Attention economy – Wikipedia

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L’ attention economy is a branch of economic and management sciences which deals with attention and its control as of a rare resource by resting economic theories in order to problematize “the functioning of markets in which the offer is abundant (and therefore economically devalued) and the rare resource becomes the time and attention of consumers ” [ first ] . In this context, the level of attention from which an object is entered is a source of valuation: the products of the overabundance of the offer (digital, radio, television content, etc.) are those which, offered at very little Most of the time, consume the attention now limited by this same overabundance, and the objects that are invested with it gain value.

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According to Yves Citton, the challenges of the attention economy are glimpsed from the start of XX It is century [ 2 ] . The sociologist Gabriel Tarde then formulates the very first reflections around an economy of attention, noting that industrial overproduction requires forms of advertisements which can “stop attention, fix it on the thing offered” [ 3 ] .

In 1971, researcher Herbert Simon, future “Nobel Prize in economics”, formulated the concept in more precise terms [ 4 ] :

“In a world rich in information, the abundance of information leads to the shortage of another resource: rarity becomes what information consumes. What the information consumes is quite obvious: it is the attention of its recipients. So an abundance of information creates a scarcity of attention and the need to effectively distribute this attention among the overabundance of sources of information that can consume it ”

Simon’s quote is present in almost all writings on the economy of attention, but it is necessary, according to Agnès Festré and Pierre Garrouste, to put it back in the context of the thought of its author [ 5 ] . Simon is interested in the decision -making process with a view to limited rationality, contesting in 1955 economic theories based on rational choices [ 6 ] . Attention is characterized for him by an accent on cogniton (the limits of our attention of attention) and another placed on the structure (the organization guides the attention of individuals). His work also constitutes a part of the basics of artificial intelligence, with the development with colleagues in 1955 of the computer program the logical theorist.

As Festré and Garrouste show in their history of the concept, we meet there “Different authors that are characterized by a strong interest in multidisciplinary approaches and in particular for psychology, organizational sciences, as well as epistemology and philosophy of science” [ 5 ] . There are researchers, essayists and practitioners from various disciplines: literary, psychologists, cogniticians, sociologists, philosophers, designers, researchers in marketing or even information and communication sciences.

Among the pioneers, we can cite Friedrich Hayek and his first works on sensory order and our classification capacities [ 7 ] , [ 5 ] . Plus Resignment, Georg Franck (in) [ 8 ] , Michael Goldhaber [ 9 ] , Thomas H. Davenport et J. C. Beck [ ten ] , Josef Falkinger [ 11 ] , Richard Lanham  (in) [ twelfth ] , Emmanuel Kessous [ 13 ] and Yves Citton [ 14 ] , [ 2 ] in particular made their contribution to refine the concept.

In the general public, the advent of the attention economy was popularized by the controversy which followed the speech of Patrick Le Lay which, speaking of the business model of the French television channel, TF1, launched :: “What we sell to Coca-Cola is available human brain time” [ 15 ] . At a time of digital social networks, a formula often repeated with different variants makes it indirectly reference: “If it’s free, it’s that you are the product” [ 16 ] .

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Two publications made, in 2014, a critical review of the writings on the economy of attention: a thematic number of the journal Œconomia [ 17 ] and a book coordinated by Yves Citton [ 14 ] .

Andreas Hefti and Stevan Heinke present an overview of economic theories based on overabundant information and rare attention [ 18 ] . They propose to differentiate the attention directed by objectives of that led by stimulus. To explain it, they take the example of an investor reading a newspaper. He will have to share his time between reading the newspaper and other tasks. In reading the newspaper, he can favor the headings he knows how to provide him with information useful to his decisions and thus weighs the time allocated to readings according to the expected advantages. In this case, this is the attention led by the objectives. But catchy titles, images, information highlighted by boxes can draw its attention and have an impact on the orientation and the duration of its reading, it is then a attention piloted by stimulus. This difference allows authors to build a model of representing the operator’s choices according to the scarcity of attention and that of information according to situations and to classify the contributions of the various economists on the issue. They note, to regret it, that a large part of classical economic literature which studies the rarity of attention is based on attention controlled by objectives.

Emmanuel Kessous and his colleagues emphasize that the economy of attention takes two opposite paths [ 19 ] :

“We can distinguish two parallel paths of implementation in the real economy of the concept of attention according to the original discipline from which theorists and practitioners work. The first, which is based on the cognitive sciences, aims to design devices that allow individuals to better manage their attentions and in a way to “protect” them. This is a first sense of the postulate of attention as a rare resource: to save attention is first of all not to waste it and allocate it effectively. The second, which mobilizes economy and marketing work, tries to “value” attention as economists would do for all other rare resources: it is a question of finding the economic model which makes it possible to extract from the value. »»

They notice in the conclusion of their article [ 19 ] : “Despite the formalization efforts of certain authors, the attention economy appears more as an” incantatory “formula than a well -structured research field. »»

Attention and operation of the markets [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

In a Marxist orientation, Dallas W. Smythe was one of the first to highlight in 1977 the notion of audience in the media [ 20 ] . For him, time out of work, if he has not spent sleeping, is sold as market share to advertisers: it is a share of audience, which fulfills a marketing function and thereby contributes to the production and reproduction of the workforce.

Josef Falkinger is a classic economist who has studied markets in a situation where attention is limited [ 21 ] . It has built a model in which companies are in competition in their information issuing to attract the attention of consumers. He notes that a market balance is impossible because of the limits of consumers’ attention and offers, to remedy it, to tax advertisements.

Jean Tirole introduced the concept of a biface market to account in particular of the media economy where it involves offering both advertising medium to advertisers and informative or distractive content to readers, listeners, viewers, Internet users that must also be seduced. Contents are offered to the recipient market while feeding that of attention that is offered to advertisers. Biface markets have specificities, especially on the constitution of prices or even concentrations by a snowball effect [ 22 ] .

Cognition and attention regimes [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Questions about the concentration of a task and the means to promote it by limiting distraction are very old. Since the IN It is century, monks in Europe have noticed that “The more mnemonic devices were bizarre, the easier the strangeness was to find and more captivating to think when it” came back “to look at them” [ 23 ] , prefiguring the attention economy.

The cognitive sciences recently lit up the brain springs of attention [ 24 ] . Jean-Philippe Lachaux has shown that our action choices were passing through our brain through three systems: habits, the award circuit and the executive system [ 25 ] . The first is a detection system that makes it possible to identify objects according to our previous knowledge. The second links the object to a sensation, it gives it a note, more or less good. The third regulates the impulses produced by the first two systems by formalizing and memorizing punctual actions in the form: “If I perceive this, then I have to react like this” [ 25 ] . Systems are not always aligned and frequently conflict. The executive system wins by imposing the concentration on a task, but we are also often distracted by the signals which activate the other two systems. Advertisers have understood this.

To complicate the situation, we rarely have one goal at a time. The executive system must make choices between different potentially important tasks. The brain economy of attention is then subject to the dilemma of the golden researcher: should we exploit the vein on which we are or to look for another richer? Should we stay focused at the risk of letting significant information pass?

This dilemma is particularly strong in smartphone owners given the emotional and informational investment it represents, as shown by a study [ 26 ] , [ 27 ] . The simple presence of a smartphone near a person accustomed to using it can have an unfavorable effect on their cognitive capacity, their available memory and its functional intelligence devoted to a specific task. Nicholas G. Carr in a provocative book [ 28 ] Consider that the cognitive overload induced by the Internet leads to difficulties of concentration for Internet users, making in particular difficult reading reflection.

Daniel Kahneman also insisted on cognitive biases induced by our attention capacities and therefore on the limit of rational choices in economic analysis. He presents in a famous book [ 29 ] The dichotomy between two modes of thought: system 1 (rapid, instinctive and emotional) and system 2 (slower, more thoughtful and more logical).

In a more sociological and mediological orientation, Dominique Boullier proposes to distinguish several regimes of attention to approach the economy of attention. He places them on a « boussole » Composed of two perpendicular axes. The vertical axis puts loyalty in opposition, which attaches us with a ritual or a habit to a belief, with the alert that challenges us. The horizontal axis confronts the projection, which allows us to anticipate, to program by plans or cards for example, with the immersion where we plunge into an existing device as a video game. According to the author, our attention is in tension between these four poles from which its economy is played out [ 30 ] .

Nicolas Auray suggested that digital technology and especially video games had emerged a new attentional diet: curious exploration [ thirty first ] . This specifies the modalities:

“While being receptive to multiple focus, dispersion of attention, multi-activity, nevertheless manages to structure the attention on the long duration on a kind of” red thread “. »»

Attention et design [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Two authors proposed analyzes based better attention management on a formal organization of information: an architect, Richard Saul Wurman (in) , and a professor of history of rhetoric Richard A. Lanham (in) .

The first worries in 1989 what he called the information anxiety [ 32 ] , anxiety produced by too much information, “By the always growing ditch between what we understand and what we think we must understand” . To remedy this, Wurman is one of the first to offer the concept of information architecture, in 1975 [ 33 ] , [ 34 ] .

Lanham, on the other hand, rejects the idea that the economy of attention depends on the prioritization of information. For him, “The devices that regulate attention are stylistic devices” [ twelfth ] . The design is then essential because it builds “The interface where the substance meets style. The design of a product invites us to take care of it in a certain way, to lend it a certain type of attention ” . He then considers that real attention economists are not in the departments of economics of universities, but in those of the arts and letters which study the way in which attention is oriented [ 19 ] .

As for design practitioners, the popularization of design methods of the user experience, or designer UX, has led to integrating the attention. The concept was initiated by Donald Norman [ 35 ] , the same who, with his colleague Tim Shallice, proposed in 1980 a theoretical framework explaining the attentional control of the executive functioning in cognitive sciences.

The success of these methods with digital companies has led to practices aimed at capturing user attention. A standford researcher, B. J. Fogg (in) even proposed to create a new discipline: captology [ 36 ] , [ 37 ] . In 2016, Tristan Harris, a designer of the Google firm, left his employer to “Work to reform the attention of attention from a non-commercial perspective” [ 38 ] , [ 39 ] . It contributes to the foundation of the Time Well Spent movement.

Notoriety and valuation of attention [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Two researchers put the search for notoriety at the center of the attention economy: Georg Franck [ 8 ] et Michael Goldhaber [ 9 ] . From this perspective, attention becomes a general equivalent, such as money, and can accumulate.

For the first, “The attention of others is the most irresistible of drugs. Its acquisition eclipses any other kind of income ” [ 8 ] . For his demonstration, he takes the main example of the media, but he widens it to the whole economy, speaking of a “Mental capitalism” of which the media would be the equivalent of banks in the monetary economy [ 40 ] . The second affirms by relying mainly on the digital economy “As in a monetary economy where almost everyone must have money to survive, attention is a prerequisite for survival, and it is actually much more fundamental than money” [ 9 ] .

This conception refers to the concept of renown, notoriety, reputation. Its cumulative effect was studied a long time ago in the field of science by sociologist Robert K Merton under the name of Effect Matthieu [ 41 ] . The digital economy being largely based on the exploitation of hyperlinks, it is natural that the construction of reputation, baptized e-reputation, or simply that of digital identity, are put forward. These concepts have given rise to numerous works both in sociology and marketing.

Capture of attention and persuasion [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Thomas H. Davenport and J. C. Beck have a utilitarian conception of the attention economy. It is a question of putting it at the service of companies, either to attract the attention of consumers, or to control the attention of employees [ ten ] . For them attention is a “Mental focus on an informational item” which will lead to an action. From a managerial perspective, they consider that control of attention is decisive for commercial success.

Without going back to rhetoric, we can say that all modern persuasion techniques, from the factory of the consent of Edwards Bernays [ 42 ] Until today’s commercial advertising through marketing [ 43 ] , are based on a capture of attention.

More generally following Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, a new branch of behavioral economy has emerged, based on the cognitive limits of individuals. In particular, nudge techniques aim to guide the behavior of individuals without constraining them.

Bernard Stiegler, in an approach reminiscent of the Frankfurt school, Note: “It is from the moment when attention is channeled by the cultural industries that the toxicity of its capture is truly posed” [ 44 ] . He calls into question « psychotechnologies » that short-circuit attention. Before him, Noam Chomsky and Edward S. Herman had denounced in a controversial book the role of the media in the manufacture of consent [ 45 ] .

Attention metrics and traces [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

By analyzing the algorithms operating on the web, Dominique Cardon identifies four ways to classify information: popularity, authority, reputation and prediction [ forty six ] . The data that measures them are, each time, traces left by the attention of the Internet user: views, links, likes, traces (logs). And the calculations they give rise represent different possible attentional metrics: audience measures, pagerank, number of friends, recommendation.

For Emmanuel Kessous, we went with the web of segmentation marketing to traces marketing [ 47 ] . He adds : “The saving of internet platforms is a sort of on an implicit exchange between a free and personalized service and attention deposits” .

Ecology and City of attention [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Two authors have attempted a synthesis and overcoming different analyzes of the attention economy: Yves Citton [ 2 ] and Emmanuel Kessous [ 13 ] . Both sought to resolve the tension between collective enrichment and the commercial exploitation of the value created by the exchange of attention.

The first from a very broad and critical perspective, invites you to go beyond the economy of attention to go towards an ecology of attention [ 2 ] . He insists on the collective nature of attention, both in the technical and economic devices put in place to guide it and capture it to derive commercial profit and, more colloquially, in its joint form in interpersonal relations. He suggests taking control in the face of an exploitation of attention by a capitalist economy to “Make us better attentive to each other as well as to environmental challenges (climatic and social)” .

Emmanuel Kessous, taking up the approach of Luc Boltanski and Laurent Thévenot on the economies of grandeur, proposes to found a new “city of attention”. The cities of justification in this approach found the values ​​that allow actors to agree on a common set. The city of attention would be built on a general principle: “receive and control attention (from others and its own)” [ 13 ] .

The economy of attention affects the entire economic activity insofar as it is involved in the operation of the markets. However, certain sectors are more directly impacted.

Media and web [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Many authors take the media, press, radio, television, social networks, as the main illustration of the attention economy [ 8 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 20 ] , [ 9 ] . In a critical book Tim Wu presents a history of the media from the angle of the attention economy [ 48 ] . He considers that the operation of this market represents a challenge for regulation, in particular since the development of social networks and proposes to regulate new “Attention brokers” [ 49 ] by a modification of anti-trust procedures.

Web development has popularized the concept of attention economics. Michael Goldhaber was one of the first to highlight its importance in digital technology, in particular for search engines and social networks [ 9 ] . L’expression “If it’s free, it’s that you are the product” [ 16 ] has become common to qualify commercial access methods on the web.

Advertising is a form of mass communication, the aim of which is to fix the attention of a targeted target (consumer, user, user, voter, etc. ) in order to encourage him to adopt a desired behavior: purchase of a product, election of a political figure, incentive to saving energy, etc.

Science [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Georg Franck applied his approach to the economy of attention to the economy of science [ 50 ] . For him, this can be described as:

“An economy in which researchers invest their own attention to attract that of others. In this perspective, scientific communication is a market where information is exchanged to attract attention. »»

Robert Merton underlined the capitalization of attention on a small number of scientific work [ 41 ] . Eugène Garfield has precisely measured the phenomenon by counting quotes in scientific articles thanks to Scientometry and organized its transactions by founding the Institute for Scientific Information whose founders of Google were inspired to define the classification of responses to the engine According to the pagerank [ 51 ] .

Dangers for mental health [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

The economy of attention will tend to exploit the cognitive biases of the user. Thus, content provoking violent negative emotions will have the double function of making the user addicted and awakening his attention to the possible advertising that will follow, which is likely to deteriorate the mental health of the latter, which can go from the ‘mental exhaustion until depression [ 52 ] .

Dangers for democracy [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

By favoring content provoking violent emotions, the media and social networks will tend to highlight hateful content and encourage harassment, which would ultimately push users to turn to populist ideologies and marginalized users to self -censor [ 53 ] , [ 54 ] . In addition, some advertisers can put pressure on the media concerned by threatening to withdraw its advertisements, therefore to negatively impact its income, if the latter publishes content contrary to their interests or their ideology, content providers will then be tempted to self -censor [ 55 ] .

Disinformation [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

A media could be tempted to neglect the verification of the information he publishes and takes into account only his potential profitability, even if it means making disinformation [ 55 ] .

  1. ↑ Music and digital: Is the Myspace economy favorable to creation? Daniel Kaplan, InternetActu 12/04/07
  2. ↑ A B C and D Citton, Yves, (1962- …). , For an ecology of attention , Paris, ed. du Threshold, DL 2014, cop. 2014, 312 p. (ISBN  978-2-02-118142-5 And 2021181421 , OCLC  892725761 , read online )
  3. ↑ Jean Marie Tremblay , ‘ Gabriel Tarde, Economic Psychology. First volume. Paris: Félix Alcan, publisher, 1902 » , on text , (consulted the )
  4. ↑ H. Simon ” Designing Organizations for an Information-Rich World “, in M. Grennberger, Computer, communications and the public interest . Baltimore MD : The Johns Hopkins Press, 1971, p. 37-72
  5. ↑ A B and C (in) Agnès Festré and stone Garrouste , ‘ The ‘Economics of Attention’: A History of Economic Thought Perspective » , Œconomia. History, Methodology, Philosophy , n you 5-1, , p. 3–36 (ISSN  2113-5207 , DOI  10.4000 / economia.1139 , read online , consulted the )
  6. ↑ Herbert A. Simon « A Behavioral Model of Rational Choice », The Quarterly Journal of Economics , vol. 69, n O 1, , p. 99 (DOI  10,2307/1884852 , read online , consulted the )
  7. ↑ F. A. Hayek , The Sensory Order , University of Chicago Press, , 209 p. (ISBN  978-0-26-32094-6 And 9780226321301 , read online )
  8. ↑ A B C and D Franck Georg, “Chapter 2. Attention economy”, in: Yves Citton ed., Attention economy. New horizon of capitalism? Paris, La Découverte, “Sciences Humaines”, 2014, p. 55-72.
  9. ↑ A B C D and E Michael H. Goldhaber « The attention economy and the Net », First Monday , vol. 2, n O 4, (DOI  10.5210/fm.v2i4.519 , read online , consulted the )
  10. ↑ a et b Davenport, Thomas H., 1954- , The attention economy : understanding the new currency of business , Harvard Business School Press, (ISBN  1-57851-441-X , 9781578514410 And 1578518717 , OCLC  45583388 , read online )
  11. ↑ a et b (in) Josef Falkinger , ‘ Attention Economies » , CESifo Working Paper Series No. 1079 , , p. 43 ( read online , consulted the )
  12. ↑ a et b Lanham, Richard A. , The economics of attention : style and substance in the age of information , University of Chicago Press, (ISBN  0-26-46882-8 , 9780226468822 And 9780226468679 , OCLC  61253902 , read online )
  13. ↑ A B and C Kessous, Emmanuel. , Attention to the world: sociology of personal data in the digital age , Paris, Armand Colin, , 315 p. (ISBN  978-2-200-28055-0 And 2200280556 , OCLC  826849887 , read online )
  14. ↑ a et b Citton, Yves, (1962- …).,, , The new horizon attention economy of capitalism? , Paris, La Découverte, impr. 2014, cop. 2014, 320 p. (ISBN  978-2-7071-7870-1 And 2707178705 , OCLC  881708057 , read online )
  15. ↑ “What we sell to Coca-Cola is available human brain time” , L’Expansion – L’Express , July 9, 2004.
  16. ↑ a et b InternetAct.net , ‘ When you do not see the service, you are the product! » , on InternetAct.net (consulted the )
  17. ↑ (in) ‘ The Economics of Attention » , Œconomia 5-1 , (consulted the )
  18. ↑ (in) Andreas Staple and Steve Heinke , ‘ On the economics of superabundant information and scarce attention » , Œconomia. History, Methodology, Philosophy , n you 5-1, , p. 37–76 (ISSN  2113-5207 , DOI  10.4000 / economia.1104 , read online , consulted the )
  19. ↑ A B and C Moustafa Zouinar , Kevin Next to and Emmanuel Kessous « Attention economy: between protection of cognitive resources and value extraction », Sociology of work , vol. 52, n O 3, , p. 359–373 (DOI  10.1016/J.Socctra.2010.06.009 , read online , consulted the )
  20. ↑ a et b D.W. Smythe, «  Communications: Blindspot of Western Marxism », Canadian Journal of Political and Society Theory , vol. first, n O 3, 1977, p. 1–28; Rééd. In T. Guback, Counterclockwise: Perspectives on Communication , p. 266-291 (1994)
  21. ↑ (in) Josef Falkinger , ‘ Limited Attention as a Scarce Resource in Information-Rich Economies » , Economic Journal , Social Science Research Network, vol. 118, n O 532, , p. 1596-1620 ( read online , consulted the )
  22. ↑ THE Echos , ‘ Specificities of bifaces markets: more caution in the evaluation of the unilateral effects of a merger? » , on lesechos.fr , (consulted the )
  23. ↑ (in) ‘ How to reduce digital distractions: advice from medieval monks – Jamie Kreiner | Aeon Ideas » , on Aeon (consulted the )
  24. ↑ Lachaux, Jean-Philippe, , Attentive brain: control, control and letting go , Paris, O. Jacob, dl 2013, 384  p. (ISBN  978-2-7381-2927-7-7 And 2738129277 , OCLC  835368519 , read online )
  25. ↑ a et b Lachaux Jean-Philippe, “Chapter 5. The brain economy of attention”, in: Yves Citton ed., Attention economy. New horizon of capitalism? Paris, La Découverte, “Sciences Humaines”, 2014, p. 109-120.
  26. ↑ Adrian F. Ward , Kristen Duke , Ayelet Gneezy it mashes W. Bos « Brain Drain: The Mere Presence of One’s Own Smartphone Reduces Available Cognitive Capacity », Journal of the Association for Consumer Research , vol. 2, n O 2, , p. 140–154 (ISSN  2378-1815 , DOI  10.1086/691462 , read online , consulted the )
  27. ↑ Out There , ‘ Do smartphones make us stupid? » , on Outthere (consulted the )
  28. ↑ Carr, Nicholas G., 1959- ( trad. from English), Does the Internet make it stupid? : relearn to read and think in a fragmented world , Paris, Robert Laffont, , 312 p. (ISBN  978-2-222-221-12443-7-7 And 222112443X , OCLC  779878729 , read online )
  29. ↑ Kahneman, Daniel, 1934-… And Normandie broken impr.) ( trad. from English), System 1, system 2: the two speeds of thought , Paris, Flammarion, impr. 2012, 555 p. (ISBN  978-2-08-121147-6 And 2081211475 , OCLC  820660292 , read online )
  30. ↑ Dominique Boullier « Mediology of attention regimes », In Yves Citton, the attention of attention. New horizon of capitalism?, Discovery , , p. 84–108 ( read online , consulted the )
  31. ↑ Auray, N., 2013. The contribution of video games to the formation of a new attention regime: curious exploration. In: Berry, V., Labelle, S. (EDS), Critical approaches on the serious games. Editions Theoretical Questions, Paris.
  32. ↑ Wurman, Richard Saul, 1935- , Information anxiety (ISBN  978-0-385-24394-0 , 0-385-24394-4 And 0553348566 , OCLC  18442022 , read online )
  33. ↑ Bradford, Peter, 1936- , Wurman, Richard Saul, 1935- And Graphis Press Corp. , Information architects , Graphis Press Corp, (ISBN  3-85709-458-3 , 9783857094583 And 1888001380 , OCLC  34381938 , read online )
  34. ↑ (in) Richard Saul Wurman It Joel Catz, ‘ Beyond Graphics. The Architecture of Information » , Journal of the American Institute of Architects (JAIA) , , p. 40- ( read online )
  35. ↑ (in) Norman, Donald A. , The design of everyday things , Cambridge (Mass.), MIT press, , 347 p. (ISBN  978-0-465-05065-9 , 0465050654 And 046500394X , OCLC  849801329 , read online )
  36. ↑ Fogg, B. J. , Persuasive Technology : Using Computers to Change What We Think and Do , Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, , 312 p. (ISBN  978-0-08-047994-1 , 0080479944 And 9781281049278 , OCLC  154232343 , read online )
  37. ↑ Eyal, Nir Morechay (1970 –…). And Deschamps, Pascale-Marie (1963-….). , Hooked: how to create a product or service that anchors habits , Paris, Eyrolles (ISBN  978-2-212-57093-9 And 2212570937 , OCLC  1054361162 , read online )
  38. ↑ (En-Eu) ‘ Tristan Harris – Ethics of Social Impact for Technologists » (consulted the )
  39. ↑ Honour Karapinar , ‘ How the technology pirate the minds of people » , on Medium , (consulted the )
  40. ↑ Georg Franck and Christophe Sneaky « Mental capitalism », Multitudes , vol. 54, n O 3, , p. 199 (ISSN  0292-0107 And 1777-5841 , DOI  10.3917/much.054.0199 , read online , consulted the )
  41. ↑ a et b Robert K. Merton, « The Matthew Effect » , Science , vol. 159, n O 3810, 1968, pp. 56-63
  42. ↑ ‘ At the origin of false news, the unknown influence of Edward Bernays » , on France Culture , (consulted the )
  43. ↑ Cochoy, Franck. , Capturing audiences: it is to better seduce you, my client– , Toulouse, University Press of Mirail, , 297 p. (ISBN  2-85816-726-5 And 9782858167265 , OCLC  300266541 , read online )
  44. ↑ Stiegler Bernard, “Chapter 6. Attention, between restricted economy and collective individuation”, in: Yves Citton ed., Attention economy. New horizon of capitalism? Paris, La Découverte, “Sciences Humaines”, 2014, p. 121-135.
  45. ↑ Chomsky, Noam, 1928-… , Cotton, Frédéric. , Eugène, Benoît, 1969 -… And Impr. Horizon) ( trad. from English), The manufacture of consent: from media propaganda to democracy , Marseille, Agone, Impr. 2008, 653 p. (ISBN  978-2-7489-0072-9 And 2748900723 , OCLC  470979806 , read online )
  46. ↑ Cardon, Dominique. , To which algorithms are dreaming of: our lives at the time of the big data , Paris, Seuil, DL 2015, cop. 2015, 105 p. (ISBN  978-2-02-127996-2 And 2021279960 , OCLC  925534996 , read online )
  47. ↑ Emmanuel Kessous, Attention economy and trace marketing , Proceedings of the “Social Web, virtual communities and consumption” conference 79 It is International ACFAS Congress, Public Relations Chair and Marketing Communication – UQAM, University of Sherbrooke, May 11, 2011.
  48. ↑ Wu, team, , The Attention Merchants : The Epic Scramble to Get Inside Our Heads , , 432 p. (ISBN  978-0-8041-7004-8 And 0804170045 , OCLC  970680884 , read online )
  49. ↑ Wu, team, Blind Spot: The Attention Economy and the Law (March 26, 2017). Antitrust Law Journal, Forthcoming.
  50. ↑ (in) Georg Franck , ‘ The scientific economy of attention: A novel approach to the collective rationality of science » , Scientometrics , vol. 55, n O 1, , p. 3–26 (ISSN  1588-2861 , DOI  10.1023/A:1016059402618 , read online , consulted the )
  51. ↑ (En-Eu) A. R. News , ‘ Eugene Garfield – 1925-2017 – a life of impact » , on Annual Reviews News , (consulted the )
  52. ↑ ‘ And twitter then? – Portfolio of Maïtané Lenoir » , on www.maiwann.net (consulted the )
  53. ↑ ‘ Meta (Facebook, Instagram) caught in anti-LGBT advertising » , on https://tetu.com/ (consulted the )
  54. ↑ ‘ Should internet be regulated? (1/2) » , on The quadrature of the net , (consulted the )
  55. ↑ a et b (in) Goofy , ‘ No longer endure the ad on the web » , on Framablog , (consulted the )

Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

  • Yves Citton (dir.), The economy of attention: new horizon of capitalism? , Paris, Éditions La Découverte, 2014 (ISBN  2707182966 )
  • Yves Citton, For an ecology of attention , Paris, Éditions du Seuil, coll. “The color of ideas”, 2014 (ISBN  9782021181425 )
  • Emmanuel Kessous, Attention to the world: sociology of personal data in the digital age , Paris, Éditions Armand Colin, coll. “Research”, 2012 (ISBN  9782200280550 )
  • National Digital Council, Your attention please ! What levers in the face of the attention economy? , 2022 
(ISBN  978-2-11-167846-0 )

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