Vill Galolo-Ramaine — Wikipedia
THE Gallo-Roman cities are all the cities located on the territory of Gaul, inspired by the Roman model following the conquest of Gaul by Julius Caesar and his successors.
Before the conquest by César in 58 BC. J.-C. [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
At a request for Massalia in 125 BC. AD, legions cross the Alps to engage in large-scale campaigns in Gaul. A vast territory falls under the orbit of Rome, the Gallia Transalpina . and its collar (Marseille) is a Greek colony founded by Phocaea around 600 BC. J.-C .. It plays an important role in the western Mediterranean. Massalia has created colonies (or counters) in Iberia and in the South of Gaul. Ancient authors only overlap on these five cities for the south of Gaul: Gathé (Agde), Tauroeis (Le BUSC), Olbia (l’Almanarre), Antipolis (Antibes) and Nikaia (Nice). Only the Olbia site has been the subject of real archaeological excavations [ first ] .
Roman creations [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Rome founded a colony on the current city of Narbonne in 118 BC. AD, called Narbo Marcus (which may be installed on the native city of Naro). We can also cite Lyon Covenant which is founded by Pompey in 72 BC. At the end of its campaigns against Santorius.
From Caesar to Augustus [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
It was after the end of the Gaul War that the Gallo-Roman city fully appeared, but it was also at this time that urban habitat developed in Gaul.
After Auguste [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Archaeologists have little data concerning the environment of Gallo-Roman cities. For example, we know very little the afforestation and hydrography (which have changed since that time). The Gallo-Roman city is only approached by thin epigraphic sources and what the chance of excavations allows us to glimpse; It is impossible to have an overview of the diversity of cities as we can have from our cities today. In addition, it is very difficult to appreciate the evolutionary character of the different cities (for example the passage of wooden constructions to stone constructions).
Construction techniques are also well known. It has long been thought that the Romans had brought and widely disseminated a revolutionary masonry technique: the I need the caution . But recent research shows that at the beginning this technique was only used for public buildings. Private dwellings were always built according to protohistoric methods: dry mounted walls, tea towels and use of wood at least until the end of the first third of our era.
The surroundings of the city [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The ramparts are quite rare during the High Empire period; They remain the privilege of colonies. At the Lower Empire, they develop in number following the Germanic raids of the end of III It is century. These are large -scale works, built with care, inducing a drastic withdrawal of the urban fabric confined in a few dozen hectares. All cities have undergone this metamorphosis: from an urban point of view, it is the birth certificate of the medieval city.
In the immediate vicinity of the cities, are the necropolises, who belted the urban space. They are one of the safest ways for archeology to delimit ancient urban space.
Public monuments [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The forum [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The forum is the center of the Gallo-Roman city. Imported directly from Rome, it takes a tripartite form in most cases. It consists of a place, a basilica (often accompanied by a curia) and a temple.
The forum Warmly represents one of the important roles of the Gallo-Roman city: in addition to being a meeting and democracy place, it is also the place where judicial decisions are made. Citizens can meet, discuss and trade in their place.
Two forums of the Augustan era are particularly well searched: it is the forum of Ruscino and that of Glanum.
If the forum is the brand of the Romanization of a site, it also represents veneration towards Rome and its emperors.
The forum has no real correspondence in our modern cities. It is a poly-functional place in essence.
I am temples [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
There are several types of temples in Roman Gaul. The most common are the temples for civic worship, that is to say the official worship of the Empire. One can think of the square house of Nîmes which is one of the best preserved monuments in Gaul.
The second type of temple we meet is Fana or Fanum. The temples of Celtic tradition are called. They are organized on a centered, square or in a circle plan, surrounded by a gallery (it could be that it has a function in the cult).
Later, the mithraism gained momentum in Gaul, especially among people in arms. A very particular type of temple was associated with this type of religion. These are buried temples (a sort of cave symbolically representing that where Mithra killed the lion). These temples are called Mithraeum .
Water monuments [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Aqueducts [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The Roman aqueducts used the simple force of gravity to transport water: it was enough to give a slight drop to the pipes so that the water flows towards its destination. The downside was that to cross a hill, it was necessary either to bypass it or to dig a tunnel; Likewise, to pass a valley, you had to build a bridge or use a siphon. The Roman aqueducts have left many vestiges such as the Gard bridge in France, the aqueduct of Ségovia in Spain, the Carthage aqueduct in Tunisia, the Gorze aqueduct in Metz…
Nevertheless the essentials of the journey of these aqueducts was underground. The aqueduct of Mons in Fréjus, in the Var (41,567 m long, 515 m elevation, 300 l/s), still partially in service, is underground on most of its journey, but passes in bridge- Aqueduct shortly before his arrival in Fréjus so as to keep a height sufficient to power a water tower at the highest point in the city.
Thermal baths [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The thermal baths were public bathing establishments made up of several pools: hot water, lukewarm water, cold water; palestres, etc. Public thermal baths appear at I is century of. J.-C. Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, friend and son -in -law of the Augustus Emperor, would be the cause of the generalization of the construction and attendance of the public thermal baths. The construction of the thermal baths returned to the emperor or his representatives. Operating costs were provided by public finances.
The Romans went to the thermal baths for body hygiene and complete body care. The public thermal baths also had an important social function: they were an integral part of Roman urban life. We were washed there, but we also met friends, we did sports there, we played dice, we cultivated in the libraries, we could deal with business and restore.
For the Romans, the bath represented both a luxury and a necessity. Everyone went there, without distinction of a social class. They were open to men and women, but in different parts and/or at different hours.
Public fountains [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Roman engineers used lead pipes to make water jets by hydraulic load. The excavations of Pompeii have uncovered fountains on feet and basins (monoliths or consisting of stone plates fixed together by metal staples) placed at regular intervals along the streets of the city, supplied by siphoning from pipes lead under the street. They also reveal that the houses of the richest Romans often had a small fountain in the atrium .
Ancient Rome had 39 monumental fountains (some built to honor famous people or to mark major events) and 591 public basins powered by 9 aqueducts, not to mention the water provided to the fountains of the imperial family, to the thermal baths and to owners of villas. Each of the largest fountains was fed by two different aqueducts, in case one was out of use.
Show monuments [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
In France, we found 33 vestiges of amphitheatres . Among these we can mention the arenas of Arles, the arenas of Nîmes, the amphitheater of Saintes, the Roman arenas of Béziers, the amphitheater of Fréjus, the amphitheater of Grand, the amphitheater of three Gaul in Lyon in Lyon , the arenas of Cimiez in Nice, the arenas of Lutèce in Paris, the amphitheater of Périgueux, the Rotomagus amphitheater in Rouen and the amphitheater of Tours.
We also spotted 25 theaters Romans. Among these note those of Arles, Autun, Lyon, Mauves-sur-Loire, Orange, Bouchauds and Vendeuil-Caply.
Private habitats [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The Domus were large urban residences built in the Insulae, according to a Mediterranean plan, around a courtyard or a garden with peristyle, in wood, mud or stone. The decoration was made of murals, mosaics and stucco ceilings.
- 2008 review of the Archaeological Center of Var (CAV), article by Michel Bats with the collaboration of Claire Joncheray, David Ollivier, Réjane Roure, Valérie Salle, Olbia de Provence, Hyères, Var, pp. 31 to 33
Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
- [BEDON 2001] Robert Bedon, The cities of the three Gaul of Caesar in Nero, in their historical, territorial and political context , Picard, .
- [BEDON 2001] Robert Bedon (ed.), Atlas of cities, villages, villages of France in the Roman past , Limoges, Picard, .
- [BEDON 2002] Robert Bedon (ed.), Amoenitas Urbium. The approvals of urban life in Roman Gaul and in neighboring regions , Limo, money, coll. “Caesarodunum” ( n O 35-36), .
- [Coulon 2008] Gérard Coulon, Gallo-Romains , Wandering, .
- [DUBY 1980] Georges Duby (you.), History of urban France. The ancient city , .
- [Ferdière 2004] Alain Ferdière, Ephemeral capitals. City capitals lose their status in late antiquity , coll. “Supplement to the Archaeological review of the center of France »( n O 25), ( read online ) .
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