[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/amoebozoa-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/amoebozoa-wikipedia\/","headline":"Amoebozoa \u2014 Wikipedia","name":"Amoebozoa \u2014 Wikipedia","description":"THE amibozo ( AMOEBOZOA ) (Greek amooi signifier ” transformation ) Constitute a large group of simple protozoa, The majority","datePublished":"2020-09-27","dateModified":"2020-09-27","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3f\/Wilson1900Fig3.jpg\/220px-Wilson1900Fig3.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3f\/Wilson1900Fig3.jpg\/220px-Wilson1900Fig3.jpg","height":"165","width":"220"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/amoebozoa-wikipedia\/","wordCount":3747,"articleBody":"THE amibozo ( AMOEBOZOA ) (Greek amooi signifier ” transformation ) Constitute a large group of simple protozoa, The majority moving by internal cytoplasmic waves [not clear] . Not to be confused with Amiboids (also named rhizopods), which are a subgroup of Amibes, with approximately 200 species of heterotrophic unicellular organisms. Their nickname is called lobopod. They can more rarely be equipped with flagelles to ensure their mobility. Most are unicellular, and are often encountered in soils and aquatic environments, where they coexist with other organisms. Several are pathogenic. Amoebozoa can also be multicellular and can produce spores, generally visible to the naked eye. The size of the Amoebozoa varies a lot. Many are only 10 to 20 \u03bcm , but some are the size of the greatest protozoa. The famous species Amoeba proteus can reach 800 \u03bcm length [ 3 ] , which makes him a giant in the world of amiboids [ 4 ] , and is often studied as representing a cell (due to its size). When they agglutinate, they can cover very large areas. Some amoebas, belonging to different genres, reach a larger size, for example in genres Gromia, pelomyxa And Chaos .    Amibe, as observed by Wilson under a microscope around 1900; Original legend: Amoeba proteus ; An animal made up of a single naked cell x 280 (shot by: Sedgwick and Wilson’s Biology ) n . Nucleus (nucleus); w.v. Water vacuole; c.v. Vacuole contractile\u00a0; f.v. Vacuole d’Unfs. One of the characteristics of the amoebas is that they include one or more nuclei in the same cell, and a contractile vacuole (in) (or pulselle) to maintain their osmotic balance. The cell is generally divided into a central granular mass, called endoplasm, and an outer layer, called ectoplasm. During locomotion, endoplasmic flows occur at the front and back of the cell. Many Amibes have an anterior side and a posterior side, the cell works as a single pseudopod. In general, they produce numerous projections called subpseudopodia, which are not directly involved in locomotion. Other Amoebozoa can have multiple indeterminate pseudopods, which are more or less tubular and are mostly filled with endoplasmic pellets. These come together in one of the main pseudopods, and the others retract; They are only used if it changes direction. In addition to a few genres like Amoeba and Chaos, this concerns most of the amoebas that produce a capsule. These capsules can be composed of organic materials, as in Arcella, or collected and glued particles, as in Difflugia, with a single opening by which the pseudopod emerges. Most Amoebozoa have no flagella and, more generally, are not supported by a micro -tube network except during mitosis. However, flagelles occur in certain archamoebae, and many genres produce bifellated gametes. Flagelles are generally anchored with a cone of microtubules, which suggests a close relationship with the opisthokonta. Characteristic mitochondria of connection have tubular Cristas, but were lost in archamoebae. These are non-photosynthetic organisms: they do not produce energy thanks to light. The chlorophyll sometimes observed in their cytoplasms comes from phagocytized microalgae and in the process of assimilation by the amoeba. The main mode of nutrition is phagocytosis: the cell surrounds potential food particles, then the vacuole closes and absorbs it. Some amoebas have a posterior bulb called a uroid, which can be used to accumulate and evacuate waste, and which periodically detaches from the rest of the cell. When food is rare, most species can form cysts, which can become air and thus be taken to new environments. In myxomycetes, these structures are called spores and form structures called sporocysts. Amibes are protozoa that occupy almost all compartments of the aquatic environment and wet floors. The amibe evolves in a strongly aqueous environment and rich in organic matter.Some do not tolerate hyper saline environments like the sea and develop in water rich in organic matter: marshes, stagnant or polluted waters. It has been found in the cooling waters of thermal power plants and pool waters (poorly treated). Amibes, like other eukaryotic unicellular organisms, reproduce asexurely by Mitose and Cytocin\u00e8se (not to be confused with the binary fission which is the way in which prokaryotes (bacteria) reproduce). When the amibe is divided by force (cut in half), only the part containing the nucleus will survive and reconstruct a new cell and a cytoplasm. Amibes also do not have a defined form [ 5 ] . Historically, all pseudopod amibes have been grouped under the class of lobosea, placed with other amiboids in sarcodina or rhizopoda taxa, but these were considered non-natural groups. Genetic and structural studies have shown that Percolozoa and Archamoeba are independent groups. RNA -based phylogeny studies have shown that their representatives were separated from other Amibes, and had to diverge near the basis of the evolution of eukaryotes, as well as most myxomycetes. However, the trees were revised by Cavalier-Smith and Chao in 1996 and it was suggested that the other lobosans form a monophyletic group, and that Damhamoeba and Mycetozoa are closely linked to it, although the percolozoa are not. Classification according to BioLib  (April 20, 2021) [ 6 ] : Classification according to World Register of Marine Species  (January 20, 2023) [ 7 ] : We distinguish amoebas free parasitic amibes. Amibes free are capable of evolving perfectly independently in their environment. However, some of them can invest the body of a host if the opportunity is offered to them and trigger a pathology. Parasitic amibes are constantly looking for a host; They survive in the environment but generally develop there little. It happens that some do not trigger pathological syndrome in the host; We will then preferentially speak of commensalism but rarely of symbiosis (the amibe is unicellular). Some Amibes have pathogenic power for various species, including man. This is the case of Entamoeba histolytica Responsible for friendship or Amibiase dysentery in tropical circles. The prevalence of this protozoar varies considerably in the different population groups and is generally closely linked to socio-economic conditions. The highest rates are found in places without sanitary facilities such as toilets, sewers or without access to drinking water. A particularly dangerous species: Naegleria Fowleri is responsible for a very rare (around 200 cas in the world) but serious pathology: primitive friendship meningo-specimelitis (or meap), almost systematically fatal for humans (~ 97% of mortality within 15 days). Genre Acanthamoeba like the species Acanthamoeba castellanii is responsible for granulomatous (or EAG) or ocular (keratitis or keratitis) In addition, we suspect an association between pathogenic amoebas like Acanthamoeba SPP. with pathogenic bacteria such as the genre of Legionella , more particularly Legionella pneumophila , Responsible for legionelloses where the amoeba would play the role of vector and catalyst of secondary infections while retaining, for example, infection households in the bacteria in its cysts. Immune system in a colony of amoebas [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Within a colony of amoebas, specialized individuals absorb contaminants (bacteria, toxins). These cells have a storage capacity ten times greater than that of other cells in the colony. They are then rejected at the back as the colony moves. [ 8 ] Some amoebas show relative resistance to certain biocides (including the active chlorine of swimming pools, under a certain concentration threshold). Acanthamoeba is more resistant than naegleria (they have a survival duration in water 40 times longer: 40 min against 1 min). 0.5 mg \/L of active chlorine (hypochlorous acid) is the minimum necessary in a swimming pool to eliminate amoebas, which implies 0.5 to 1 mg \/l of permanently active chlorine. If the hypochlorous acid is activated by 5 to 10% of emerging bromine, the chlorine kills amoeba faster. Another remarkable characteristic of amoebas is the large size of their genome. The species Amoeba proteus At 270 billion (10 9 ) base pairs in its genome, and Polychaos doubt (formerly named Amoeba doubtful ) in account 670 billion. The human genome is small by contrast (approximately 2.9 billion bases) [ 9 ] . Amibes were for the first time described by August Johann R\u00f6sel von Rosenhof in 1757 [ ten ] . For the first naturalists Amoeba The “animal protean” referred to the Greek mythology in which the GOD Proteus could change appearance. The name “Amibe” was then given to these organizations by Bory de Saint-Vincent [ 11 ] , from Greek evangel (fee), signifiant ‘Changement [ twelfth ] \u00bb. DienTamoeba Fragilis was described in 1918 [ 13 ] And has not been recognized as important pathogenic in humans only with difficulty and we still do not know how this amoeba is transmitted (maybe at the same time as the spores of the parasitic worm (oxyer) Enterobius vermicularis) [ 13 ] .  The functional and structural simplicity of Amibes has made it possible to make it a model study and laboratory organization. They have enabled numerous studies, notably by Balbiani on the location of genetic information in the nucleus (Amibe section). On other Wikimedia projects: Related articles [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ] \u2191 (in) Thomas Cavalier-Smith, “A revised six-kingdom system of life”, Biological Reviews , Cambridge Philosophical Society, vol.73, n\u00b03, ao\u00fbt 1998, p. 232. DOI\u00a0 10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x  \u2191 (in)  Sina M. Adl, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Christopher E. Lane, Julius Luke\u0161, David Bass, Samuel S. Bowser, Matthew W. Brown, Fabien Burki, Micah Dunthorn, Vladimir Hampl, Aaron Heiss, Mona Hoppenrath, Enrique Lara, Line Le Gall, Denis H. Lynn, Hilary McManus, Edward A.D. Mitchell, Sharon E. Mozley-Stanridge, Laura W. Parfrey, Jan Pawlowski, Sonja Rueckert, Laura Shadwick, Conrad L. Schoch, Alexey Smirnov et Frederick W. Spiegel , ‘ The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes \u00bb , Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology , vol. 59, n O 5, September 2012 , p. 429-514 (ISSN\u00a0 1066-5234 , DOI\u00a0 10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x , read online )  \u2191  Amoeba proteus \u00a0; Amoebae on the Web, consult\u00e9 2009-10-08  \u2191 Maciver, Sutherland; Isolation of Amoebae ; The Amoebae, consulted 2009-10-08  \u2191 Amoeba ; ScienceClarified.com  \u2191 BioLib , accessed April 20, 2021  \u2191 World Register of Marine Species , accessed January 20, 2023  \u2191 \u00c9milie Rauscher, Immune system: our defenses are older than we , Science and Life, February 2008, page 77.  \u2191 ‘ Sizing up genomes\u00a0: Amoeba is king \u00bb , on GenomenewsNetwork.org  (consulted the April 9, 2023 ) .  \u2191 (in) Joseph Leidy , ‘ Amoeba proteus \u00bb , The American Naturalist , vol. twelfth, n O 4, 1878 , p. 235\u2013238 (DOI\u00a0 10.1086\/272082 , read online , consulted the June 20, 2007 )  \u2191 Jean-Victor Audouin  et al. , Classic Natural History Dictionary , Rey and Gravier, 1826 ( read online ) , p. 5  \u2191 (in) Kimberley McGrath et Stacey Blachford (eds.), Gale Encyclopedia of Science Vol. 1\u00a0: Aardvark-Catalyst (2 It is ed.) , Gale Group, 2001 , 4136 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-0-7876-4370-6 , OCLC\u00a0 46337140 )  \u2191 a et b Eugene H. Johnson, Jeffrey J. Windsor, et C. Graham Clark\u00a0; Emerging from Obscurity: Biological, Clinical, and Diagnostic Aspects of Dientamoeba fragilis ; Clinical Microbiology Reviews , July 2004, p. 553-570 , Flight. 17, No. 3 0893-8512\/04\/08.00 $ +0; DOI: 10.1128\/CMR.17.3.553-570.2004 ( R\u00e9sum\u00e9 ).  external links [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  "},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/amoebozoa-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Amoebozoa \u2014 Wikipedia"}}]}]