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Doctors Without Borders ( MSF ) is a non -governmental medical organization (NGO) International humanitarian","datePublished":"2021-01-02","dateModified":"2021-01-02","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/38\/Info_Simple.svg\/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/38\/Info_Simple.svg\/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png","height":"12","width":"12"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/doctors-without-borders-wikipedia\/","wordCount":19987,"articleBody":"For homonymous items, see MSF. Doctors Without Borders ( MSF ) is a non -governmental medical organization (NGO) International humanitarian of French origin founded in 1971 in Paris. It assistance to populations whose life or health are threatened, in the event of armed conflicts, epidemics, pandemics, natural disasters or exclusion of care. Its international office sits in Geneva (Switzerland). In 2019, the NGO was active in more than 70 countries with more than 65,000 people in the field [ first ] . She received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1999 [ 2 ] .   The origins [ modifier | Modifier and code ] During the Nigerian civil war from 1967 to 1970, the Nigerian army had formed a blockade around the Southeast region newly independent of the country, the Biafra. At that time, France was one of the only countries to support the Biafrais (the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States were on the side of the Nigerian government), and the conditions of the blockade were unknown to the world . A certain number of French doctors have volunteered with the French Red Cross to work in hospitals and food centers of the besieged Biafra. Among them was Bernard Kouchner, future co -founder of Doctors Without Borders, who later became a French politician [ 3 ] . After entering the country, volunteers, in addition to health officers and Biafra hospitals, were the victims of attacks by the Nigerian army and saw civilians being murdered and died of because of this blockade. Doctors have publicly criticized the Nigerian government and the Red Cross for their apparently accomplice behavior. These doctors concluded that it was necessary a new humanitarian organization which would ignore the political, religious borders and would give priority to the well-being of the victims [ 4 ] . 1971: creation [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The emergency medical and surgical intervention group (GMCU) was created in 1971 by French doctors who had worked in Biafra, to help and highlight the importance of victims’ rights on neutrality. At the same time, Raymond Borel, editor -in -chief of the French medical journal Tones [ 5 ] , launched a group called “French medical aid” [ 6 ] In response to the 1970 bhola cyclone, which killed at least 625,000 people in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). Raymond Borel intended to recruit doctors to help victims of natural disasters. THE December 22, 1971 , the two groups of colleagues merged to train doctors without borders [ 7 ] , [ 8 ] . MSF co -founders are 13 [ 9 ] , [ ten ] : Dr Marcel Delcourt, general practitioner Dr Max R\u00e9camier, Oto-Rhino-Laryngologist Dr G\u00e9rard Pigeon, doctor-colonel of firefighters Dr Bernard Kouchner, doctor and politician Raymond Borel, from the review Tones Dr Jean Cabrol, surgeon Dr. Vladan Radoman, Chirurgien Dr Jean-Michel Wild, surgeon Dr Pascal Greletty-Bosviel, general practitioner Dr Jacques B\u00e9r\u00e8s, orthopedic surgeon Dr G\u00e9rard Illouz, plastic surgeon Philippe Bernier, from the review Tones Dr Xavier Emmanueli MSF’s first mission took place in the Nicaraguan capital of Managua, in 1972 following an earthquake which had destroyed most of the city and killed between 10,000 and 30,000 people. The NGO, now known for its speed of intervention in an emergency, arrived three days after the implementation of a rescue mission by the Red Cross. On September 18 and 19, 1974, Hurricane Fifi caused serious floods in Honduras and killed thousands of people (estimates vary). Following this disaster, MSF implemented its first long -term medical aid mission [ 4 ] . Years 1970-1980 [ modifier | Modifier and code ] First missions [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Between 1975 and 1979, after South Vietnam fell in North Vietnam, millions of Cambodians emigrated to Thailand to avoid the Khmer Rouge. In response, MSF set up its first missions in refugee camps in Thailand. When Vietnam withdrew from Cambodia in 1989, MSF launched aid missions to help the survivors of the massacres and rebuild the country’s health system [ 3 ] . Even if these missions in Thailand to help the victims of the war in Southeast Asia can be considered as the first mission of MSF in wartime, the NGO knew its first mission in a real area of \u200b\u200bwar, exposed to Hostile fires, in 1976. MSF spent nine years from 1976 to 1984 to carry out surgeries in hospitals in various cities in Lebanon, during the Lebanese civil war, and forged a reputation for its neutrality and its desire to work under fire. Throughout the war, MSF helped both Christian and Muslim soldiers. In 1984, when the situation in Lebanon deteriorated more and the security of humanitarian groups was reduced to the minimum, MSF withdrew its teams from the country. A new direction [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Claude Malhuret was elected new president of Doctors Without Borders in 1977. Shortly after, debates began on the future of the organization. In particular, on the concept of testimony, and the fact of talking about the suffering that we see or to remain silent, which was minimized by Malhuret and his supporters. Malhuret thought that MSF should avoid criticizing the governments of the countries in which the organization worked, while Bernard Kouchner believed that documenting and disseminating the suffering of a country was the most effective way to solve a problem. In 1979, after four years of refugee movement from South Vietnam and neighboring countries on foot and by boat, French intellectuals launched a call in The world For “a boat for Vietnam” [ 11 ] , a project intended to provide medical aid to refugees. Even if the project did not receive the support of the majority of MSF, certain members including Bernard Kouchner, charters a ship called “The island of Light” And, with doctors, journalists and photographers, sail in the Southern China Sea and provide medical aid to Boat-People [ twelfth ] . The dissident organization which has undertaken this action, which will become doctors of the world, later developed the idea of \u200b\u200bhumanitarian intervention as a duty, in particular on the part of Western countries like France. This operation led to a violent quarrel within MSF, some considering the vain or too expensive operation, including Xavier Emmanueli, author of a violent attack in The doctor’s daily life entitled “A boat for Saint-Germain-des-Pr\u00e9s” [ 13 ] . Bernard Kouchner will then definitively leave MSF to create with fifteen other doctors the organization “Doctors of the World” in 1980 [ 14 ] . The development of MSF [ modifier | Modifier and code ] In 1982, Claude Malhuret and Rony Brauman, who became president of the organization in 1982, increased the financial independence of the organization by introducing fundraising by mail to better collect donations. The 1980s marked for MSF a decade of internationalization since operational sections are successively created after France (1971) comes from Belgium (1980), Switzerland (1981) [ 15 ] , the Netherlands (1984) and Spain (1986). MSF-Luxembourg was the first support section, created in 1986. These years were also the years of professionalization, particularly in the field of logistics, under the leadership of Jacques Pinel [ 16 ] . The first kits then appear, with the protocols and the lists of essential drugs. Doctors Without Borders France creates its supply power plant, MSF Logistics based in Narbonne then in L\u00e9zignan-Corbi\u00e8res [ 17 ] . In December 1979, after the invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet army, missions on the ground were immediately set up to provide medical aid to the mujahideen, and in February 1980, MSF publicly denounced the Khmers Rouge [ 8 ] . In 1984, MSF opened medical programs north of Ethiopia [ 18 ] prey to a large -scale famine that arouses planetary mobilization [ 19 ] And a surge in aid. But this aid is partly diverted by the Ethiopian regime and used to force populations of the populations of the arid and rebels from the north to the more fertile and more controllable plains of the southern plains. On several occasions, MSF teams are forbidden from treating certain categories of populations, distributing covers and witnessing the roundups operated by the Ethiopian army among the populations of the camps. In October 1985, after having suffered several refusals of authorization for the opening of a therapeutic nutrition center in Kelala, which would have avoided the death of several thousand children, MSF France publicly denounces this refusal [ 20 ] , the use of international aid for forced population transfers and the disastrous conditions in which these transfers take place. MSF is expelled [ 21 ] of the country in 1985 [ 22 ] . In 1986, MSF created epicenter [ 23 ] , entity specializing in epidemiological expertise in MSF operations in the field. The research projects carried out by Epicentre are intended to make appropriate medical recommendations or to analyze programs implemented The years 1990-2000 [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The movement continues to expand [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The early 1990s saw the creation of the majority of support sections: MSF-Greece (1990), MSF-USA (1990), MSF-CANADA (1991), MSF- JAUN (1992), MSF-ROOLEME-UNI (1993), MSF-Italie (1993), MSF-Australia (1994), as well as Germany, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Hong Kong. In parallel, MSF implements missions in places where the situation is very dangerous. In 1990, MSF entered Liberia for the first time to help civilians and refugees affected by the Liberian civil war. MSF provides basic health care and mass vaccinations to the population. The NGO also denounces attacks on hospitals and food stations, especially in Monrovia. In 1991, missions were implemented to help the Kurdish refugees who survived the Al-Anfal campaign, for which evidence of atrocities were collected. Somalia [ modifier | Modifier and code ] 1991 also saw the start of the civil war in Somalia, during which MSF implemented missions on the ground in 1992 alongside a UN peacekeeping mission. Even if United Nations operations aborted in 1993, MSF teams continued their rescue work by managing clinics and hospitals for civilians [ 24 ] . Srebrenica [ modifier | Modifier and code ] MSF started working in Srebrenica (in Bosnia and Herzegovina) as part of a UN convoy in 1993, a year after the Bosnian war. MSF is the only organization to provide medical care to surrounded civilians and, as such, has not denounced the genocide for fear of being expelled from the country, it has however denounced the lack of access to other organizations [ 25 ] . In 1995, Serbian leaders decided to end the Bosnian enclave. The city is surrounded by the Army of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia, access to food convoys, humanitarian staff, as well as the succession of soldiers of the United Nations Protection Force (FORPRONU) are blocked. The offensive was launched on July 6 and ended in the massacre of 8,000 people and the deportation of 40,000 Bosnian civilians. Rwanda [ modifier | Modifier and code ] When the Tutsi genocide in Rwanda began in April 1994, a joint Emergency Surgical Mission MSF – International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has gone since Bujumbura in Burundi to join Kigali, the Rwanda capital. The two groups managed to maintain all the main hospitals in the capital of Rwanda, Kigali, operational throughout the main period of genocide. For months, MSF will continue its action in Rwanda. Medical teams face extreme violence daily [ 26 ] And realize that these killings are in fact the programmed extermination of an entire group. For the only time in its history, June 18, 1994 [ 27 ] , MSF publicly requests an armed intervention by recalling a very simple truth: “We do not stop a genocide with doctors” [ 28 ] . The Turquoise operation of the French army was launched on June 22, 1994 with the authorization of the UN. This intervention directly or indirectly led to movements of hundreds of thousands of Rwandan refugees to Zaire and Tanzania in what has become the crisis of the great lakes [ 29 ] . MSF, as well as several other humanitarian organizations, had to leave the country in 1995. Fight against infectious diseases [ modifier | Modifier and code ] In 1995, MSF joined forces the revival of the fight against infectious diseases [ 30 ] . Thus, at the beginning of 1996, MSF led a vaccination campaign in northern states in which three million people were vaccinated [ thirty first ] . It is also involved on the ground in programs to combat malaria or sleep disease in a context marked by an increase in flambes of infectious diseases and a breakdown of research on the treatment of tropical diseases and that of the tuberculosis [ 32 ] , which will lead her to create the Dndi Foundation [ 33 ] (Drugs for Negleted Diseases Initiative or Initiative Drugs against neglected diseases) in 2003. Nobel Prize of Peace [ modifier | Modifier and code ] In 1999, MSF won the Nobel Peace Prize [ 34 ] , [ 35 ] , [ 36 ] . Its international president gives a speech before the Nobel Committee [ 37 ] which details the conception of the humanitarian aid that MSF defends and calls for the cessation of the bombing of Grozny, the Chechen capital pounded at the time by Russian aviation, and inaugurates the creation of the campaign to access essential drugs ( Cam) launched by MSF with the endowment of the Nobel [ 34 ] . LE TSUNAMI DE 2004 [ modifier | Modifier and code ] On December 26, 2004, a tsunami hit the coastal regions in southeast Asia. A few days later, the MSF teams arrive on the spot and begin to work with local rescue in the most affected countries [ 38 ] . More than 200 volunteers are deployed in Sri Lanka, Indonesia and carry out ad hoc interventions in Thailand, Malaysia and India. Medical needs quickly proved to be limited in all countries affected by the tsunami and on January 4, 2005, MSF decides to suspend its collection of donations for Asia [ 39 ] . 2010 [ modifier | Modifier and code ] MSF received the Lasker-Bloomberg Prize for the Public Good in 2015 of the Lasker Foundation, based in New York. This prize rewarded the NGO for its “daring initiatives” against the Ebola epidemic in West Africa [ 40 ] . In 2015, in Afghanistan, thirty people – including thirteen MSF staff members and ten patients, including three children – were killed in the bombing of the MSF care center in Kond\u00f4z by the US Air Force. MSF asked for an independent international investigation. In June 2016 , J\u00e9r\u00f4me Oberreit, international secretary general of the organization announces MSF’s refusal to receive European funds. This decision comes to protest against European policies adopted in matters of migration control, and in particular against the agreement signed with Ankara, providing for the maintenance or dismissal of Syrian asylum seekers to Turkey [ 41 ] . In December 2016, the Financial Times evokes accusations of Frontex, the European agency responsible for the coordination of border guard activities in maintaining the security of the borders of the Union with the non-member states, carried against NGOs, including MSF , for collusion with migrant smugglers in the Mediterranean. A confidential report would indicate that migrants had received “Clear indications before departure on the precise direction to follow to reach the NGO boats” . But Frontex herself denies [ 42 ] . MSF rejects his accusations and claims to categorically refuse to work with smugglers [ 43 ] . In August 2017 , it is Italian justice that suspects MSF for having played a role in the illegal recovery of migrants near Libya [ 44 ] and sea rescue operations in which the organization participate are systematically hampered, like the sequestration [ 45 ] of the aquarius by Italian justice in November 2019. MSF would have notably collaborated with the smugglers during operations conducted by the crew of your prudence. The NGO refused to sign a code of ethics proposed by Rome to banish these practices [ forty six ] . In June 2018 , former MSF employees testify with covered face that, in Africa, some of their colleagues have used prostitutes [ 47 ] . 2020s [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  On May 12, 2020, armed men attacked the maternity hospital in Dasht-E-Barchi in Kabul, Afghanistan [ 48 ] . MSF opened an obstetric and neonatal care service in the city in 2014. During this attack, 24 people including 15 women and a midwife are killed, 20 other people are injured. The NGO considers that it can no longer guarantee the safety of its staff and decides to close its maternity in Kabul [ 49 ] . In June 2020, the death of George Floyd and the ensuing protests caused internal debates on racism within the organization, leading to an internal letter signed by 1,000 employees and ex-employees. Revealed by the newspaper The Guardian [ 50 ] , the letter condemns “institutional racism” within the organization, which “strengthens [has] in its humanitarian work colonialism and white supremacy” by developing programs led by people from a “privileged white minority” . She calls for an independent investigation to dismantle “decades of power and paternalism”. Among the signatories are the presidents of the MSF boards of directors in the United Kingdom and Southern Africa, and the Director General of MSF in Germany. MSF International President Christos Christou claims to see this letter as an “opportunity” and a “catalyst” to accelerate the changes already planned in the organization of the NGO. These changes would be the displacement of Europe’s decision -making power, where five of the six operational centers are located [ 50 ] , towards the rest of the world, the involvement of patients and communities in intervention decisions, and changes in the human resources policy, which would disadvantage national employees compared to international employees [ 51 ] . In an internal press release of June 23 revealed by The New Humanitarian , Christos Christou and a member of the International Board of Directors recognize that the NGO “failed with people of color, as much with employees as patients” and “failed to tackle institutional racism” [ 52 ] . Ukraine [ modifier | Modifier and code ] From the start of the invasion of Ukraine by Russia in 2022, MSF mobilized in Ukraine and in neighboring countries to provide medical assistance to victims or war refugees [ 53 ] , [ 54 ] , [ 55 ] . Africa [ modifier | Modifier and code ] MSF has been active in a large number of African countries for decades. Even if she has constantly tried to increase media coverage of the situation in Africa to increase international support, long -term field missions are still necessary. Treating and educating the population on HIV\/AIDS in sub -Saharan Africa, which sees the most death and cases of the disease in the world, is a major task for MSF [ 56 ] . Of the 25.7 million people with HIV on the African continent, the WHO estimated that 15.3 million people benefited from antiretroviral treatment [ 57 ] . During the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, MSF responded to serious medical requests on its own, after the early alerts of the organization were ignored [ 58 ] . In 2014, MSF teamed up with the satellite operator SES, other NGOs like Archemed, the Follereau Foundation, Friendship Luxembourg and German doctors, and with the Luxembourg government in the pilot phase of Satmed, a project aimed at To use satellite broadband technology to provide cybersanty and telemedicine in isolated areas of developing countries [ 59 ] . Satmed was first deployed in Sierra Leone to support the fight against Ebola. Democratic Republic of Congo [ modifier | Modifier and code ] MSF has been active in the Congo region since 1985, but the first and second Congo war increased violence and instability in the region [ 60 ] . MSF works in the Democratic Republic of Congo to provide care and food to tens of thousands of displaced civilians, as well as to treat survivors of mass rapes and general fights. Treatment and possible vaccination against diseases such as cholera, measles, polio, marburg fever, sleep disease, HIV\/AIDS and bubonic plague are also important to prevent or slow down epidemics [ sixty one ] . Central African Republic [ modifier | Modifier and code ] MSF has been present since 1997 in the country. Although the Third Central African civil war is over with a certificate cessation agreement, conflicts from the rivalry between Seleka militias and anti-balaka militias continue to strongly affect the country. The daily life of the Central African populations remains marked by violence and destitution, with many people still inappropriate [ 62 ] . In 2018, MSF had 2,829 workforce in the country [ 63 ] . Its teams offer emergency management to people affected by violence or epidemics, maternal and child health care and HIV\/AIDS programs. Cambodia [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Due to long decades of war, an adequate health care system in the country was sorely missing and MSF began to intervene in 1989. Cambodia is one of the countries most affected by HIV\/AIDS in South South Asia -East [ sixty four ] . In 2001, MSF began to introduce free antiretroviral treatment for AIDS patients [ 65 ] . The association has also provided humanitarian aid in periods of natural disasters and epidemics. Cambodia is one of the 30 countries listed by the WHO as having a heavy burden of tuberculosis [ 66 ] . Consequently, MSF dedicated part of its operations in Cambodia to fight this disease. However, in the news MSF projects in Cambodia are focused on the fight against hepatitis C and malaria [ sixty seven ] . Haiti [ modifier | Modifier and code ] MSF has been working in Haiti since 1991, but since President Jean-Bertrand Aristide has been driven from power the country experienced a sharp increase in civil attacks and rapes by armed groups [ 68 ] . In addition to providing surgical and psychological support in existing hospitals – offering the only free surgery available in Port -au -Prince – field missions have been set up to rebuild water and waste management systems and waste and waste Treat the survivors of the great floods caused by Hurricane Jeanne [ 69 ] ; Patients with HIV\/AIDS and malaria, who are both widespread in the country, also benefit from better treatment and better follow -up. Following the earthquake of January 12, 2010 in Haiti, reports from Haiti indicated that the three hospitals of the organization had been seriously damaged; One collapsed completely and the other two had to be abandoned [ 70 ] . Following the earthquake, MSF sent planes responsible for medical equipment [ 71 ] And a country hospital to help treat the victims. Libya [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The Libyan civil war of 2011 prompted MSF to set up a hospital and mental health services to help the inhabitants affected by the conflict. With fighting, many patients have had surgical needs. While some parts of the country are gradually stabilizing, MSF began to work with local health personnel to meet the needs. The demand for psychological advice has increased and MSF has set up mental health services to deal with the fears and stress of people living in tents without water or electricity [ 72 ] . Mediterranean Sea [ modifier | Modifier and code ] MSF participates in research and rescue operations (SAR) in the Mediterranean Sea to help migrants who try to cross it. These interventions began in 2015 following an EU decision to put an end to its important operation of Sar Mare Nostrum, which considerably reduced the actions of essential SAR in the Mediterranean. MSF launched operations with its own ships, such as Bourbon Argos [ seventy three ] (2015-2016), the digty to [ 74 ] (2015-2016) and Le Prudence (2016-2017). In August 2017, MSF decided to suspend its activities with prudence to protest against the restrictions and threats of the Libyan coast guard [ 75 ] . MSF also provided medical teams to support other NGOs and their ships such as Moas Phoenix (2015) or Aquarius with SOS M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e (2017-2018) and Sea-Watch 4 (in 2020) with Sea-Watch. In December 2018, MSF and SOS M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e were forced to put an end to the Aquarius operations, following attacks by the EU states which deprived the ship of its registration and made criminal charges against MSF [ 76 ] . In August 2017 , Doctors Without Borders, just as Judgend Rettet, refused to sign the code of conduct for NGOs proposed by the Italian government, which requires, among other things, the presence aboard armed police officers [ 77 ] , [ 78 ] . The Frontex organization (European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the external borders) criticized the behavior of NGOs on the Libyan coasts and criticized them with reluctance to cooperate with official organizations [ 79 ] . In March 2021, officials of Save The Children, Doctors Without Borders and Judan Rettet are accused of having facilitated the trafficking of migrants, in particular by communicating with traffickers, accusations formally contested by these NGOs [ 80 ] , [ 81 ] . Yemen [ modifier | Modifier and code ] MSF intervenes to respond to the humanitarian crisis caused by the civil war in Yemen. The organization manages and\/or support for hospitals and health centers in Yemen. According to MSF, since October 2015, four of its hospitals and an ambulance have been destroyed by the air strikes of the coalition led by Saudi Arabia [ 82 ] . In August 2016, an air strike at the hospital in the city of Abs killed 19 people, including a member of the MSF staff, and injured 24 [ 83 ] . According to MSF, the GPS contact details of the hospital had been shared several times with all parts of the conflict, including the coalition led by Saudi Arabia, and its location was well known. The MSF charter [ 84 ] Recalls that interventions are done in the name of universal medical ethics and does not allow any discrimination of race, religion, philosophy or politics. Its author is Philippe BERNIER. All “doctors without borders” must adhere to the following principles: \u201cDoctors without borders bring their help to the populations in distress, to the victims of disasters of natural or human origin, situation of belligerent, without any discrimination of race, religion, philosophy or politics. Working in neutrality and in all impartiality, the MSF claim, in the name of universal medical ethics and the right to humanitarian assistance, the full freedom of the exercise of their function. They undertake to respect the ethical principles of their profession and to maintain total independence from power, as well as any political, economic or religious force. Volunteers, they measure the risks and perils of the missions which they carry out and will not claim, for them or their beneficiaries, no compensation other than those that the association will be able to provide them. \u00bb\u00bb The MSF international movement has 25 independent associations located in as many countries (Germany, Lebanon, South Africa, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China (Hong Kong), Denmark, United Arab Emirates, Spain, States- United, France, Greece, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Norway, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Sweden, and Switzerland) gathered around a single and same charter. Of these 25 associations, five are said operational , that is to say responsible for humanitarian operations in the field. These are: MSF OCB (Bruxelles Operational Center), based in Ixelles (Brussels) MSF OCBA (Barcelona operational center), based in Barcelona MSF OCP (Paris Operational Center), based in Paris MSF OCA (Amsterdam operational center), based in Amsterdam MSF OCG (Geneva Operational Center), based in Geneva MSF operational centers OCA (Amsterdam operational center)  Section Canada Section Hollande Germany section United Kingdom section OCBA (Barcelona Athens Operational Center)  Greece section Spain section East Africa section Latin America section OCB (Brussels Operational Center)  Sweden section Norway section Section Hong-Kong South Africa section Italian section Brazil section Belgian section Section Danemark Section of Luxembourg OCP (Paris Operational Center)  Japan Section Section France Australian section United States section OCG (Geneva Operational Center)  Swiss section Austria section All sections are active in the awareness, recruitment and monitoring campaigns of expatriates, and mobilizations of funds. The sections non -operational are part of one of the five operational centers. And Bureau international Located in Geneva is responsible for coordinating the action between the different sections. In the field, more informal inter-section coordination ensures the consistency of operations. For example, the five operational sections of MSF are present in the Democratic Republic of the Congo during the Second War, but on different projects regarding their location, their actions in the duration (emergency situations to the support health system) or their nature (emergency, AIDS, vaccination campaigns, support for the health system, etc.). In France, “regional branches”, led by volunteers, participate in the association’s information and communication activities as well as in the reception and recruitment of new volunteers at the start on a mission. Some figures in France  two thousand and thirteen [ 85 ] 2014 [ eighty six ] 2015 [ eighty seven ] 2016 [ 88 ] 2017 [ 89 ] 2018 [ 90 ] 2019 [ 91 ] MSF France resources (Private resources from fundraising, institutional resources and other resources)  230.1 million euros 283.3 million euros 353.1 million euros 367.6 million euros 399.6 million euros 403.3 million euros 414.4 million euros MSF France expenses (Social mission expenses, fund search costs, operating costs)  232.7 million euros 251.3 million euros 319.1 million euros 368.6 million euros 393.5 million euros 410.4 million euros 409.2 million euros At an international level  two thousand and thirteen 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 [ 92 ] MSF movement resources  [ 93 ] 915 million euros (including 89.2% private origin 1 billion 165 million euros (including 89.2% private origin) 1 billion 349 million euros (including 92.3% private origin) 1 billion 462 million euros (including 94.9% of private origin) 1 billion 501 million euros (including 96% of private origin) 1 billion 482 million euros (including 95% private origin) 1 billion 612 million euros (including 96.2% private origin)  View of MSF offices in Geneva in November 2015, with a black banner recalling the bombing of Kunduz hospital. The MSF flag is knotted with black pancake. On various occasions of staff members and\/or MSF facilities have been the subject of hostile actions: thefts, robberies and kidnappings. Some of these episodes were relayed in the media. On January 24, 1987, six women and four MSF men were removed [ ninety four ] by the Somali national movement in the Ethiopian refugee camp of Tog Wajale. They will be released on February 7. During the night of 27 at April 28, 1990 , Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Galland, MSF logistician, is shot dead in the hospital where he worked in Pallamdra in Afghanistan by four masked men, which leads to the withdrawal of MSF from Afghanistan for 2 years. The July 2, 1997 , Christophe Andr\u00e9, an administrative manager carrying out his first humanitarian mission, was abducted in Nazran City of the Republic of Ingouchie (Caucase). After 4 months of detention, he escapes his kidnappers. [ 95 ] , [ 96 ] The June 11, 2007 , Elsa Serfass, 26, MSF’s French logistician is killed in her vehicle near Paoua in the Central African Republic in an ambush stretched by rebels of the People’s Army for the Restoration of Democracy [ 97 ] . The January 28, 2008 , a car carrying MSF volunteers is destroyed by an improvised explosive device on a Kismaayo road in Somalia. Three passengers are killed: Damien Lehalle, 27, French logistician; Victor Okumu, surgeon; And Mohamed Abdi Ali, Somali driver. The fourth passenger is seriously injured. Hassan Kafi Hared, Somali journalist, who walked along the road, is also killed [ 98 ] , [ 99 ] . In April 2009, two MSF doctors, Belgian and Dutch hostages, were released in Somalia. The July 18, 2013 , Montserrat S. and Blanca Th., Two members of MSF, kidnapped in Kenya, are released after 650 days of detention in Somalia [ 100 ] . The July 4, 2013 , four members of MSF, Philippe B-M, Richard M-M-M, Romy Y-N and Chantal K. are kidnapped by the FDA group (Allied Democratic Forces) in Kamango (North Kivu, DRC). THE August 29, 2014 , Chantal was able to distort company to his captors. In June 2018 , the other three are not yet free [ 101 ] . The bombing of the MSF care center in Kond\u00f4z, Afghanistan, on the night of the 2 October 3, 2015 By American aviation, caused 30 dead, including 13 MSF staff. On December 19, 2022, a worker was abducted in Gao (Mali) by armed men during an intervention [ 102 ] . MSF France [ modifier | Modifier and code ] MSF international [ modifier | Modifier and code ] [ 104 ] The February 18, 1991 , the PTT administration issues a postal stamp for Wallis-et-Futuna as part of the “20th anniversary of Doctors Without Borders”. The stamp designer is Huguette Sainson. The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded to the NGO in 1999. \u2191 (in)  ‘ International Activity Report 2019 \u00bb , on Doctors Without Borders (MSF) International  (consulted the first is December 2020 )  \u2191 (in)  ‘ The Nobel Peace Prize 1999 \u00bb , on http:\/\/nobelprize.org , Official website of the Nobel Prize (consulted the April 28, 2020 ) .  \u2191 a et b Marie-Luce Desgrandchamps, \u00ab\u00a0 Return to the founding myth of doctors without borders: relations between French doctors and the ICRC during the Biafra War (1967-1970) \u00bb, 2011\/2 international relations , n O 146, 2011 , p. 95-108 ( read online )  \u2191 a et b ‘ Creation of doctors without borders (MSF) \u00bb , on Gouvernement.fr  (consulted the December 2, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ The Charter of Doctors Without Borders \u00bb , on Doctors Without Borders  (consulted the first is December 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ Humanitarian Action Observatory \u00bb , on Observatoire-humanitaire.org  (consulted the first is December 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ \u201cDoctors Without Borders\u201d has become a reality: the answer to all those who doubted you \u00bb, Tones , n O 493, January 3, 1972 , p. 1-2 ( read online  , consulted the 13 mars 2023 )  \u2191 a et b ‘ Our history \u00bb , on msf.fr  (consulted the first is December 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ 1971: the creation of doctors without borders \u00bb , October 18, 2004 (consulted the November 25, 2016 )  \u2191 Marie-\u00c9dith Alouf, ‘ Doctors without borders: a story of adventures \u00bb , Political, January 6, 2005 (consulted the January 25, 2009 )  \u2191 ‘ A boat for Vietnam: when France discovered the boat -peoples of September 24, 2015 – France Inter \u00bb , on Franceinter.fr  (consulted the first is December 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ A boat for Vietnam: when France discovered the boat -peoples of September 24, 2015 – France Inter \u00bb , on Franceinter.fr  (consulted the December 2, 2020 )  \u2191 Jean-Francis P\u00e9cresse, ” MSF, a life of revolts \u00bb, The echoes , December 20, 2001 ( read online , consulted the September 13, 2014 ) .  \u2191 ‘ Our history \u00bb , on Medecinsdumonde.org  (consulted the December 28, 2017 )  \u2191 ‘ The MSF movement \u00bb , on Doctors Without Borders (MSF)  (consulted the first is December 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ Jacques Pinel \u00bb, The Monde.fr , September 3, 2015 ( read online , consulted the December 2, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ Welcome to the MSF Logistics website \u00bb , on MSF Logistics  (consulted the December 2, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ Famine and forced transfers of populations in Ethiopia 1984-1986 \u00bb , on msf-crash.org  (consulted the December 4, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ Twenty years ago, live helped \u20ac 225 million \u00bb , on L’Obs  (consulted the December 2, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ Famine and forced transfers of populations in Ethiopia 1984-1986 \u00bb , on Doctors Without Borders (MSF) International  (consulted the December 2, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ The Ethiopian authorities expel the organization doctors without borders \u00bb, The Monde.fr , December 4, 1985 ( read online , consulted the December 2, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ Doctors Without Borders \u00bb , on Ina.fr  (consulted the December 2, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ Welcome \u00bb , on Epicentre.msf.org  (consulted the December 2, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ Chronology of MSF operations in Somalia \u00bb , on Doctors Without Borders  (consulted the first is December 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ MSF et Srebrenica 1993-2003 \u00bb , on Doctors Without Borders (MSF) International  (consulted the December 3, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ Extreme violence: MSF Rwandan experience \u00bb , on msf-crash.org  (consulted the December 3, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ Our history \u00bb , on msf.fr  (consulted the December 3, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ Pictures. “We do not stop a genocide with doctors” \u00bb, The world , April 7, 2014 ( read online , consulted the December 3, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ Africa of Great Lakes: three years of conflicts \u00bb , on The diplomatic world , first is February 1997 (consulted the December 3, 2020 )  \u2191 Jean Paul Guthmann \u00ab Clinical research and humanitarian action – The role of doctors without borders in the fight against malaria \u00bb, Medicine\/Sciences , vol. 25, n O 3, first is mars 2009 , p. 301\u2013306 (ISSN\u00a0 0767-0974 And 1958-5381 , DOI\u00a0 10.1051\/medsci\/2009253301 , read online , consulted the December 2, 2020 )  \u2191 Kerou\u00e9dan, Dominique, (1959- …) And Brunet-Jailly, Joseph. , Global health: Strategic stake and diplomatic games , Presses de Sciences Po, 2016 (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-7246-1870-9 And 2-7246-1870-X , OCLC\u00a0 953167265 )  \u2191 ‘ The Lancet, 22 June 2002, Volume 359, Issue 9324, Pages 2125-2210 \u00bb , on thelancet.com  (consulted the December 2, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ Research & Development for diseases affecting the poorest populations: analysis and impact of the Dndi model after 10 years \u00bb , on ddi.org , December 3, 2013 (consulted the December 2, 2020 )  \u2191 a et b ‘ MSF Nobel Peace Prize \u00bb , on Ina.fr  (consulted the December 2, 2020 )  \u2191 Judith Perrignon , ‘ A peace nobel for war doctors. \u00bb , on Liberation.fr , October 16, 1999 (consulted the December 2, 2020 )  \u2191 (En-Eu)  ‘ The Nobel Peace Prize 1999 \u00bb , on Nobelprize.org  (consulted the December 2, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ Speech delivered when obtaining by MSF of the Nobel Peace Prize \u00bb , on Doctors Without Borders  (consulted the December 2, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ Tsunami, one year after the disaster (November 2005) – Detailed assessment of our operations and financial report \u00bb , on Doctors Without Borders  (consulted the December 4, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ Doctors without borders suspends its collection of donations for Asia \u00bb, The Monde.fr , January 4, 2005 ( read online , consulted the December 4, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ Ebola: MSF awarded by the prestigious Lasker Prize \u00bb , on Francetvinfo.fr , September 9, 2015 (consulted the December 3, 2020 )  \u2191 Maryline Baumard, \u00ab\u00a0 Opposed to EU migration policy, MSF refuses European money \u00bb, The world , June 17, 2016 (ISSN\u00a0 1950-6244 , read online , consulted the June 18, 2016 )  \u2191 (in)  ‘ Frontex denies documentation of NGO-trafficker collusion \u00bb , on InfoMigrants , April 12, 2019 (consulted the December 3, 2020 )  \u2191 (in) Duncan Robinson, ‘ EU border force accuses charities of collusion with migrant smugglers \u00bb , Financial Times , December 15, 2016 ( read online ) .  \u2191 ‘ Migrants. Italy is investigating the role of NGOs \u00bb , on Ouest-France.fr , West France, August 6, 2017 (consulted the April 28, 2020 ) .  \u2191 ‘ Italy requests the sequestration of the “aquarius” in Marseille \u00bb, The Monde.fr , November 20, 2018 ( read online , consulted the December 3, 2020 )  \u2191 Paul Sugy, Are the NGOs that save migrants at sea are wick with the smugglers? , Lefigaro.fr, 11 November 2022  \u2191 ‘ From ex-employees of MSF accuse former colleagues of having used prostitutes \u00bb, The Monde.fr , June 22, 2018 ( read online , consulted the December 3, 2020 )  \u2191 (in)  ‘ It was Dasht-E-Barchi \u00bb , on Doctors Without Borders , June 9, 2020 (consulted the December 3, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ MSF closes her maternity in Kabul after the bloody attack of which she was the target \u00bb, The Monde.fr , June 15, 2020 ( read online , consulted the December 3, 2020 )  \u2191 a et b (EN-GB) Karen McVeigh , ‘ Doctors Without Borders Is ‘Institutionally Racist’, Say 1,000 insiders \u00bb , The Guardian , July 10, 2020 (ISSN\u00a0 0261-3077 , read online , consulted the July 24, 2020 )  \u2191 Franceinfo, ‘ A thousand current and former employees of doctors Without borders accuse the NGO of “Institutional Racism” \u00bb , on Francetvinfo.fr , July 11, 2020 (consulted the July 24, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ MSF accused of “institutional racism” by its own employees \u00bb , on The HuffPost , July 11, 2020 (consulted the July 24, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ War in Ukraine: how to provide help to civilians? \u00bb, The world , February 28, 2022 ( read online , consulted the May 8 2022 ) .  \u2191 ‘ War in Ukraine: MSF has already evacuated 114 patients in the east to the country by medical train \u00bb, RTBF , April 11, 2022 ( read online , consulted the May 8 2022 ) .  \u2191 MSF, ‘ The emergency medical aid of doctors without borders continues tirelessly in Ukraine. An overview of our main interventions on May 5. \u00bb , on www.msf-Azg.be , May 6 2022 (consulted the May 8 2022 ) .  \u2191 ‘ Information sheet 2020 – Latest statistics on the state of the AIDS epidemic \u00bb , on Unaids.org  (consulted the December 2, 2020 )  \u2191 (in)  ‘ Preventing and Responding to HIV drug resistance in the African region \u00bb , WHO Regional Office for Africa , first is April 2019 , p. 6 ( read online )  \u2191 Jean-Yves Nau, ‘ Ebola: MSF accusations, WHO silence \u00bb , on Swiss medical journal , 2015 (consulted the December 2, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ Signature of a partnership agreement for the T\u00e9l\u00e9medecine SATMED project \u00bb , on Maee.gouvernement.lu , May 27, 2014 (consulted the December 2, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ MSF launches a cry of alarm about the chaotic humanitarian situation in Ituri \u00bb, The weather , 4 mars 2005 (ISSN\u00a0 1423-3967 , read online , consulted the December 3, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ Democratic Republic of Congo: the permanent urgency \u00bb , on Doctors Without Borders  (consulted the December 3, 2020 )  \u2191 The United Nations Agency for refugees , ‘ Situation in the Central African Republic \u00bb , on UNHCR  (consulted the December 3, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ Central African Republic 2018 Activity report \u00bb , on Doctors Without Borders (MSF) International  (consulted the December 3, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ HIV\/AIDS IN ASIE \u00bb , on un.org  (consulted the December 2, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ CAMBODGE – Scheduled end of the management by MSF of HIV\/AIDS at AKS Hospital \u00bb , on Doctors Without Borders  (consulted the December 2, 2020 )  \u2191 (in)  ‘ Global tuberculosis report 2020 \u00bb , World Health Organisation , 2020 (ISBN\u00a0 978-92-4-00131313-1 )  \u2191 ‘ Cambodia \u00bb , on Doctors Without Borders (MSF) International  (consulted the December 3, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ Rise of violence and unwarmed promises – Swiss Catholic portal \u00bb , on cath.ch  (consulted the December 3, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ Jeanne left 400 dead in Haiti \u00bb , on The duty  (consulted the December 3, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ Haiti, a year after \u00bb, MSF , 2011 ( read online )  \u2191 ‘ Haiti: an MSF plane prevented from landing \u00bb , on Europe 1  (consulted the December 3, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ Libya: assistance to migrants \u00bb , on Doctors Without Borders  (consulted the December 2, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ A MSF rescue ship attacked off Libya \u00bb , on lefigaro.fr  (consulted the December 2, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ MSF strengthens its operations in the Mediterranean Sea with a third boat \u00bb , on Doctors Without Borders  (consulted the December 2, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ MSF partially suspends its activities off the Libyan coast \u00bb , on 20minutes.fr  (consulted the December 2, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ MSF and SOS M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e put an end to rescue operations for the “aquarius” \u00bb, The Monde.fr , December 7, 2018 ( read online , consulted the December 2, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ Italy restricts migrant sea rescue operations \u00bb, The world , August 3, 2017 ( read online , consulted the April 17, 2019 )  \u2191 ‘ Migrants: “We want to criminalize NGOs” \u00bb, The world , August 8, 2017 ( read online , consulted the April 17, 2019 )  \u2191 Insider Newsdesk, ‘ Frontex accuse NGOs of providing smuggler “taxi” service \u00bb , on Italianinsider.it , April 13, 2017  \u2191 Antoine Harari with Marco Bova, Three sea rescue NGOs accused of complicity with criminal smugglers , letemps.ch, 11 mars 2021  \u2191 (it)  ‘ Migrants, the photos that accuse the NGO: “The captain protected the smugglers” \u00bb , on the Republic , 7 mars 2021 (consulted the 24 mars 2021 )  \u2191 ‘ An MSF hospital struck by the Arab coalition in Yemen \u00bb , on Humanity , August 16, 2016 (consulted the December 2, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ Yemen: 19 dead and at least 24 injured in the bombing of a hospital supported by MSF in ABS \u00bb , on Doctors Without Borders  (consulted the December 2, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ MSF charter \u00bb  \u2191  ‘ 2013: financial report \u00bb , on Issuu  \u2191  ‘ 2014 annual report \u00bb , on ISSUU.com\/msffr\/docs  \u2191 ‘ Annual report of doctors Without Borders 2015-2016 \u00bb , on Doctors Without Borders  (consulted the December 4, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ Annual report of doctors without borders 2016-2017 \u00bb , on Doctors Without Borders  (consulted the December 4, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ Annual report of doctors without borders 2017 \u00bb , on Doctors Without Borders  (consulted the December 4, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ Annual report of doctors Without Borders 2018 \u00bb , on Doctors Without Borders  (consulted the December 4, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ Annual report of doctors without borders 2019 \u00bb , on Doctors Without Borders  (consulted the December 4, 2020 )  \u2191 (in)  ‘ 2019 in figures \u00bb , on Doctors Without Borders (MSF) International  (consulted the December 4, 2020 )  \u2191 (in)  ‘ Reports and finances \u00bb , on Doctors Without Borders (MSF) International  (consulted the December 4, 2020 )  \u2191 Encyclop\u00e6dia Universal , ‘ January 24 – February 7, 1987 – Somalia. Hostage of a French medical team – event \u00bb , on Encyclopaedia universal  (consulted the July 17, 2022 )  \u2191 Guy Delisle, Enjoy: story of a hostage , Paris, Dargaud, 2016 , 428 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-205-07547-2 ) .  \u2191 V\u00e9ronique Soul\u00e9, ” Caucasus: MSF’s hostage tells its flight. Remoked in July, Christophe Andr\u00e9 suspects the Chechens \u00bb, Release , October 27, 1997 .  \u2191 ‘ Elsa, 26, dead \u00bb , on The Parisian , June 13, 2007 (consulted the May 20 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ A French humanitarian aid killed in Somalia \u00bb , on Le Figaro , January 28, 2008 (consulted the April 23, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ Three MSF employees and a journalist killed in a Somalia attack \u00bb , on The world , January 29, 2008 (consulted the April 23, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ Somalia: two Spanish hostages from doctors without borders released \u00bb , The world , July 18, 2013 (consulted the April 28, 2020 ) .  \u2191 MSF press release, July 11, 2017, updated in June 2018. Accessed online.  \u2191 ‘ Mali: an MSF worker kidnapped in Gao \u00bb , on Lefigaro , December 20, 2022 (consulted the January 7, 2023 )  \u2191 ‘ Belgian Isabelle Defourny New President of Doctors Without Borders France \u00bb , Provence and AFP, June 13, 2022  \u2191 ‘ The international president \u00bb , on Association.msf.org  (consulted the first is December 2019 )  On other Wikimedia projects: Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Caroline Abu-Sada (dir.), In the eye of others. Perception of humanitarian action and MSF , Antipodes, Lausanne, 2011, 205 p. (ISBN\u00a0 9782889010677 ) Jean-Herv\u00e9 Bradol and Claudine Vidal (dir.), Medical innovations in humanitarian situations: the work of doctors without borders , L’Harmattan, 2009, 193 p. (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-296-10046-6 ) Jean Lacouture and Rony Brauman (texts), Rip Hopkins (phot.), Seven times on the ground, eight times standing , Doctors Without Borders, Oak, Paris, 2011, 126 p. (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-8123-0508-5 ) Claire Magone, Michae Numeran It Fabrice Weissman (You.), Act at all costs? : Humanitarian negotiations: the experience of doctors without borders , La D\u00e9couverte, Paris, 2011, 343 p. (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-7071-6944-0 ) Louis Schittly, The man who wanted to see the war up: doctor at Biafra, Vietnam, Afghanistan, Sud-Soudan , Paris, Arthaud, 2011 , 380 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-08-125841-9 ) Anne Vallaeys, Doctors without borders, biography , Fayard, 2004) Olivier Weber, French Doctors: the epic of men and women who invented humanitarian medicine , Robert Laffont, 1995 Olivier Weber, Humanitarian (Le F\u00e9lin, 2002) Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Lemercier, Didier Lef\u00e8vre and Emmanuel Guibert, The photograph (Dupuis). Micha\u00ebl Neuman, Rescue or perish: humanitarian security at the time of risk management , CNRS \u00c9ditions, 2016, 262 p. (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-2710-8948-9 ) Jean-Herv\u00e9 Bradol and Marc Le Pape, Genocide and mass crime. MSF Rwandan experience, 1982-1997 , CNRS \u00c9ditions, Paris, 2017, 277 p. (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-2711-1488-4 ) Rony Brauman, Humanitarian, the dilemma , 1996, Textual, 120 p. (ISBN\u00a0 978-2845972254 ) Fran\u00e7ois Jean, Ethiopia, good use of famine , 1986, 102 p. Fran\u00e7ois Jean, Populations a danger , 1992 (ISBN\u00a0 2010199898 ) Filmography [ modifier | Modifier and code ] A drop in the ocean , directed by Lise Ethier, National Film Office of Canada, 2001, 48 min (DVD) The MSF adventure , Documentary film in two parts: 1. From utopia to reality (1968-1990) ; 2. Les Insoumis (1991-2006) , directed by Patrick Benquet and Anne Vallaeys, Maha Productions\/INA, 2006, 2 x 52 min War and health , directed by Olivier Weber, 1996, 52 min, France 5 Troop journals: doctors without borders , produced by Marco Lamensch and Olivier Lamour, AMIP, Paris, 2007, 51 min (DVD) War surgery: doctors without borders , directed by Marco Lamensch and Olivier Lamour, Amip, Paris, 2007, 57 min (DVD) Living in Emergency: Stories of Doctors Without Borders , produced by Mark N. Hopkins, 2008, 97 min (DVD) Related articles [ modifier | Modifier and code ] external links [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  "},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/doctors-without-borders-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Doctors Without Borders – Wikipedia"}}]}]