VIIE Milénaire av. j.-C. — Wikipedia

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../ .. | VIII It is millennium of. J.-C. | VII It is Millennium BC. J.-C. | WE It is millennium of. J.-C. |
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Millennium List |
List of centuries

The VII It is Millennium BC. J.-C. covers the period from the year 7000 of. J.-C. at the year 6001 of. J.-C. Understood.

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The VII It is Millennium BC. AD belongs to the Mesolithic which is a period of transition extending from the XI It is Millennium BC. AD to the Neolithic, towards the IN It is Millennium BC. J.-C ..

Africa [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

  • 7000-6000 of. J.-C. : an arid episode interrupts the humid maximum of the Holocene in West Africa and culminates around 6200 of. J.-C. , in connection with cooling in the North Atlantic. Summer monsoons are weakening in tropical Africa and India. The level of African lakes drops, especially that of Lake Chad to 6300-6000 of. J.-C. [ 3 ] .

Art Rupestre you tadrart acacus.
  • 6800-5800 of. J.-C. : old pastoral in the Acacus Tadrart, in western Libya. Bovity and picking breeding, decor ceramic made by “Alternately Pivoting Stamp” [ 4 ] . In the cave of Uan Afuda, wild mouflons have been locked up, without anyone knowing if it is a start of domestication that has remained without a future [ 5 ] .
  • 6350-5650 of. J.-C. : Middle Neolithic in Upper Egypt (Nabta Playa II, in the Sahara, a hundred km west of Abu Simbel). Arid phase. Domestic beef is attested with goats from the Middle East. Sedentarization characterized by installations of semi-westing circular hut with adjacent storage pits and many wheels [ 6 ] , [ 7 ] . Ceramics production (Wawy-Line sets), practice of cereal agriculture (barley), accompanied by trace of animal domestication, while maintaining hunting and picking activities. The problem of extending this Neolithic culture out of its environment remains open.

America [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

  • 7000-5000 of. J.-C. : The Cueva del Guitarrero site, in the Callejón de Huaylas, Peru, book Lima bean remains and the common bean cultivated dated between 7000 and 6000 years of. J.-C. Corn appears around 5500, the Amarants and the squash around 5000 [ 8 ] .
  • Around 6700 of. J.-C. : under the rock shelter of Xihuatoxtla, in the upper Rio Balsas valley, in Mexico, researchers from the Doloreno team Piperno (in) have discovered leftovers of corn, in the form of phytoliths and starch grains that have remained hung on tools, dated 8,700 years before the present, archaeological proof of the domestication of corn from a local plant, the teosinte [ 9 ] .
  • Around 6500 of. J.-C. : the Koster site (in) , in Illinois, is occupied by a seasonal camp of the archaic period. It becomes permanent between 5600 and 5000 of. J.-C. In North America, the beginning of semi-permanent establishments with a diet in which plants are more and more present [ ten ] .
  • Around 6500-5500 of. J.-C. : Start of the stands of the West Indies [ 11 ] .

Asia and Pacific [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

  • 7000 of. J.-C. : older use of lacquer from Kakinoshima site southwest of Hokkaido in Japan [ twelfth ] .
  • 7000 to 5500 of. J.-C. : Aceramic Neolithic establishment of Mehrgarh I [ 13 ] . The Kachi plain, in Pakistani Balutchistan and the Industry River region offers a wide variety of resources: highlands and lowlands, barley and wheat cultivation, goat breeding, exploitation of flint nodules, hunting, easy passages to Central Asia. An agricultural civilization develops with barley as the main cereal. The progressive evolution of the composition of plant remains and animals found in Mehrgarh suggests an autonomous development of agriculture (wheat and local barley, cotton attested around 5500 of. J.-C. [ 14 ] ) and breeding (zebu, goat, sheep) [ 15 ] . Manufacture of blades, microliths, polished axes, grinding wheels and bone tools. Importing Lapis-Lazuli, sea shells and Iran and Badakhstan turquoise.
  • Between 7000 and 4500 of. J.-C. : agricultural communities settle in the vast territory of Vindhya hills, south of the Ganges plain, where one could find an abundance of raw materials, domesticable animals and crop plants, included. The culture of wild rice is identified in Lahuradewa (in) , in the east of Uttar Pradesh, in the central valley of the Ganges, around 6400 of. J.-C. ; The site, occupied for 9000 of. J.-C. , provides the oldest proof of the manufacture of ceramics in South Asia around 7000 of. J.-C. [ 16 ] . Les Villages de Other Chamo (in) you are not koldihwa (in) , on the Belan river, bring together huts in shelves and cobs and enclosures for livestock (zebu, sheep, goats). The Koldihwa site delivers three Neolithic dates (6570 ± 210, 5440 ± 240 and 4530 ± 185 of. J.-C. ). The cultures identified in Koldihwa and Mahagara include rice, barley, wheat, legumes, sesame and millet [ 17 ] . The transition accelerates the transition from a picking-chase economy to an agricultural majority economy (culture and breeding). The communities are much poorer than in the Kachi plain in Balutchistan, the houses are made of tea towels, clay soils, dug households and little furniture. Seasonal workers, from Vindhya hills are starting to exploit the resources of the alluvial plains of the Ganges valley.
  • Around 7000 of. J.-C. :
    • In Australia, cemetery of the Roonka Flat site, on the Murray River. Twelve tombs are dated 7000 to 4000 of. J.-C. [ 18 ] .
    • In New Guinea Agriculture is attested on the Kuk site by domestication, certainly independent, of several plants (taro, yam, banana, sugar cane) and perhaps pork farming [ 19 ] .
  • Around 6800 of. J.-C. : Introduction of ceramics on the Spirit Cave site in northwestern Thailand. The use of square-herinettes and polished slate knives can indicate the existence of marginal agriculture [ 20 ] . However, plant abundance does not promote its development.
  • 6200-5500 of. J.-C. : Culture of Djeitun in Kope-Dag in southern Turkmenistan. First appearance of ceramics in Central Asia; rectangular houses with one room, presence of six -row barley, fattening and sheep [ 21 ] .

China [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

  • 7000-5000 of. J.-C. : Ancient Neolithic. Development of small villages in the main river basin, favored by a warm and humid climate. They are sometimes limited by a wall or a ditch, with dwellings, storage pits and tombs. Ceramics, abundant, and polished stone tools are developing, but cut stones persist, including microliths. Mooring and grinders are common, effective agricultural production (bird millet, common millet in liao and yellow river basins, rice in those wet of Huai He and Yangzi Jiang. Dogs and pigs are domesticated. The collection of wild food resources continues, and permanent habitats coexist with temporary camps [ 22 ] .
  • Around 7150-4850 of. J.-C. : Culture of Pengtoushan in the average course of Yangzi, north of Hunan, in China [ 23 ] . Picking and hunting are supplemented by a few domesticated animals and the culture of rice during domestication.
  • 7000 to 5700 of. J.-C. : Neolithic establishment of Jiahu and beginning of the culture of Peiligang in Henan [ 24 ] . First testimony to the culture of millet in the yellow river basin. Hawks, stone millstones and their roller, ceramic. Traces of silk were discovered in Jiahu in tombs dated 8,500 years before the present. Coarse weaving tools and bone needles were also uncovered, which could have led to making silk fabrics [ 25 ] . Fl ups in seven holes and shells of turtles engraved with signs, as well as the traces of the oldest known fermented drink, based on rice, honey, hawthorn and grapes, 8,500 years old, have been discovery [ 26 ] .
  • 6500-5500 of. J.-C. : culture from Houli to Shandong, east of in China; Culture of millet and traces of rice, flat wheels, stone and bone tools, sickles, coarse ceramic [ 28 ] .
  • 6200-5000 of. J.-C. : Culture of Dadiwan in Gansu and Shanxi, along the Wei River and the Jing River. Culture of millet, pork and dog breeding, cordée ceramics ( Laoguantai ) [ 28 ] .
  • 6200-5400 of. J.-C. : Culture of Xinglongwa, the oldest Neolithic culture in the northeast of China (Mongolia-interior and Liaoning). The Xinglongwa site delivers semi-buried rectangular houses, storage pits, ceramics, hooks, shovels and cut stone knives, flat wheels, trace of millet culture. The economy remains dominated by picking wild fruit and hunting. Two complete skeletons of adult pork, male and female, were buried in the tomb of a man, the paws linked, with many ceramic objects, stone (microlames), bone and jade, first trace of a mortuary ritual called to spread in northern China [ 29 ] . On the xinglonggou site, semi-buried rectangular houses are arranged in well-ordered rows (millet culture, jade objects) [ 22 ] .

Middle East [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

  • 7000-6600 of. J.-C. : presence of neglected Neolithic cultures in Fars and Kerman, south of Iran (presence of goats); Ceramics appear between 6300 and 5000 in modest establishments (Tell-E Mushki, Tell-E Jari, Tell-E Bakun, Tepe Yahya) which tend to become sedentary and who practice breeding (goats, cattle, sheep) and the ‘agriculture at the same time as hunting and picking [ 30 ] , [ thirty first ] .
  • 6900-6400 of. J.-C. : Ancient Neolithic (period V). Obeid O period in Mesopotamia [ 33 ] .
    • Levant: the trends of the 8th millennium av. AD continue to the 7th. Architecture is changing little. Ceramics are generalized and makes it possible to define creative centers and influence paths, such as Tell Aswad, which could be the starting point for ceramics (globular forms, dark color, glued surface, incised or printed decor) which has Dominated in northern Syria, from Cilicia to the south of Damascus in Tell Ramad (in) . In Palestine, we are witnessing a curious decline: orthogonal architecture disappears in favor of a return to the funds of round huts, sometimes in a pit. Perhaps it reflects the installation of a semi-nomadic population or in the process of sedentarization. In the Euphrates valley and the Syrian desert, arid climatic conditions make economic life are based more on the breeding of the goat and hunting than on agriculture, which is however practiced in the funds of Wet cups and near sources or euphrates. The evolution is different depending on whether one is on the river or in the desert: while the painted ceramics, born at the end of the Millennium VIIIth in Bouqras, on the Euphrates, tends to generalize, El-Kowm, in The desert, retains the “white dishes” of the PPNB while making a great use of plaster [ 33 ] . Pastoral nomadism is developing in the arid areas of Sinai and the Syria desert at the end of the previous Neolithic and at the beginning of the Ancient Neolithic, between the second half of VII It is and the end of WE It is millennium [ 34 ] . It is a vector for the dissemination of Neolithic culture.
    • Umm Dabaghiyah culture west of the tiger in the arid high Mesopotamia. It provides the juxtaposition of two types of architecture: houses of one or two rooms, and bands of juxtaposed cells, most often without relations between them (perhaps silos). The importance given to these cells and the small number of houses in the excavated area (1500 m² out of a total of 8000 m²) leads to wonder if it is indeed a permanent village habitat or rather a kind basic intended to keep foodstuffs under good custody. The hunt for equines seems an important activity, represented on wall frescoes. The bowl is the most frequent ceramic form: on a clear and glossy background, a decor of bands, chevrons and points, painted in red or relief applications is written [ 33 ] .
    • Susiana Archaic II in Zagros [ 33 ] . Appearance of new sites in Khouzistan with a new ceramic called “Susiane”, clear with dark linear patterns. While a more learned agriculture is set up which involves irrigation, great nomadism replaces the small nomadism of previous periods.
  • Around 6750 of. J.-C. : Jarmo site, near Chamchamal, in Kurdistan in Iraq. Appeared from the previous phase, Jarmo’s culture is transformed in period 5 with the appearance of a specific ceramic which we think could have evolved under an influence from the Lorestan. Rectangular houses of several cable pieces, sewing bone, spinning and lines of linen and wool, obsidian, agricultural activities (wheat, barley, lentils, peas, vesces, acorns), domestic goat. Hunting, picking snails. Using burning pebbles to boil the soups and clay ovens. Naked animal and women figurines with abundant flesh [ 35 ] .
  • Around 6750-6500 of. J.-C. : Section is first early intelts. (in) West of Zagros in Iran. Raw brick houses, sheep and goat breeding, baskets made waterproof by bitumen. Burial of the dead under the house of the houses, in the bent and tight position in a mat. Women’s skulls have been artificially distorted [ 35 ] .

Reconstitution of a mural fresco representing a hunt for the aurochs at that Höyük.
  • Around 6500-5700 of. J.-C. : prosperity of the civilization of Çatal Höyük near Konya in Anatolia [ 36 ] . It is the largest village known to this time, famous for the good conservation of its architecture and the presence of murals. The craftsmen of that Höyük make arrow peaks, lance irons and daggers of obsidian and flint, masses of stone weapons, stone and cooked clay figurines, textiles, dishes from wood and ceramic mounted by hand. They also make jewelry (pearls and copper pendants). Thatal Höyük imports wood, Syria flint, copper and shellfish (porcelain of the Red Sea). Around 6500 of. J.-C. appear the first linen textiles, native copper objects (Enments of adornment) [ 37 ] .
  • 6400-5800 of. J.-C. : Neolithic old final in the Levant (period VI) [ 33 ] .
    • Samarra civilization in the north and the center of Mesopotamia. Tell Es-Sawwan on the tiger (periods 6 and 7) and Choga Mami (periods 6, 7 and 8) in the Mandali region are its most representative centers. In Samarra (period 6), ceramics allowed to define this culture: large dishes with a painted decor, dark on a clear, naturalist and geometric background, representing women’s rounds, wind hair, animals, Bucranes, scorpions. Structured housing (raw brick) where the parts communicate by a system in a row and where there are floors. Floor and walls are covered with plaster. Buildings are gathered on a large rectangular area closed by a surrounding wall that a ditch (Tell Es-Sawwan) surrounded by. Channel irrigation techniques: Tiger floods are used to water fields of wheat, oats, barley and linen. Beautiful light beige ceramics, decorated with geometric drawings painted in bright red, brown or purple brown or patterns representing women, birds, fish, stylized antelopes. Terracotta or alabaster statuettes of standing or crouched characters. Human polished stone figurines seem to mark the beginnings of Mesopotamian statuary [ 33 ] .
    • Culture of Obeid I in Lower Mesopotamia, highlighted by the excavation of the Eridu site. Initially, it presents certain affinities with that of Samarra while distinguishing itself clearly: the excavation of the first levels of the Oueili site made it possible to release one of the oldest examples of monumental architecture, a large rectangular room divided into three Trapped by two lines of wooden posts. Ceramics with greenish dough sometimes covered with a white slip, with geometric patterns painted in brown on a light background (cuts, plates, bowls and jars). The adaptation to the clay environment of the alluvial plain, where the stone is extremely rare, is noted by the making of sewn nails (whose function does not appear clearly) and from the cooked clay hawks, intended to replace the flint blades To cut wheat and reeds. However, we find flints in the shape of houes, axes and the obsidian is not absent [ 33 ] .

Fragment of cheeky pottery characteristic of the period of Hassuna, Louvre museum.
    • Culture of Hassuna (period 6 and 7). Following and in the tradition of that of Umm Dabaghiya in high Mesopotamia, but also east of the tiger, the culture of Hassuna is well illustrated by two Sinjar, Yarim Tepe I and Hassuna sites (periods 5, 6 and 7), where we have cleared the same type of architecture as Umm Dabaghiya, but also more elaborate houses like those of Hassuna IV, and a new form of circular habitat with, we think, A dome roof. Large provisions, spherical jars, with a painted or incised decor in hazard fish or triangles, are characteristic of Hassuna. Silos of raw clay, vault oven, ceramic, stone seals in the shape of discs, walls coated with lime and brushed with red, frescoes, cups of albaster [ 33 ] .
    • Susiana Archaic III in Zagros [ 33 ] .
  • Jericho exports salt and bitumen and imports the Obsidian of Anatolia, Turquoises from Sinai, Cauris of the Red Sea [ 38 ] .
  • The use of calculi , Small objects shaped in clay in the shape of a bubble, cone, cylinder or tetrahedron, on the sites of the Near East. They were long considered amulets, until they were realized that they were similar to the content of the 4th millennium clay bubbles, which we looked at as an instrument of accounting [ 33 ] .

Europe [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Trapezoidal arrow reinforcement in flint. Recent Mesolithic (Castelnovian).
  • 6800-5000 of. J.-C. : Second Mesolithic characterized by the production of cut blades with indirect percussion and the generalization of reinforcement of trapezoidal arrows (microliths). The tools diversify: notch or denticulated edges used for scraping (bone, wood); Macrolithic tools persists (flint ax); bone and wood tools of numerous and varied deer (harpoons, sagai points, punches, wild boar caninees); work of wood attested by brands on flint tools (arches, floors, paddle, canoes, sled patins); basketry (Pannier fragment discovered in Noyen-sur-Seine) [ 44 ] .
  • 6570 of. J.-C. : satisfied preinemairs from Aragua, near Bonifacio in Corsica. Delight (phoque mine phone, prolongue ). Possible proto-breeding of goats and suiders (disputed) [ 45 ] .

Search of an ancient Neolithic house in Nea Nikomedeia.
  • 6500-6000 of. J.-C. : Ancient Neolithic (Proto-Sesklo) in the Balkan Peninsula, represented by the Nea Nikomedea site (in) Near Véria in Macedonia-Central. The first European farmers organize themselves in villages of a dozen small quadrangular houses of wood and cobs (5 m side, heated by an earth oven) bringing together 100 or 200 individuals. A larger house occupies the center of the village. Vivrière polyculture quite similar to that of the Near East (barley, wheat, millet, lentils, peas and vesces), breeding (sheep, goats, dogs), ceramics (bowls, jars, vases with annular foot) painted in red or brown ( Chevrons, zigzags, human or animal figures). Anthropomorphic figures and terracotta seals [ forty six ] . The dead are buried inside the village in a fetal position.
  • 6500-5200 of. J.-C. : Bug-Dniester culture (in) develops on the Chernoziom “Black Earth” in Moldova and Ukraine [ 47 ] . Culture of transition to the Neolithic, it adopts ceramics around 6,200 of. J.-C. By its contacts with the Danubian culture of Starčevo-Körös/Criş, cultivates the Engrain, the Starch and the Spelled and practices the breeding of Bovids [ 42 ] .

Sandstone sculpture known as the God-Pisson, Lepenski Vir, 70cm. Around 6300 – 5900 of. J.-C.
  • 6400-5400 of. J.-C. : Permanent occupation of the Lepenski VIR site located on the banks of the Danube at the Ferbia iron show parade, by a village of a hundred people in 22 trapezoidal huts with a central stone household. A larger central house indicates a certain prioritization. Its inhabitants live with fishing, hunting (common deer, deer, auroch, wild pig) and picking. No ceramics, but stone vases. Polished axes and arrow tips, sculptures on large erect pebbles (human faces and geometric shapes). The predation economy gradually gives way to a Neolithic culture of the Starčevo type [ forty six ] .
  • 6400-5400 of. J.-C. : KONGEMOSE CULTURE (Mesolithic hunters) in the south of Scandinavia [ 48 ] .
  • 6200-5800 of. J.-C. : Ancient Neolithic with ceramic printed in southern Italy (Coppa Nevigata site (in) Near Manfredonia in Puglia, dated 6200 of. J.-C. ) and in Sicily (site of the Dell Uzzo cave (it) Near Trapani dated between 6180 ± 80 and 4990 ± 70 of. J.-C. ) [ 49 ] ).
  1. ↑ Murielle Meurisse-Fort, High resolution recording of dunes: handle, northern sea and Atlantic: the role of storms , Paris, Publisbook editions, , 306 p. (ISBN  978-2-7483-4584-1 , Online presentation )
  2. ↑ Alain Foucault, Climatology and paleoclimatology , Dunod, , 320 p. (ISBN  978-2-10-075664-3 , Online presentation )
  3. ↑ Sylvain ozainne, A West African Neolithic: chrono-cultural, economic and environmental framework of the recent Holocene in Dogon country (Mali) , Francfort-sur-le-Main, Africa Magna Verlag, , 259 p. (ISBN  978-3-937248-33-2 , Online presentation )
  4. ↑ Annabelle gallon, Kobadi ceramic styles: comparative analysis and chronocultural implications in the recent Neolithic of the Malian Sahel , vol. 1, Frankffort, Africa magna Vintag, , 319 p. (ISBN  978-3-937248-24-0 , Online presentation )
  5. ↑ Jean-Paul Demoule, The ten forgotten millennia who made history , Fayard, , 320 p. (ISBN  978-2-213-67923-5 , Online presentation )
  6. ↑ Alain entered, « Societies and funeral rites: the Middle Nile (Sudan) from the Neolithic to Islamization », Varies , n O 12, , p. 43-80 ( Online presentation )
  7. ↑ Fred Wendorf et romuald schild, Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara : The Archaeology of Nabta Playa , vol.  1, Springer Science & Business Media, , 707 p. (ISBN  978-1-4615-0653-9 , Online presentation )
  8. ↑ Jean Guillaume , They domesticated plants and animals: Prelude to civilization Versailles, editions that , 480 p. (ISBN  978-2-7592-0892-0 And 2-7592-0892-3 , Online presentation )
  9. ↑ John Stolle, Robert Tykot It Bruce Benz, Histories of Maize in Mesoamerica : Multidisciplinary Approaches , Routledge, , 280 p. (ISBN  978-1-315-42727-0 , Online presentation )
  10. ↑ Dr. Brian Fagan et Nadia Durrani, People of the Earth : An Introduction to World Prehistory , Routledge, , 560 p. (ISBN  978-1-317-34681-4 , Online presentation )
  11. ↑ Michel Bertrand, Jean-Michel Blanquer, Antoine Coppolani, Isabelle Vagnoux, The Americas: from the pre -Columbian to 1830 , vol. 1, Robert Laffont group, , 1380 p. (ISBN  978-2-221-19791-2 , Online presentation )
  12. ↑ Neil Asher Silberman, on. citi , p. 154 .
  13. ↑ Neil Asher Silberman, Alexander A. Bauer, The Oxford Companion to Archaeology , vol. 1, Oup USA, , 2128 p. (ISBN  978-0-19-973578-5 , Online presentation )
  14. ↑ Michelle Jeanguyot, Cotton over time Versailles / Esparon editions , 141 p. (ISBN  978-2-7592-0118-1 , Online presentation )
  15. ↑ Graeme Barker et Candice Goucher, The Cambridge World History. A World with Agriculture, 12,000 BCE–500 CE , vol.  2, Cambridge University Press, (ISBN  978-1-316-29778-0 , Online presentation )
  16. ↑ Colin Renfrew, Paul Bahn, on. citi , p. 1335 .
  17. ↑ (in) Lallanji Gopal et vinod chandra srivastava, History of Agriculture in India, Up to C. 1200 A.D., Partie 1 de History of science, philosophy and culture in Indian civilization , New Delhi, Concept Publishing Company, , 912 p. (ISBN  978-81-8069-521-6 , Online presentation ) , p. 45 .
  18. ↑ M.H.Monroe, ‘ Australia: The Land Where Time Began » , on austhrutime.com ,
  19. ↑ André Lassoudière, The story of the banana tree That , 384 p. (ISBN  978-2-7592-0996-5 , Online presentation )
  20. ↑ Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Paolo Menozzi, Alberto Piazza, The history and geography of human genes , Princeton University Press, , 1059 p. (ISBN  978-0-691-08750-4 , Online presentation )
  21. ↑ Hiebert F.T., «  The kopet dag sequence of early villages in Central Asia », Paleor , vol. 28, n O 2, , p. 25-41 ( Online presentation )
  22. ↑ a et b Jean-Paul Delolnoulez, Dominique Garci, Alain snap, on. citi , p. 202 .
  23. ↑ Anne P. Underhill, A Companion to Chinese Archaeology , John Wiley & Sons, , 664 p. (ISBN  978-1-118-32578-0 , Online presentation )
  24. ↑ Colin Renfrew et Paul Bahn, The Cambridge World Prehistory , Cambridge University Press, , 1892 p. (ISBN  978-1-107-64775-6 , Online presentation )
  25. ↑ (in) Yuxuan gong, li Li, decai gong, hao yin, juzhong zhang, ‘ Biomolecular Evidence of Silk from 8,500 Years Ago » , PLOS one , ( read online , consulted the )
  26. ↑ Anne P. Underhill, on. citi , p. 248 .
  27. ↑ (in) Li liu etxingcan chen, The archaeology of China : from the late paleolithic to the early bronze age , Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, (ISBN  978-0-521-64310-8 , Online presentation )
  28. ↑ a et b Gideon Shelach-Lavi, The Archaeology of Early China , Cambridge University Press, , 392 p. (ISBN  978-0-0221-19689-5 , Online presentation )
  29. ↑ Li liu, xingcan Chen, on. citi , p. 129 .
  30. ↑ (in) Roger Matthews et Hassan Fazeli Nashli, The Neolithisation of Iran : the formation of new societies , Oxford (GB)/London, GB, Oxbow Books, , 296 p. (ISBN  978-1-78297-190-0-0-0 , Online presentation )
  31. ↑ Jean-Paul Delolnoulez, Dominique Garci, Alain snap, on. citi , p. 198 .
  32. ↑ Jean-Paul Demoule, The ten forgotten millennia who made history , Fayard, , 320 p. (ISBN  978-2-213-67923-5 , Online presentation )
  33. ↑ A b c d e f g h i and j Jean-Claude Margueron, The Middle East and ancient Egypt , Hachette Technical Education, , 416 p. (ISBN  978-2-01-140096-3 , Online presentation )
  34. ↑ Hala alarashi, « Pastoral nomadism in the Middle East at the end of the previous Neolithic: Research State », Syria , n O 83, , p. 83-105 ( Online presentation )
  35. ↑ a et b Georges Roux, Mesopotamia. Political, economic and cultural history essay , The threshold, (ISBN  978-2-02-129163-6 , Online presentation )
  36. ↑ Dictionary of prehistoric times: Universalis dictionaries Encyclopaedia universal; , 1321 p. (ISBN  978-2-341-00223-3 , Online presentation )
  37. ↑ Brian M. Fagan, Ancient Lives : An Introduction to Archaeology and Prehistory , Routledge, , 528 p. (ISBN  978-1-317-35027-9 , Online presentation )
  38. ↑ Fernand Brudgel, The Mediterranean: space and history , Flammarion, ( Online presentation )
  39. ↑ Nicolas Cauwe, Pavel Dolukhanov, Pavel Kozlowzki, Paul-Louis Van Berg, The Neolithic in Europe , Armand Colin, , 384 p. (ISBN  978-2-200-24241-1 , Online presentation )
  40. ↑ (in) Julie Rosemary Wileman, Warfare in Northern Europe Before the Romans : Evidence from Archaeology , Barnsley, Pen and Sword, (ISBN  978-1-78159-325-7 , Online presentation )
  41. ↑ (in) Krzysztof Nowicki, Final Neolithic Crete and the Southeast Aegean , Frayon, a guy from Gybbbb & Congg, (ISBN  978-1-61451-037-6 , Online presentation )
  42. ↑ a et b David W. Anthony, The Horse, the Wheel, and Language : How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World , Princeton University Press, , 568 p. (ISBN  978-1-4008-3110-4 , Online presentation )
  43. ↑ Marylène Patou-Mathis, Prehistory of violence and war , Odile Jacob, , 208 p. (ISBN  978-2-7381-7565-6 , Online presentation )
  44. ↑ Jean-Paul Delolnoulez, Dominique Garci, Alain snap, A history of civilizations: how archeology upsets our knowledge , Paris, Éditions la Découverte, , 601 p. (ISBN  978-2-7071-8878-6 , Online presentation ) , p. 151
  45. ↑ Jean-Louis Vernet, First peasant communities in the western Mediterranean: Proceedings of the International CNRS conference (Montpellier, April 26-29, 1983) , CNRS Éditions, (ISBN  978-2-271-07866-7-7 , Online presentation )
  46. ↑ a et b Marcel eight, Protohistory , Brussels/Paris, of superior Boeck, , 382 p. (ISBN  978-2-8041-5923-8 , Online presentation )
  47. ↑ (in) Christoph Baumer, The History of Central Asia : The Age of the Steppe Warriors , vol. 1, London, I.B.tauris, , 372 p. (ISBN  978-1-78076-060-5 , Online presentation )
  48. ↑ Theron Douglas Price, Ancient Scandinavia : An Archaeological History from the First Humans to the Vikings , Oxford University Press, , 560 p. (ISBN  978-0-19-023197-2-2 , Online presentation )
  49. ↑ Jan G. P. Best, Nanny M. W. de Vries, Interaction and Acculturation in the Mediterranean : Proceedings of the Second International Congress of Mediterranean Pre- and Protohistory, Amsterdam, 19-23 November 1980 , vol.  1, John Benjamins Publishing, , 221 p. (ISBN  978-90-6032-194-2-2 , Online presentation )

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