where they had replaced (or were gradually replacing) the previous aircraft, generally biplani [38] . A Blenheim MK.I of No.113 Squadron In Egypt, in preparation for a raid against Tobruch. For their part, the Blenheim Mk.IVs in September 1939 were seven squadron by bombing, two intended for cooperation with earth troops (with reconnaissance and tactical support tasks) and one hunting one [16] . The first British aircraft to cross the German borders after the outbreak of the war was, on September 3, 1939, a Blenheim Mk.IV of the No.139 Squadron by Wyton for a reconnaissance mission in the Jadebrassen [N 7] , near Wilhelmshaven, looking for the German fleet [39] . The next day ten Blenheim and eight Vickers Wellington bombarded the ship Admiral Scheer ; During the action, hindered by bad weather and by the lively reaction of the contrast defense, the British planes did not obtain particularly prestigious results while four were lost [39] or five [40] Blenheim e due Wellington. In unfortunate waters a Blenheim Mk.IV of the No.82 Squadron He became the first Raf plane to sink an U-Boot: the submarine in question was the U-31 [41] sank during the surface navigation phase in the bay of Helgoland [N 8] On 11 March 1940. The use of the Blenheim took place mainly by the bomber Command but several MK.IVs and some MK. [40] , the aerial components of the British shipping forces lined up on French soil until Dunker’s retreat. The departments of the Command bomber lined up on British soil were employed in the fight against the German forces engaged in conquering Norway, Belgium and the Netherlands; During these actions the Blenheims were not very able to advance the enemy armies and were often the subject of the attacks by the hunting of the Luftwaffe [40] . During these campaigns there were also long -range missions of the squadron Equipped with the MK.IF during which the limits of Blenheim emerged clearly in front of the hunting of the Luftwaffe, in particular the fastest and most easy to handle Messerschmitt BF 109 [22] . Even on French soil the operations were not particularly lucky and the action of hunting and artillery contracts, the bombings of the operational bases by the Dornier do 17 joined which caused significant damage, putting out several planes even before they could take the flight [40] . In the days following the evacuation of the French soil from the port of Dunkerque the entry into the war of the Kingdom of Italy alongside Germany marked the opening of the North African front: also in this case the first action of the RAF was entrusted to the Blenheim that from their Egyptian bases attacked El Adem airport in two different actions causing the destruction to the ground of about twenty Italian planes [42] . UN BLENKHEIM MK.IF del No.25 Squadron Based on Martelesham Heath, on July 25, 1940. At the beginning of the summer of 1940, the intensification of the night raids by the German bombers against the main British cities was mainly contrasted by the departments of the Blenheim Mk.If specifically intended for night hunting: the Bristol’s Bimotore was, in the better and for good Male, the only aircraft capable of using the heavy and voluminous radar apparatuses for interception [22] . The first night demolition was recorded on the night between 2 and 3 July 1940 by a Blenheim of the Fighter Interception Unit (Fiu) who knocked down a Dornier DO-17Z [29] , but before the next winter the Blenheims were joined in this role by the Hurricane and the most recent Beaufighter, from which they were definitively replaced at the beginning of the following spring [29] . Starting from the month of January 1941 the Blenheims were used on the French skies in operations (called Circus ) which involved the attack on the aerial bases of the Luftwaffe but with which it was also intended to attract the enemy’s planes towards the hunting that escorted the action of the bombers, in order to attract them in close fights. Although soon revealed, this tactic was continued for some time also to force the Luftwaffe to distract aircraft from the eastern front open at the end of June with the start of the Barbarossa operation [43] . In April of that same 1941, with the Coastal Command Still engaged in the operations that went down in history as the battle of the Atlantic, the RAF undertook in an attempt to block the passage in the Strait of having to the German ships [43] . The operations, called Channel Stop they saw the use of the Blenheim Mk.iv of the No.2 Group , engaged in low altitude missions in the waters in front of Norway, Denmark and the Netherlands [43] . The commitment proved heavy in terms of losses of aircraft, and human lives, both due to the contrast mounted on ships, and thanks to the coastal supervision made by Luftwaffe; In any case, the successful successes, as far as revealed lower than what initially claimed by the pilots, contributed to providing precious operational experience to the departments put to good use in the following era when the most modern and best armed beaufigher and Mosquito were available [44] . 1941 still saw the Blenheim of the RAF committed to counteracting German forces in the Mediterranean, North Africa and in the Middle East: in April some specimens of the No.11 Squadron they took part in the actions in Greece, before the evacuation [45] , while, always on the same days, the planes in force at No.203 Squadron They were briefly employed in Iraq, operating by the base Raf Habbaniyya. The following summer this same department then went on to operate against Vichy’s forces of France in Syria and Lebanon [45] . Progressively abandoned by the departments allocated in the metropolitan territory, the Blenheim were located in the North African theater: in particular in the second half of 1941 different squadron They were transferred to Malta from where, jointly with the Wellington allocated on the Egyptian bases, they could devote themselves to operations contrasting the convoys operating between Sicily and North Africa, precious for the refueling of Italian troops and Afrikakorps [45] . According to the sources found [45] , during the second half of 1941 65% of the merchant ship employed in the convoys by the forces of the axis was sunk, but the RAF paid a high price for this result, reaching (in some cases) to lose about 90% of the vehicles e of the crews engaged [45] . In the autumn of that year the Blenheim were also used for support for the Crusader operation which led, on December 7, to the retreat of Erwin Rommel’s troops towards El-Agheila [forty six] . A Blenheim Mk.i during the ROFT on the RAF base of Sembawang, Singapore. In the background some Brewster F2A Buffalo. On that same day, the opening of the front in the Pacific followed to the attack by Pearl Harbor, led to further rewaying from the RAF departments and most of the squadron Equipped with the Blenheims he was transferred to the Far East to face Japanese forces. In January 1942, operating from the base near Palembang (on the island of Sumatra, at the time part of the Dutch Eastern Indies), three squadron of Blenheim carried out bombing, reconnaissance and escort tasks to the convoys, soon reached by the remains of a fourth unit evacuated by Singapore in the first days of February [47] . Gradually less and less numerous, the Blenheim had to abandon Sumatra to reach Giava where, however, most of the aircraft was destroyed or captured during a land attack at Kalidjati airport who caught the defenders by surprise [47] . No.113 Squadron , always on the same days, was initially allocated to Rangoon in Burma [N 9] But, stuck by the Japanese advance, he was forced to move to Magway before being definitively dissolved in early March [48] . Later, at the beginning of April, the Blenheims of the No.11 Squadron they took part in the defense operations of the island of Ceylon undergoing considerable losses [48] . 1942 was the last year during which the Blenheims were employed in large numbers, gradually replaced in the different tasks, by a series of new planes, in the meantime, remained available. So the Coastal Command passed to the use of the Douglas Boston and the Lockheed Ventura who, among the rows of the bomber Command, were also joined by the Martin Baltimore and by the already mentioned Beaufighter and Mosquito [forty six] . Before being definitively transferred to the bases of North Africa, in February 1942, the Blenhem allocated to Malta carried out bombing actions in Naples and Tripoli while in Northern Europe the last action that the Bristol Bimors was the tragic Raid on Diepe del Del August 19th [forty six] . In the Pacific Theater, the Blenheim Mk.iv and Mk.V, although they are increasingly obsolete, survived for some time before they were replaced by the Beaufort and the US production Vengences; Most of the specimens were definitively abandoned by October 1943 [forty six] . Finlandia [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] A Blenheim Mk.i with the signs of the Suomen Ilmavoimat. Note the configuration of the landing cart, consisting of “ski” for use on snowy soils The first Finnish contract for the purchase of Blenheim Mk.i was signed in October 1936 [3] [twelfth] For eighteen two -roomed [3] [49] [50] (but one of the same sources subsequently indicates twelve [51] ); The airplanes were delivered in June [3] , or in that of July [twelfth] , from 1937. In April 1938 [3] [49] Finland also ensured the production license of the plane on whose production the sources found do not agree: some indicate the creation of fifty -five specimens of MK.I [50] but elsewhere, a total of sixty planes are indicated, of which forty -five mk.i [52] and fifteen mk.iv [21] [52] ; All the planes were made in the recently completed tampering factory. The Finnish Blenheims were characterized by changes in the bomb compartment, made to accommodate the Swedish and American production devices used by the Suomen Ilmavoimat [50] . None of the aircraft built in Finland was completed in time before the outbreak of the winter war [49] [52] , but the eighteen planes purchased in the United Kingdom were joined by twenty -four other MK.IV purchased at the RAF [50] and used in defense of Carelia [49] ; However, their use could not prevent the Finnish defeat of March 1940. The production of the Blenheims in Finland continued even after the signing of the Moscow Treaty and the built planes were employed during the continuation war, until the definitive surrender of September 1944 [49] . France [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] Blenheim Mk.IV was provided, in numbers not detailed by the sources available, also to the Forces A\u00e9rienes Fran\u00e7aises Libres: in November 1941 both the “Free French Flight N \u00b0 1” were operational (later renamed “Escadrille n \u00b0 2 de bombardament “) that the No.342 Squadron of the RAF (also known as “Groupe de Bombardement n \u00b0 1\/20” Lorraine “) [forty six] : the first department is deployed in Palestine while the second in North Africa [forty six] . Greece [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] Before the outbreak of the war twelve [53] Blenheim Mk.IV [3] they were also purchased from the Hellenic aviation [3] ; later the Raf sent three more to Greece Squadron by Blenheim (two of bombers and one hunting) [53] . Yugoslavia [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] The Yugoslav government also bought two [3] [51] Blenheim MK.I (delivered in November 1937) as well as the license for series production at the Ikarus in Zemun; However, this managed to complete only sixteen before, in the spring of 1941 the factory was sabotaged by the partisans to prevent the Germans from using it. Thus the twenty -four additional specimens during the construction phase were lost [3] [50] . The completed specimens were assigned to the 1st and 8th Bombardieri Regiment [50] [N 10] and they took part in the vain fight against the invasion of Yugoslavia; The few surviving aircraft were then incorporated into the Zrakoplovstvo Nezavisse Dr\u017eave Hrvatske, the military aeronautics of the independent state of Croatia [50] . Romania [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] Thirteen specimens of Blenheim i were provided in November 1939 to Romania in the hope of persuading it to join the cause of the allies; A year later, the Balkan country joined the powers of the axis and its Blenheims, like the Finnish ones, were used accordingly against the Soviets [3] [54] . T\u00fcrkiye [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] Unlike Finland and Yugoslavia, Turkey did not undertake the construction of the planes. The first twelve [54] Blenheim were transferred to this country in the summer of 1938 with civil registration, then other eighteen followed [3] [54] Between November 1938 and February 1939. Some sources indicate that other specimens were sold to Turkish aviation both at the beginning of 1940 [3] which in the course of 1942 (in this case it was MK.V owned by the RAF [55] ). Other countries [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] Framed within the structure of the Royal Air Force they operated several Squadron nominally belonging to aerial forces of allied countries, in particular belonging to the Commonwealth. From the sources found the Blenheim has equipped Squadron Of the Royal Canadian Air Force, the South African Air Force and the Koninklijke Luchtmacht for operations in the European theater while in the Pacific theater, Blenheim users have been the Royal Australian Air Force [56] e la Royal New Zealand Air Force [57] . Blenheim was also employed by the Portuguese armed forces [3] who received twelve specimens in 1943: employees as maritime patrollons, these planes were replaced two years later by Bristol Beaufighter. During the conflict, a specimen of Blenheim Mk IV, series number N3589, which started from England and headed to Malta, short of fuel on September 13, 1940, landed on the Pantelleria flight field. Taken in charge by the Air Force Royal, he sent him to Guidonia to submit it to a series of tests and repainted with Italian insignia. The aircraft was reused later for propaganda film filming, engaged in fictitious duels with the fighter hunting C.R.42 and Macchi M.C.200. [58] A second specimen, an MK I, Serie T4887 number of No. 252 Squadron Raf of the Coastal Command was captured by Italian military personnel. The aircraft, in flight from Gibraltar to Malta, on January 7, 1942 due to the incorrect indications provided by the radiofaro of the latter landed in Sicily, in the local area, near Augusta. Taken in charge by the Aeronautical Royal, he sent him to Guidonia to submit it to a series of tests and where the RAF signs were covered with the Italian ones and assigned the M.M. 4887. After about a year he was assigned to the 60th terrestrial bombing group and integrated in the 235th squadron and used for exercises until January 1943, when he was destroyed for a take -off accident. As regards the use in the RCAF of the specimens produced in Canada from Faarchild, please refer to the respective item . Bristol Blenheim Type 135 : initial project, dating back to 1933, for a light transport plane; remained “on paper” as it is transformed into the following Type 142; Type 142 : development of the previous Type 135, maintained its general lines by integrating changes for the increase in operational autonomy and the use of greater power engines. A specimen intended for Lord Harold Harmsworth was made which, baptized it Britain First , after the first exciting flight tests he donated it to the Air Ministry who had expressed his desire to test his potential as a military aircraft.Type 142M : designation that identified the aircraft known as Blenheim; Developed by the previous Type 142 passenger transport aircraft and equipped with Bristol Mercury engines, it was made in the variants:Blenheim Mk.I : denomination assigned to the first variant made in series; intended for the role of bomber, the first planes were delivered to the RAF in March 1937. A total of 1 457 were made [14] .Blenheim Mk.IF : Following a specific request from RAF’s Fighter Command for a long -range escort hunt, the MK.I cell was modified with the introduction of a ventral housing (in the section otherwise occupied by the bomb compartment) equipped with four machine guns Fixed browning, stinging in the direction of travel. It was one of the first aircraft to use the interception radar operationally for use as a night hunting. Blenheim PR.Mk I : a specimen of MK.I was modified to act as a prototype in anticipation of creating a photographic reconnaissance version ( Photographic Reconnaissance ), without armament. The services obtained were not considered sufficient and any further development was interrupted. Type 143 : development of Type 135 expressly provided for civil use. He was equipped with Bristol Aquila engines and his project received demonstrations of interest from both commercial companies and Finland for a bombing version. However, its development was interrupted when the Bristol decided not to proceed with the series production of eagles. Type 149 : project developed by Blenheim in response to a request from the Coastal Command for an aerosilurator; With the subsequent use for that role of other aircraft, the project was used to create a new bombing plane initially indicated as “Bolingbroke”; This designation was then abandoned (to then be resumed, to indicate the planes produced under license in Canada) proceeding with the progressive numbering of the “Blenheim”. A total of 3 297 specimens were built, which must be added 10 aircraft made under license in Finland by the Valion Lentokonetehdas [21] .Blenheim Mk.II : in order to expand the Blenheim range of action, it was thought to change the wings structure of the plane, through the insertion of new fuel tanks in the external section of the seeds and adapting the external racks for bombs to the transport of additional tanks Relievable. Tests carried out by means of a specimen of MK Any further development was suspended and the idea of \u200b\u200bthe new definitively abandoned version. Blenheim Mk.III : designation intended for a hypothetical variant characterized by the “long muzzle”, which would have characterized the MK.IV, but without the additional fuel tanks. Some cells left the assembly line in this configuration but were updated to the MK.IV standard before delivery to the departments [18] . Blenheim Mk.IV : compared to the “Type 142m” the new plane presented elongated muzzle and changes to the wing structure in order to integrate a greater number of fuel tanks and thus guarantee a wider range of action. Equipped with more powerful Bristol Mercury engines, it could reach slightly higher speed than the predecessor.Blenheim Mk.IVl : with this designation 68 specimens of MK.I made by the Rootes Securities Ltd. were identified and brought to the MK.IV standard during their assembly on the assembly line. Blenheim Mk.IVF : in a similar way to what is made with the MK.IF version, the MK.IVF was also a escort hunt and also in this case the ventral station was present with four fixed machine guns as well as the radar equipment for the interception of the aircraft enemies at night. Bolingbroke : denomination that distinguished 677 [21] Expelled specimens, under license, by the Canadian Fairchild Aircraft Ltd. starting from the “Type 149” project.Bolingbroke Mk.I : First version of Blenheim Mk.IV made under license by Faarchild. They were 18 planes equipped with Bristol Mercury VIII engine, all the same as the British originals. Bolingbroke Mk.II : denomination assigned to a specimen of the MK.I series, reconstructed after a flight accident, on which the use of the instrumentation and components of US construction was experienced that would have been used in the subsequent construction in series. Bolingbroke Mk.III : it was an attempt to create a seaplane version; Two prototypes were made from the conversion of specimens of Bolingbroke MK.I, but there was no productive follow -up and the two planes subsequently returned to having the traditional landing trolley. Bolingbroke Mk.IV : Lot made up overall by 151 aircraft, generally equipped with Mercury XV engine and US instrumentation.Bolingbroke Mk.IV-C : designation conferred on a specimen on which engines were tested Wright Cyclone GR-1820-G3B ; The absence of significant improvements in performance led to the suspension of further developments. Bolingbroke Mk.IV-W : Some Bolingbroke Mk.IVs were equipped with engines Pratt & Whitney R-1535 Twin Wasp Junior in fear that problems of supply of the original Bristol Mercury could arise; Since this occurrence did not occur, the variant had not followed. Bolingbroke Mk.IVT : last variant to leave the assembly chains; They were 457 planes for training tasks ( Trainer ) crews. Generally these were planes equipped with Mercury XV engines. Bolingbroke Mk.IVTT : designation attributed to planes used for driving targets ( Target Tug ) for the training activities to the Fire of Contractor in the context of Commonwealth Air Training Plan . Type 149 CS : project relating to a version of Blenheim proposed by Bristol and intended for soil attack tasks; Two prototypes were made; Type 149 HA : designation provided for one of the two previous prototypes, modified to be able to alternately carry out attack or bombing missions at altitude. Type 160 : definitive numbering assigned to the series version intended for the double role of bomber and assaulting;Bisley mk.i : It was the denomination initially provided for the new version of the Bimotore, whose specimens were produced starting from October 1941. Blenheim mk.v : designation definitively attributed to all “Type 160” planes starting from November 1941; In total 944 were made [14] planes, whose production was completed in June 1943. Annotations [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] ^  Unlike Type 135 where it was arranged below the fuselage.  ^  from the pilot’s observation point.  ^  Particular type of wing made by the engineer Leslie George Frise, of Bristol.  ^  see [first] , in inglese “cowling gill flaps”.  ^  Operating unit corresponding to the squadron in the Italian Air Force standard.  ^  In this case corresponding to the flight group.  ^  Jade Bight o Jade Bay in Lingu Inglese.  ^  Helgol\u00e4nder Bay in Tedesco o Heligoland Bight in Lingua Inglese.  ^  At the time called Burma.  ^  The English language source mentions bomber regims verbatim.  Sources [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] ^  Mackay, 1988,\u00a0p. 45 .  ^  Chant 1977,\u00a0p. 63 .  ^  a b c d It is f g h i j k l m n O p  Fabbri History of aviation volume 7 1973, pp. 449-456 .  ^  a b c  Moyes, 1966, p. 3 .  ^  Mackay, 1988,\u00a0p. 4 .  ^  a b  Moyes, 1966, p. 4 .  ^  a b  Barnes, 1964,\u00a0p. 258 .  ^  a b c  Barnes, 1964,\u00a0p. 259 .  ^  a b  Gunston, 1981,\u00a0p. 76 .  ^  Gunston, 1981,\u00a0p. 77 .  ^  a b  Barnes, 1964,\u00a0p. 261 .  ^  a b c d It is f g  Barnes, 1964,\u00a0p. 267 .  ^  Gunston, 1981,\u00a0p. 80 .  ^  a b c d It is f g h i  Barnes, 1964,\u00a0p. 282 .  ^  a b c  Mackay, 1988,\u00a0p. 8 .  ^  a b  Oughton, 1971,\u00a0p. 159 .  ^  Barnes, 1964,\u00a0p. 269 .  ^  a b c  Barnes, 1964,\u00a0p. 270 .  ^  a b c  Mackay, 1988,\u00a0p. 20 .  ^  a b c  Mackay, 1988,\u00a0p. 21 .  ^  a b c d  Oughton, 1971,\u00a0p. 180 .  ^  a b c d It is f  Mackay, 1988,\u00a0p. 17 .  ^  Mackay, 1988,\u00a0p. 38 .  ^  Mackay, 1988,\u00a0p. 39 .  ^  Barnes, 1964,\u00a0p. 276 .  ^  Barnes, 1964,\u00a0p. 277 .  ^  Lovey, 1996, p.50 .  ^  Mackay, 1988,\u00a0p. 7 .  ^  a b c d  Mackay, 1988,\u00a0p. 18 .  ^  Angelucci and Matricardi, 1979, p. 24 .  ^  Boroli E Boroli, 1983, p. 156 .  ^  Moyes, 1966, p. 16 .  ^  Mackay, 1988,\u00a0p. 12 .  ^  a b  Mackay, 1988,\u00a0p. 22 .  ^  Mackay, 1988,\u00a0p. 43 .  ^  a b c  Gunston, 1981,\u00a0p. 81 .  ^  a b  Moyes, 1966, p. 5 .  ^  a b  Moyes, 1966, p. 6 .  ^  a b  Barnes, 1964,\u00a0p. 271 .  ^  a b c d  Mackay, 1988,\u00a0p. 24 .  ^  Oughton, 1971,\u00a0p. 170 .  ^  Moyes, 1966, p. 7 .  ^  a b c  Mackay, 1988,\u00a0p. 27 .  ^  Mackay, 1988,\u00a0p. 28 .  ^  a b c d It is  Mackay, 1988,\u00a0p. 34 .  ^  a b c d It is f  Oughton, 1971,\u00a0p. 175 .  ^  a b  Mackay, 1988,\u00a0p. 35 .  ^  a b  Oughton, 1971,\u00a0p. 173 .  ^  a b c d It is  Barnes, 1964,\u00a0p. 268 .  ^  a b c d It is f g  Moyes, 1966, p. 11 .  ^  a b  Moyes, 1966, p. 14 .  ^  a b c  Barnes, 1964,\u00a0p. 280 .  ^  a b  Barnes, 1964,\u00a0p. 274 .  ^  a b c  Moyes, 1966, p. 12 .  ^  Mackay, 1988,\u00a0p. 48 .  ^  RAAF Bristol Blenheim Mk.I, IV & V,\u00a0in ADF Serials .  ^  RNZAF Bristol Blenheim Mk.I & Mk.IV,\u00a0in NZDF Serials .  ^   Bristol Blenheim Mk. Iv captured in Pantelleria . are CMPR.it – \u200b\u200bClub Plastic modeling Ravenna , http:\/\/www.cmpr.it\/home.htm , 7 May 2014. URL consulted on August 21, 2016 .   History of aviation , Volume VII, first edition, Milan, Fratelli Fabbri Editori, 1973, ISBN not existing. Enzo Angelucci and Paolo Matricardi, Bristol Blenheim , in Airplanes guide around the world , vol. 3, Milan, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 1979, pp. 22-4, ISBN not existing. ( IN ) C.H. Barnes, Bristol Aircraft since 1910 , London, Putnam, 1964, pp. 266-282, ISBN not existing. Achille Boroli E Adolfo Boroli, Bristol Type 142M, 149 e 160 Blenheim , in Aviation , vol. 4, Novara, De Agostini Geographical Institute, 1983, pp. 154-156, ISBN not existing. Christopher Chant, Bristol Blenheim , in Planes of the Second World War , Rome, the Airy, 2008, p. 70-72, ISBN 978-88-7944-910-6. ( IN ) John C. Fredriksen, Bristol Blenheim , in International Warbirds: An Illustrated Guide to World Military Aircraft, 1914-2000 , Santa Barbara, ca, USA, ABC-CILO INC, 2001, p. 59 , ISBN\u00a0978-1-57607-364-3. ( IN ) William Green, War Planes of the Second World War , Volume Four: Fighters, 6th impression, Londra, Macdonald & Co.(Publishers) Ltd., 1969 [1961] , ISBN\u00a0978-0-356-01448-7. ( IN ) Bill Gunston, Bristol Blenheim , in Classic Aircraft Bombers: Profiles of major combat aircraft in aviation history , Optimum Books, 1981,  pp.\u00a0 76 -81, ISBN\u00a0978-0-600-34996-9. ( IN ) David of lovey, Bristol Type Type 142M, 149 & 160 Blenheim , in The Hamlyn concise guide to British Aircraft of World War II , Lollindra, Chancellor Press, 1996, pp. 10-1 47-56, ISBN 978-0-7858-1362-0 Publications [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] ( IN ) James Goulding, Bristol Blenheim , in Camouflage & Markings n. 7, Londra, Duke Books Ltd., 1973, ISBN is not Esistente. William Green, Bristol Blenheim , in Cielo Dimension – Foreign Airplanes in the 2nd World War , Hunting – Great Britain, n. 21, Rome, Edizioni dell’Adento & Bizzarri, 1972, ISBN not existing. ( IN ) Ron Mackay, Bristol Blenheim , in Aircraft In Action , Aircraft Number 88, Carrollton, TX, USA, Squadron\/Signal Publication Inc., giugno 1988, ISBN\u00a0978-0-89747-209-8. ( IN ) Philip J.R. Moyes, The Bristol Blenheim I , in Aircraft Profile , n.\u00a093, Leatherhead, UK, Profile Publications Ltd., 1966, ISBN non esistente. ( IN ) James D. Oughton, Bristol Blenheim Mk.Iv , in Aircraft Profile , n.\u00a0218, Leatherhead, UK, Profile Publications Ltd., 1971, ISBN non esistente. ( IN ) Development (foto) , in Flight , Sutton, Surrey – UK, Reed Business Information Ltd., 18 giugno 1936,  p.\u00a0656. URL consulted on January 6, 2015 . ( IN ) Maksim Starostin, Bristol 142M, 149, 160 Blenheim . are Virtual Aircraft Museum , http:\/\/www.aviastar.org\/index2.html . URL consulted on November 12, 2013 . ( IN ) Bristol Blenheim \/ Bolingbroke . are The History of Flight , http:\/\/www.century -of-flight.net . URL consulted on January 2, 2015  (archived by URL Original June 13, 2010) . ( OF , IN ) Palt Karsten, Bristol Blenheim \/ Bolingbroke (Type 142M, 149, 160) . are The aircraft lexicon , http:\/\/www.flugzeginfo.net . URL consulted on January 2, 2015 . ( IN ) J. Rickard, Subject Index: Bristol Blenheim . are Military History Encyclopedia on the Web , http:\/\/www.historyofwar.org\/index.html . URL consulted on January 2, 2015 . ( IN ) Bristol Blenheim Light \/ Medium Bomber . are Military Factory , http:\/\/www.militaryFactory.com , February 17, 2010. URL consulted on November 12, 2013 . ( IN ) Bristol Blenheim\/Fairchild Bolingbroke Registry . are Warbird Registry , http:\/\/www.warbirdregistry.org\/ . URL consulted on January 2, 2015 . ( IN ) Bristol Blenheim . are Warbird Resource Group , http:\/\/www.warbirdsresourcegroup.org\/ . URL consulted on January 2, 2015 . ( IN ) Bruce McCall, Ode on a Canadian Warbird . are Air & Space Smithsonian , http:\/\/www.airspacemag.com , January 2010. URL consulted on January 2, 2015 . ( IN ) Bristol Blenheim \/ Bolingbroke . are Warbird Alley , http:\/\/www.warbirdalley.com . URL consulted on January 2, 2015 . ( IN ) Ron Dupas, No. 2823. Bristol 142M Blenheim Mk.I (L1131 c\/n 8414) Royal Air Force . are 1000aircraftphotos.com , http:\/\/1000aircraftphotos.com , 10 July 2003. URL consulted on January 2, 2015 . ( IN ) Bristol Blenheim IV . are Royal Air Force Museum , http:\/\/www.rafmuseum.org . URL consulted on January 2, 2015 . ( IN ) Bristol Blenheim (Bristol Bolingbroke) . are Fleet Air Arm Archive 1939-1945 , http:\/\/www.fleetairarmchive.net\/ , 4 Marzo 2000. URL consulted on January 2, 2015  (archived by URL Original on June 25, 2015) . ( IN ) Bristol Blenheim . are The History & Heritage of the Canadian Air Force , http:\/\/www.canadianwings.com\/ . URL consulted on January 2, 2015 . ( IN ) ADF Serials – Blenheim . are Australian Military Aircraft Serials and Aircraft History , http:\/\/www.adf-serials.com , 26 August 2014. URL consulted on January 2, 2015 . ( IN ) NZDF Serials – Blenheim . are Australian Military Aircraft Serials and Aircraft History , http:\/\/www.adf-serials.com , 19 August 2014. URL consulted on January 2, 2015 . ( FR ) Ga\u00ebtan Pichon, Bristol Blenheim . are Avionslegendaires.net , http:\/\/www.avionslegendaires.net\/index.php . URL consulted on January 2, 2015 . ( RU ) Bristol Blenheim . are The corner of the sky , http:\/\/www.airwar.ru . URL consulted on November 12, 2013 . ( RU ) Bristol Blenheim I(IV)F . are The corner of the sky , http:\/\/www.airwar.ru . URL consulted on November 12, 2013 . ( IN ) Bristol Blenheim \/ Bolingbroke . are Bristol Blenheim \/ Bolingbroke , http:\/\/www.pilotfriend.com\/ . URL consulted on 17 December 2013 . ( IN ) Gun Turrets of Bristol Blenheim \/ Bolingbroke . are Bomber Command Museum of Canada , http:\/\/www.bombercommandmuseum.ca . URL consulted on January 15, 2014  (archived by URL Original January 16, 2014) . ( IN ) Bristol Blenheim Squadron  [ interrupted connection ] . are The Blenheim Society , http:\/\/www.blenheimsociety.org.uk\/ . URL consulted on January 15, 2014 . Modeling [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] ( IN ) Bristol Blenheim Modeler’s Online Reference . are Cybermodeler Online , http:\/\/www.cybermodeler.com , December 3, 2014. URL consulted on January 2, 2015 . ( IN ) Neil Crawford, Internet Modeler Airfix 1\/72 Blenheim: 40 years on . are Internet models , http:\/\/www.internetmodeler.com . URL consulted on January 2, 2015 . ( IN ) I micklem, Bristol Blenheim Mk. I . are AeroScale – Scale Aircraft Modelling , http:\/\/www.aeroscale.co.uk\/ . URL consulted on January 2, 2015 . ( IN ) Pablo Calcaterra, Bristol Blenheim Mk. I . are HyperScale – An Online Magazine for Aircraft and Armour Modellers , http:\/\/www.hyperscale.com . URL consulted on 20 December 2013 . "},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/bristol-blenheim-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Bristol Blenheim – Wikipedia"}}]}]