Tenema tenella — wikipedia
The formatting of this article is to be improved ( ).
The formatting of the text does not follow Wikipedia’s recommendations: it must be “wikifier”.
How to do ?
The following improvement points are the most frequent cases. The details of the points to review may be specified on the discussion page.
- THE securities are pre-formatted by the software. They are neither in capitals nor in fat.
- The text Neither does the surnames either), neither in fat, nor in italics, nor “small” … must not be written in capital either)
- The gras is only used to highlight the title of the article in the introduction, only once.
- L’ italics is rarely used: words in a foreign language, titles of works, names of boats, etc.
- THE citations are not in italics but in normal text. They are surrounded by French quotes: “and”.
- THE flea lists are to be avoided, written paragraphs being largely preferred. THE paintings are to be reserved for the presentation of structured data (results, etc. ).
- Calls for Footnote (Small figures by exhibiting, introduced by the tool ”
Source ») Are to be placed between the end of the sentence and the end point [like that] . - THE internal links (to other Wikipedia items) are to be chosen sparingly. Create links to articles deepening the subject. The generic terms unrelated to the subject are to be avoided, as well as the bond repetitions towards the same term.
- THE external links must be placed uniquely In an “external links” section, at the end of the article. These links are to be chosen sparingly according to the defined rules. If a link serves as source In the article, his insertion into the text is to be done by the footnote.
- Insert a info box (Information framework on the right) is not compulsory to complete the layout.
For detailed help, please consult Help: Wikification.
If you think these points have been resolved, you can withdraw this banner and improve the formatting of another article.
The article must be rid of part of its jargon ( ).
Its quality can be largely improved by using a more directly understandable vocabulary.
Discuss these points to improve the discussion.
Telema Tenella is a kind of spiders Araneomorphs of the Telemidae family [ first ] .
This species is endemic to the Pyrenees. It is found in caves of the Canigou massif in the Pyrénées-Orientales in France and the province of Girona in Catalonia in Spain [ first ] , [ 2 ] . In France we meet it in particular towards Montferrer and the Prest in various caves and a mine.
Telema Tenella measurement of 1.5 mm at 2.5 mm. This troglobie species has neither eyes nor lungs.
Its prosoma or cephalothorax, a clear red-roomed, is devoid of median eyes and thoracic stress unlike that of that of Leptonètes; Anophthalmia makes it imprecise the limits of the headband or Clypeus. It carries divergent cherries and long raw legs, garnished with sensory hair and alleged glands “of Emerit” which are not characteristic because also present in other spiders. The male has a simple, rounded copper bulb, with a Very short style, in an unusual apophysis (fig. 1) and the females, an odd, median, remarkably voluminous seminal receptacle that Chunxia Wang, Ribera Carles and Shuqiang Li (2012) have also described.
The abdomen is short, globular, with a convex epigastric region, two pairs of ventral trachegous stigma, a colulus, six terminal sectors and above all has a strange coloring of a “bottle” blue-green underlined by various authors (Simon, 1882 ; Fage, 1913; Lopez, 1976 [ 3 ] , 1977 [ 4 ] , 1980 [ 5 ] ), Also found in Usofila pecki (New Caledonia: Brignoli, 1980), but with an “emerald” nuance. In his first histological cups of Telema Tenella, A.Lopez (1976) [ 3 ] noted that this particular coloring depends on the average intestine, more precisely on its chyletentic diverticula with large polycyclic light containing “inclusions” (spherites) of the same shade.
In addition, the abdomen contains large coxal glands (Lopez & al., 1983) [ 6 ] , an appears synoncely bay (Lopez, 1983) [ 7 ] , in the male of the very developed deferential channels which develop spermatophores (Lopez & al., 1981) [ 8 ] And, in the female, an odd seminal receptacle, a remarkably voluminous median, also seen by Chunxia Wang, Ribera Carles and Shuqiang Li (2012) and which presents a very specific microscopic structure (Lopez, 1983) [ 9 ] .
Telema Tenella Not only presents a heritage interest as troglobie, endemic and “living fossil” but also a major anatomo-physiological interest by the production and use of spermatophores (A. Lopez, 1976 [ 3 ] , 1977 [ 4 ] ), a complementary histological and ultrastructural study (Lopez & Jubese, 1980) [ 5 ] Having also confirmed the presence of pherocrystals or intestinal spherite responsible for abdominal coloring. The existence of spermatophores ( Fig.2 ), whose ultrastructure is well known today at Telema (Lopez & al., 1981) [ 8 ] , was found in the case of other Telemidae (Lopez & Legendre, 1978) [ ten ] .Chunxia Wang, Ribera Carles and Shuqiang Li, 2012, do no mention. They do not report spermatophores or in the bulb of the male where they are however present after induction ( Fig.2 ), nor in the female spermathèque where they are also visible after copulation.
This article highlights the importance of microscopic anatomy in the search for new organs, a better understanding of certain animal behavior traits and the contribution of more rigorous criteria in the systematics.
Telema Tenella Install your canvas in very varied “niches” of the hypogeous environment: anfracuction of the pillars, terminals and stalagmitic flows, walls of walls and even in mine bar holes! This canvas is a tenuous tablecloth ( Fig.3 ), very light, of non -viscous appearance, with small irregular meshes, hayban by a few tensor, subhorizontal threads, of variable extent, which can exceed 15 cm long, and with lower concavity more or less marked, where the spider is keeps in the air.
The female builds oviger cocoons which, according to observations on the field of Lopez and those of Juberthia (1985) in her farms, have a discoid shape in lens convex ( Fig.4 ). They are very small, measure 1.5 to 1.8 mm in diameter, are fixed on adjacent concretions or in a lacis of peripheral threads tending the canvas and adopt a random arrangement, vertical to horizontal. The usual coexistence of several of them would be related to the spacing of the eggs in time and the slowness of embryonic development. Each cocoon very rarely contains a single egg, a particularity admitted as constant following Fage (1913: pl.69, fig .21), in fact much more often two, and especially three or four (Jubese, 1985). These eggs have a very reduced diameter, about 0.45 mm. The same female builds an average number of four cocoons each year, only one with each laying.
With regard to the vital cycle, Jubese (1985) could have seen, still in its farms in the Underground Moulis laboratory, that the duration of embryonic development, from laying to the moult according to the hatch, is from the Order of 9 to 11 months, therefore exceptionally slow and, without a doubt, the longest known to date among troglobial underground invertebrates. The post-embryonic development, from the exit of the cocoon to the imaginal moult, has been around 3 years. As for adult life, at least in the female, it can be estimated at a dozen years. It follows that Telema Tenella has a total life hope of about 16 years, extraordinary longevity for such a small animal!
The first histological cuts of Telema Tenella performed by André Lopez [ 3 ] confirmed the complete absence of eyes, with a correlative cerebral regression of visual centers. They also showed two banal venom glands, gnathocoxal or “salivary” glands glands without sexual dimorphism, large nephrocytes, reticulated tissue, a dense tracheolar network, large coxal glands and above all, a very special genitala as well as intestinal spherites giving it its particular abdominal color. Finally, the sericigenic glands also have original characters.
Coxal glands [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Among a pair, they open up to the hips of the pi. Their large labyrinth extends along the brain to the posterior part of the prosoma (fig.).
This labyrinth has a typical “striation” whose study was carried out later on the transmission electron microscope (M.E.T). ([Null Lopez, 1983d]). It is linked to membrane folds which deeply cut the basal hyaloplasm, very rich in mitochondria, and are solidarized by beautiful septates (“partitioned desmosomes”) (fig.) (Fig.) (Fig.)
Genital tool [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
It is the genital, female and especially male tract, which represents the most singular particularity of this Pyrenean spider [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , to a lesser degree of the genre Apneumonella (Africa) [ ten ] And, probably also, other TeleMidae.
Male genital [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
It includes a pair of sub -sponsing testicles and two long, very winding, convoluting channels, uniting the median line in a common terminal duct open to gonopore, in the epigastric furrow.
Defending channels [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
All the channels are compared to larger and above all thicker than in other spiders. With its content, it forms a bulky massif, about 250 µm in a 1.3 mm male and thus occupies the entire antero-vertral part of the abdomen. Each vas containment contains a amorphous substance, sperm and, in its distal or terminal differentiated part, a brown-yellowish tubular formation, about 18 µm wide, triangular in transverse cut, evoking a “case” and provided with harsh lateral expansions. The gametes are housed in this spermatophore, superimposed in “plates” or grouped like erythrocytes in a vertebrate capillary. Putting with its expansions a caricatural aspect of “Myriapode”, the spermatophore is found, apparently as it is, in the histological cuts of the male palp, more precisely of its bulb and, in the female, in the spermathèque. It differs from that of Apneumonella Sp., Another Telemidae spider, which is red-yellow, coiled on itself, also contains stacked gametes “like the tablets in their case” but has a cylindrical appearance, a regular axial cavity and has no expansion (Lopez, 1978 [ ten ] ).
Histology [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The structure of the defendant is not uniform. This conduit indeed shows a winding proximal portion whose very low epithelium recalls an endothelial coating, an intermediate portion with higher cells and a long and complex distal part. Containing the spermatophore, the latter is formed by much larger prismatic cells, especially ventrally (height: 30 µm) and very visible ovoid nuclei.
Ultrastructure [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
In addition to its internal epithelium, the defense wall shows under the transmission electron microscope (M.E.T.) a basal blade and a layer of muscle fibers whose hyaloplasm contains beams of isolated characteristic characteristic. The epithelium is simple, prismatic and secretory. Its cells are joined by zonulae sub-apical adherens and long, seventy junctions. Its light is wide, rounded and regular in the proximal portion, then oval at the beginning of the differentiated part or intermediate portion (fig.), Finally provided with a ventral gutter
Conferring a curious aspect in “ace of spades” in the rest of the differentiated part or distal portion. It follows that at the level of the latter the deferential wall has a thin dorsal area and a thicker ventral or accessory zone (diagram).
In the proximal portion, in continuity with the testicle, the flattened epithelial cells have a basal plasmalem with many folds. Their peaks are united by sub-apical junctions. The cytoplasm contains lysosomes (fig.). The endoplasmic reticulum is granular, very abundant and produces small vesicles opening in the light to dump their secretory content. This same material includes sperm still devoid of shell or enchyment capsule, and, when the latter pile up, fits between their juxtaposed faces to form more opaque discs appearing as regular stripes (600 a) in the Longitudinal cuts (fig.).
In the differentiated part, the epithelial cells are higher, uniformly (intermediate portion), and especially in
The ventral area of the large distal portion (diagram). Their central core contains a fine and dispersed chromatin (fig.). The endoplasmic reticulum is formed by many smooth and granular cisternae (fig. 16,18) from which derive from vesicles with little contrasting content. The Golgi apparatus is remarkably developed (fig.). It consists of saccular stacks or dictyosomes, especially numerous in the dorsal area and developing a large amount of opaque vesicles. The mitochondria are few and provided with parallel ridges. Golgian and reticular vesicles release their contents in the light at the apical poles. He merges with secretion from the proximal part to form a positive grainy equipment at the APS and the danielli tetrazoreaction, therefore glycoproteic [ 8 ] .
The ripe sperm have formed in the testicle from spermatids first polymorphic and amiboids, then polarized, provided with an elongated nucleus, finally flogged [ 8 ] . Each of them is surrounded by a capsule or shell
glycoproteic enchuct (fig.) Similar to that of other spiders and not very condensed. Its cytoplasm is abundant, no cytoplasmic elimination phase having been clearly observed during spermiogenesis; he is
Very rich in mitochondria with concentric crests (fig.), ovoid vesicles and tangled membranes of likely Golgian origin. The acrosomian nucleus and wand are stretched and wrapped on themselves, the first following 1 and a half round or 2. The axonth of the flagellum, type 9 + 3 as in other Araneids, is retracted in the cytoplasm where it s ‘Roll over 4 to 5 laps (fig.). In addition, each gamete shows an “extension” which enters a digitation, is accompanied by the capsule and also contains organelles (vesicles ,, parallel heaps of winding membranes, (fig.).
Spermatophores [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Description [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The spermatophore is individualized in the distal portion of the defending canal. …
It has the unusual shape of a triangular prismatic case (diagram), with two large slightly convex side faces and a smaller basal side, slightly concave. It is open at its two ends and according to a generator, at the level of the same base which therefore shows a longitudinal dehiscence giving it a gutter aspect (diagram-diagram, fig.). The edges of this slit each bear a series of alternating digitations, initially on a row then on 2 parallel lines, offbeat but intersecting (diagram). These digitations contain the extensions of the sperm The spermatophore wall is itself formed by 3 superimposed, internal, medium and external layers with the exception of the basal edges (fig.) And digitations (fig.) Which have them only one, the internal [ 9 ] Lopez, 1981c). This inner layer is the thickest (0.45 µm) and has a paracistalline structure (fig.). It seems striated in the transverse cuts (fig.) But shows in the longitudinal and axials a very regular polygonal network,
In “bee nest”, each constitutive element of which is centered by a dense fiber. The average distance between 2 fibers is 75 Å (fig.). The average or intermediate layer is much thinner (500 to 600 Å) and formed by aggregates of dense equipment giving it a honeycomb heterogeneous appearance (fig.). The external layer, which is the most original, is presented as a set of narrow pillars (diameter = 150 Å), first low and grainy in the wall in formation (fig.) Then higher (0.2 µm) and homogeneous (fig.). They align themselves in parallel series perpendicular to the axis of the gutter and are thus responsible for a transversal striation.
This ultrastructure is found in the spermatheque when the spermatophore was introduced there (fig.), First unchanged (fig.) Then with modifications relating to the inner layer (“blur”) and the external layer (inclination of the pillars the same meaning) (fig.). The average layer seems clearer while the games or shell of Gamétique seems to fade (fig.).
The “extension” of each sperm penetrates with its capsule in a digitation formed by the only layer
internal and which encompasses it as a small individual case (fig.).
[ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Anatomous , the defending channel of Telema Tenella is remarkable for its volume, its intense secretory activity of Golgian origin and the fact that it develops a structure having all the characters of a spermatophore. Although the latter is not a product of glands annexed to the genital system and does not have the shape of closed capsules, more or less complex, often pedalized as in other arthropods (including scorpiones and pseudoscorpions among the arachnids) , it nonetheless presents the essential particularities of this type of “device”. It is indeed an autonomous, well -individualized, regular and geometric formation, in a digited gutter, having a wall specific to complex ultra -stratuctructure, monolaminar in its basal face and digitations, trilaminar elsewhere, with a paracistalline layer and the curious External “pillars”. External “pillars”. Such an organization is lacking in all the others
Spiders, including those who have sperm “aggregates” like dysderidae (“spherulation”: Lopez, 1972) (fig.), Filistatidae and even certain mygalomorphs whose gametes are grouping several in the same encystment shell ( Nemesia , M.E.T.:lopez,1981). Describing similar “aggregates” as part of his “coenospermia”, Alberti (1988) also included the Spermatophores of the Telemidae, considered by him as a simple “complex” form of the previous ones. Ultrastructures observed in Telema Tenella Definitely invalidate the critical opinion of this last author as well as his subsequent assertions, in collaboration, on the same species and his family (Albert & Coyle, 1991; Michalik & Alberti, 2004), all his images differing photos opposite. The sperm stacked in the spermatophore have characters similar to those of other spiders (individual glycoproteinic capsule, axial triplet, retraction of the axonth rolled up like the nucleus), but differ nevertheless because they keep the whole cytoplasm of the spermatid.
On the functional level , spermatophore represents for male gametes a “packaging” or “packaging” device strengthening their protection already ensured by individual capsules while allowing them to progress downstream and gonopore. This journey in the defendant could be facilitated not only by the contraction of the parietal muscles, by the “hanging” of digitations to the canal wall, although they do not have motor ultra -stratructures and by the transversal striation also playing a role mechanical. The spermatophore is initially produced by the defending channel in an uninterrupted mode, seems well open at its two ends and must therefore undergo a subsequent “tuning” during “spermatic transmission”. Although it has never been observed, this process undoubtedly exists. During the “primary ejaculation”, fragments from the gonopore could be deposited on a spermous canvas devoid of [null, epigastric secretion] and then absorbed in the bulbs (spermatic induction). The unrustone apophysis of the latter, their concavity and the extensible slit orifice would allow the collection and then the penetration of the fragments in the seminiferous tubes where they are studded until coupling (fig. 5, 6) and their subsequent insertion (“Secondary ejaculation”) in the [null female spermathèque] .Coyle, 1991
Phylogenic , the development and use of a spermatophore in Telema Tenella And probably also in other TeleMidae appear as the maintenance of an archaic character. Alexander and Ever (1957) had also considered its existence in primitive spiders and its subsequent loss during the evolution in the weaving of the canvas. However, this last hypothesis does not seem applicable to Telema Because it builds oviger cocoons and a silky building in a fairly perfected tablecloth. Moreover, and as already mentioned by Lopez (1977) although he does not yet know Telema Tenella , the spermatophore of other spiders may have been replaced, being evolved, by the secretory product of the pregonoporal glands (epigastric apparatus) which would then be its equivalent.
Systematically, It appears that thanks to spermatophore, genres Telema And Apneumonella can be compared to each other in the context of a narrow kinship brought into doubt by Lehtinen (1967) too focused on the visual apparatus. The telemide family is thus validated, not only by the particular structure of the genitals (Brignoli, 1973) but especially by their content. It is therefore very distinct from that of the Leptonetidae, to which Fage (1913) formerly attached them, because the latter have a more complex copulator bulb, two symmetrical spermatheques and above all, male gametes housed without apparent order in an inorganized amorphous substance.
Intestine [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Sprherocrystals (spherites) [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The climbs and absorbent cells of the intestine contain a host of rounded “inclusions”, of fairly variable size, naturally colored in blue-green ( Fig. 5 ), appearing “encapsulated” and opaque or reticulated structure, found in the cloacal pocket and only responsible, by their swarm, of the shade
general of the abdomen, first interpreted as “microorganisms … can be special symbiontes, containing a chromogenic metal pigment, necessary for the precarious survival of Telema Tenella » ( Lopez,1976) [ 3 ] . In fact, the study with an electron microscope with a transmission showed later (Lopez, 1980) [ 5 ] Whether they are spherites or spherocrista, inert, polymorphic, round or ovoid concretions, concentric zoned, combining an opaque “nucleus” and a series of alternately clear and dark peripheral strata ( Fig.6 ). These spherites are born in vesicles of the reticulum by condensation of abundant grainy equipment: the “nucleus” appears first and then surrounds itself with concentric strata whose number seems to increase with the age and volume of concretion. Their chemical analysis on sections by X -ray microsonde (W. Humbert, Strasbourg) has highlighted calcium (the most abundant: 100 shocks per second), aluminum (an element yet rare in this type of concretion: 10 shocks per second), sulfur, phosphorus, potassium, but no copper, yet present in biotope and which could have been responsible for
green color of spherites. Also known in nematodes, opilions and above all, very many insects, including the Collembols, the spheocrystals play a role in ionic, water and in accumulation excuse regulations. It is probably the same for those of Telema Tenella .
Appearance synthesis [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The sericigen apparatus also offers an original secretory activity (Lopez, 1983 C).
This species was described in 1882 by the French arachnologist Eugène Simon (1848-1924). It is the standard species of the genus Telema .
Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
- Eugène Simon « Arachnological studies. 13th memory. XX. Descriptions of new species and genres from the dysderidae family », Annals of the Entomological Society of France , 6 It is series, vol. 2, , p. 201-240 ( read online )
- (in) Chunxia Wang , Ribera Carles et shuqiang That , ‘ on the Identity of the Type Species of the Genus Telema (Araneae, Telemidae) » , ZooKeys , n O 251, , p. 11–19 (DOI 10.3897/zookeys.251.3616 ) .
- C. Juberthie and A. Lopez , “About the spermatophore and spherocristae of the Telema Tenella (TeleMidae) spider: some ultrastructural data” , In C. R. vè. And the middle of the Arach. 9, 1979 , Barcelona, ( read online ) , p. 111-118
- A. Lopez and h Salvayre « The Pyrenean cave spider Telema Tenella Simon and her habitat », Bulletin of the Study Society of Natural Sciences of Béziers , vol. 4, n O 45, , p. 17-23
external links [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
- WSC , consulted during an update of the external link
- Entoflorachne, description of the Telema Tenella species by André Lopez-Moncet
- Lopez et Salvayre 1976.
- A. Lopez, « On a new mode of reproduction in spiders: existence of spermatophores in Telema Tenella Simon. Bull. SOC. Zool. France, 102, p. 261-266. », Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 102, p. 261- 266. ,
- Juberthie et Lopez 1980.
- A.Lopez, Avec L.Juberthie-Jupeau et J.C.Bonaric., « Structure and Ultrastructure des Glandes coxales chez Telema tender Simon (Spiders, Telemidae). », Mibiospéol., X, P.433-437 ,
- A.Lopez with J.Kovoor -, ” Structure et urgstructure de appoint to appear syricigène cheema delete. Simon (Araneau, telemidae). Mém.iospeaol., X, p.419-425. », Mě.biospéol., X, P.419-425. ,
- A. Lopez, Avec C. Juberthie et J. Kovoor, « Spermiogenesis and spermatophore in Telema tenella Simon (Araneae : Telemidae). An ultrastructural study. », Int. J.Invert. Reprod., 3, 181-191. ,
- A.Lopez, with L. Juberthie-Jupeau, ” Structure et ultrastructure of the Sperathèque Chez Telema Tenella. Simon (Araneae, Telemidae). », Mibiospéol., X, P.413-418. ,
- A. Lopez, with R. Legendre, ” Presence of a spermatophore in the genus Apneumonella (Araneae: TeleMidae): taxonomic value and sexual biology problems. », Bull.Soc.Zool.France, 103, p.35-41. ,
Recent Comments