University of Toulouse – Wikipedia

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L’ University of Toulouse was one of the most important and oldest French medieval universities. It was founded in 1229 by the Count of Toulouse, Raimond VII, following the treaty of Meaux. Deleted during the Revolution, in 1793, it was refounded in 1896 as part of the reorganization of higher education. She finally disappeared in 1969 by giving birth to the three current Toulouse universities: the Toulouse-I-Capitole University, the Toulouse-Ii-Jean-Jaurès University and the Toulouse-Iii-Paul-Sabatier University, as well as the ‘National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse.

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Origins [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Toulouse is, throughout the Latinity, a home of studies of the letters represented by a certain number of rhetoricians, such as Virgile Maro [ first ] , who took as a pseudonym in their controversies the name of former Greek and Latin authors to train at the beginning of VII It is century an academic center called the “Toulouse school”, renowned for its work of deconstruction of grammar to make the language completely unintelligible to laymen, and whose existence in Toulouse is still attested by Abbon de Fleury [ 2 ] . We find a multitude of works of pseudo-cicero, pseudo-horace, pseudo-caton or pdeudo-nénée, the latter relating the siege and looting of Toulouse in 584 by Gondovald, but under the mask of that of Rome by the Bastus Phrygian. This school of esotericism and jargon will have an influence even in the monasteries of Ireland and England where The Aeneid de Virgile Maro, who would have come there, would have served as a model to The navigation of Saint Brendan , and where the Irish monk Clémens, contemporary with Charlemagne, will compose a treaty of the parts of the speech in which he inserts long extracts from a pseudo-virgile of Toulouse.

Subsequently, a Carolingian school of rhetoric exists at the Saint-Sernin cloister until XII It is century, and another is created at the Saint-Etienne cathedral at XI It is century. They ensure the training of the clerics necessary for the county and episcopal administration, without being an important intellectual home. Between 1215 and 1217, theologians external to Toulouse gave there courses that Dominique de Guzmán and his condediples take there.

Middle Ages and Modern Period: Corporate University [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Foundation [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

The Foundation of the University of Toulouse ( University of Tolosi Scholars and Scholars , “Community of masters and students of Toulouse” in Latin), is linked to the application of the treaty of Meaux-Paris, imposed in 1229 on the Count of Toulouse, Raimond VII, by the King of France, Louis IX, to put end at the crusade against the Albigensians. The count is forced to maintain for ten years, for the sum of 4,000 silver marcs, fourteen masters: four of theology, two of canon law, six of liberal arts and two of grammar [ 3 ] . At the initiative of the Cardinal Roman of Saint-Ange, the Toulouse University is thought of as a means of fighting Cathar heresy in the south of France.

Teaching is done by masters coming from other cities, mainly recruited in the young University of Paris, such as Jean de Garlande, who wrote in 1229 a prospectus of studies calling for masters and schoolchildren of the North coming to study there [ 4 ] . The preachers – or Dominican brothers – are particularly active, such as Roland de Crémone, Jean de Saint Albans and Laurent L’Anglais [ 5 ] , [ 6 ] . It is also in 1230 that the construction of the church and the cloister of the Jacobins convent is undertaken where the University of Toulouse has its meetings and its assemblies [ 7 ] , [ 8 ] .

But the University of Toulouse quickly encounters difficulties. The count, Raimond VII, is reluctant to pay the salaries of the Parisian masters. Above all, in a context marked by the misfortunes and the destruction of the crusade, the population remains hostile to the arrival of these men from the North, who stand out by the brutality of their speeches and their actions [ 9 ] . In 1231, Roland de Crémona, accompanied by religious, made the body of a man suspected of heresy exhume and burn the body, causing the anger of the population and consuls of the city. In 1234, it was Jean de Saint Albans’ turn to leave the city. In this context, the young Toulouse university receives the support of the bishop, Foulques, and especially the popes, who want to promote its development by giving it its first statutes. Grégoire IX, by the bubble Once the operator from 1233, and innocent IV, by the bubble In the city of Tolosana From 1245, give Toulouse schools the same organization, the same statutes and the same privileges as those received by the University of Paris [ 3 ] , [ 7 ] . The University is placed under the direct protection of the Pope and benefits from a large autonomy, in its administration and teaching (choice of teachers, programs, examination methods, snack of grades) [ 3 ] .

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Development [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

The University completes its organization by giving itself general statutes in 1311, 1313 and 1314, and specific statutes for the Faculty of Arts in 1309, that of law in 1314, that of theology in 1366, 1374, 1380 and 1389. medicine education was given within the Faculty of Arts, and only became an independent faculty XV It is century [ ten ] . In 1323, Toulouse became a fairly brilliant literary home for the Consistory of Gai Savoir, the oldest literary society in Europe, which Louis XIV will transform a few centuries later in the Royal Academy under the name of the Academy of Floral Games [ 11 ] , [ twelfth ] .

On June 16, 1368, the urban pope V authorized the Dominicans to transfer to Toulouse the body of Thomas Aquinas, philosopher of the scholastic school who had proposed a synthesis between profane letters and sacred letters, between the thought of Aristotle and the Bible, and proposed to articulate reason and faith [ 13 ] .

The University of Toulouse therefore has at the end of the Middle Ages four faculties [ 14 ] , [ 15 ] :

  • Faculty of Theology,
  • Faculty of arts,
  • Medical School,
  • Faculty of rights (canonical then civil).

Modern university and humanism [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

The structure of the university, made up of four faculties, remains unchanged during the modern era. In 1751, she merged with the University of Cahors [ 16 ] .

In the field of law science, the XVI It is century is a real golden age for the University of Toulouse. A proverb of the time illustrates its fame [ 17 ] :

“Paris to see, Lyon for having, Bordeaux to exempt, and Toulouse to learn. »»

– Proverb of XVI It is century

Indeed, the university has attracted teachers like Jean Bodin [ 18 ] , Étienne Dolet [ 19 ] , Arnaud du Ferrier [ 20 ] . She gave several great jurisconsults like Jacques Cujas [ 21 ] , Pierre Grégoire [ 22 ] , Jean de Boyssonné [ 23 ] , Jean de Coras [ 24 ] , Guillaume Duranti, Pierre du Faure de Sain-Jorry, Géraud de Maynard [ 25 ] , Simon d’Olive du Mesnil [ 25 ] , Jean de Cambolas [ 25 ] , François de Boutaric [ 25 ] , Jean-Baptiste Furgole [ 25 ] , but also great scholars like Fermat Pierre [ 26 ] or Michel Servet [ 27 ] , and great humanists like Michel de l’Hospital [ 28 ] , François Rabelais [ 29 ] , [ 30 ] And probably Michel de Montaigne [ thirty first ] .

Disappearance [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

By the decree of the National Convention of September 15, 1793, the University of Toulouse was abolished and disappears with all the universities in France [ 32 ] , [ 33 ] . The following year his property were confiscated and sold as national goods [ 15 ] .

University at XIX It is century and XX It is century [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

The Faculties of Sciences in the 1890s.

The ancient Faculties of the UT1 dating from the 19th century.

The solemn session of the 1936 return to law and letters from Toulouse.

The Rangueil scientific complex in 1963.

The Faculty of Medicine of Purpan.

Empire and Restoration [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

In 1794, a multidisciplinary higher education institute was established in Toulouse, named Institut Paganel . This institute became in 1795 the Central School of Toulouse while the Medicine School took its autonomy [ 34 ] , [ 35 ] . Napoleon established in 1804 a school of law, which took the title of law faculty after the 1808 decree organizing the imperial university. The Central School then disappears that a Faculty of Medicine (1808), a Faculty of Catholic Theology (1809), the Faculty of Letters of Toulouse (1809) and the Faculty of Sciences in Toulouse (1810) are created (1809). [ 36 ] . The Faculty of Catholic theology disappeared in 1843.

Third Republic [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

The Walloon law of July 12, 1875 establishes freedom of higher education and authorizes the creation of free faculties sets which can take the name of university. The foundation movement of Catholic universities follows in several major provincial cities. In 1877 the Catholic Institute of Toulouse was founded, in the filiation of the former medieval university, this appellation then being abandoned in the public. Nevertheless, in the context of secular reforms of the Jules Ferry ministry, the law of March 18, 1880 formally prohibits the use of the university name by private higher education establishments, and reaffirms the state monopoly to issue diplomas . Freedom of higher education and its training is not called into question.

The rapprochement between the faculties of state is then envisaged to recreate universities. In 1893, Toulouse higher education became a “body of faculties”, then in 1896 the University of Toulouse was recreated by grouping of the four faculties as well as the Faculty of Protestant Theology of Montauban, created in 1808 then transferred to Montpellier 1919 [ 15 ] , [ 37 ] .

Engineering schools are also created:

As well as an Institute of Political Studies: the Institute of Political Studies of Toulouse (Sciences Po Toulouse) created in 1948 [ 43 ] .

University splitting [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

After the Faure law of 1968, the University of Toulouse split in four in 1969 [ 44 ] , [ 45 ] , [ forty six ] , [ 47 ] , [ 48 ] :

  • The University of Toulouse I-Capitol, specialized in law, economics and management, which includes around 21,000 registered in 2018 [ 49 ] ,
  • The University of Toulouse II-Le-Mirail (University of Toulouse-II-Jean-Jaurès since 2014), specializing in letters, the human and social sciences, which includes nearly 27,000 students in 2018 [ 49 ] ,
  • The University of Toulouse III-Paul-Sabatier (UT3) specializes in medicine, pharmacy, dental surgery, as well as mathematics, physical sciences, chemistry, biology, earth and earth sciences ‘Universe; This is the largest university in Toulouse with more than 31,000 students in 2018 [ 49 ] ,
  • The National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse (Toulouse INP) which brings together at the time of its creation the four superior engineering schools of engineers cited in the previous paragraph but which includes in 2018 three internal schools (Enseeiht, Ensat and Ensiacet) [ 50 ] as well as three associated schools (init [ 51 ] , Purpan [ 52 ] and enm [ 53 ] ), for nearly 6,500 students [ 49 ] .

The Toulouse Political Studies Institute became autonomous in 1989 [ 54 ] .

Developments at XXI It is century [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Rapprochement [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

As part of their candidacy to become an initiative of excellence, the universities Toulouse-I, Toulouse-II and Toulouse-III, as well as Toulouse Inp and the INSA of Toulouse wish to merge and create a new University of Toulouse [ 55 ] . In 2007, the regrouping of universities and schools was made in 2007 under the status of Preste [ 56 ] . The 1 is July 2015, the establishment is transformed into the Comue called Federal University of Toulouse-Midi-Pyrénées on 1 is July 2015 [ 57 ] . At 1 is January 2023, the establishment obtains the status of experimental comue and is renamed University of Toulouse [ 58 ] . It brings together 31 member establishments (23 higher education establishments, 1 CHU, 7 research organizations), 143 research laboratories for more than 17,000 staff and 100,000 students [ 59 ] .

Occupation in 2018 [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

From December 2017, an opposition movement in Parcoursup [ 60 ] and the merger between the universities Toulouse II Jean-Jaurès and Toulouse III Paul Sabatier [ sixty one ] led to the blocking of the University from March 6, 2018 to May 18, date of his evacuation by the police [ 62 ] , [ 63 ] . The university then requests the filing of striking staff “As a preventive basis to limit all new disturbances” [ sixty four ] .

Scientific heritage [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

In the university, there is a UMR called Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, linked to the CNRS, which helps to seek tuberculosis and other mycobacteriale diseases [ 65 ] .

The Astronomical Observatory of the Pic du Midi de Bigorre and the associated museum are attached to a UFR in Toulouse III Paul Sabatier [ 66 ] , [ sixty seven ] .

  1. ↑ Virgil, ‘Letter about eight parts of speech’, the same ‘epitome’ in Vatican code of classic authors , t. V p. 1-97
  2. ↑ Queroherat Library of the Charters School , II, 3
  3. ↑ A B and C Mouranche 2010, p. 21.
  4. ↑ Auguste Molinier, The sources of the history of France: from origins to the wars of Italy (1494). III. The Capetians, 1180-1328 , Paris, Alphonse Picard & Fils, , 252 p. , «Plan – Jean De Barlandande, p. sixty seven
  5. ↑ André Vauchez, Annals. Economies, societies, civilizations. 28 It is year , ( read online ) , “The universities of Languedoc in the 13th century”, p. 966-967
  6. ↑ Adolphe-Félix Gatien-Arnoult, Roland de Crémone, Jean de Saint-Gilles, Laurent L’Anglais, masters of theology at the University of Toulouse, 1229-1232-1235 ,
  7. ↑ a et b Juliette Puget, The University of Toulouse in the 14th and 15th centuries , Annales du Midi,
  8. ↑ ‘ Toulouse Jacobins Convent: 8 centuries of history » , on https://www.jacobins.toulouse.fr (consulted the )
  9. ↑ Mouranche 2010, p. 22.
  10. ↑ Simonne Guenée, French universities from origins to revolution: historical notices on universities, studia and Protestant academies , Paris, Picard, , 143 p. (ISBN  2-7084-0080-0 )
  11. ↑ ‘ For 700 years, the Academy of Floral Games has defended “cultural excellence” », L’Express , ( read online )
  12. ↑ Guillaume de Ponsan, History of the Academy of Floral Games Toulouse, the printer of the veuve of Mr. Bernard pigeon, ( read online )
  13. ↑ ‘ The relics of Saint-Thomas Aquinas » , on https://www.jacobins.toulouse.fr (consulted the )
  14. ↑ Christophe Charle and Jacques Verger, History of universities: XII It is – XXI It is century , Presses Universitaires de France, , 352 p. (ISBN  978-2-13-058813-9 And 2-13-058813-1 ) , “Birth and boom in universities in the Middle Ages”, p. 5-27
  15. ↑ A B and C ‘ University and Faculties of Medicine in Toulouse » , on https://histoire.inserm.fr/ (consulted the )
  16. ↑ Edict bearing meeting from the University of Cahors to that of Toulouse, recorded in the Parliament of Toulouse, June 23, 1751
  17. ↑ Mouranche 2010.
  18. ↑ Marie-Dominique Couzinet, Yves Charles Zarka, Jean Bodin. Nature, History, Law and Politics , P.U.F, , “Biographical note on Jean Bodin”, p. 233-244
  19. ↑ Emile Cibiel, Etienne Dolet at the University of Toulouse: 1531-1533 , Toulouse, Chauvin, ( read online )
  20. ↑ Nicole Bingen, ” Canon Arnaud du Ferrier and his friend Jean Daffis in Padoue », Library of Humanism and Renaissance , , p. 353-368
  21. ↑ Jacques Berriat-Saint-Prix, History of Roman law, followed by the story of Cujas , Paris, Fanjat,
  22. ↑ Charles Hyver, The dean Pierre Grégoire de Toulouse and the organization of the Faculty of Law to the University of Pont-à-Mousson , Egène ory, , 88 p. ( read online )
  23. ↑ François Mugner, The life and poems of Jean de Boyssoné, professor of law in Toulouse and Grenoble, advisor to the Parliament of Chambéry , Paris, bookseller H. Champion, , 508 p. ( read online )
  24. ↑ ‘ Coras, Jean de (1515-1572) – Idref identifier: 029818109 » , on https://www.idref.fr/
  25. ↑ A B C D and E Patrick Anabeyre, Jean-Louis Halpérin and Jacques Kaynen, Historical dictionary of French lawyers, 12th-16th century , Paris, P.U.F.,
  26. ↑ Catherine Goldstein, A Fermat theorem and its readers , University Press of Vincennes, , 228 p. (ISBN  978-2-910381-10-3 ) , p. 23 .
  27. ↑ ‘ Michel Servet (FranceArchives) » , on https://frocearchives.fr/ (consulted the )
  28. ↑ Peters La Plume et la Tribune: Michel de l’Hospital and his speeches (1559-1562) , Geneva, Droz S.A. bookstore, , 611 p. (ISBN  2-600-00646-X , read online ) , p. 4
  29. ↑ François Rabelais, Pantagruel , , chap. IN
  30. ↑ Doyen Guy Lazorthes, ‘ History of the Faculties of Medicine of Toulouse » , on http://www.medecine.ups-tlse.fr (consulted the )
  31. ↑ ‘ Toulouse-II-Jean-Jaurès University: Presentation » , on https://www.univ-tlse2.fr (consulted the )
  32. ↑ Decree of the National Convention of September 15, 1793: abolition of universities
  33. ↑ ‘ Bill relating to the freedoms of universities » , on https://www.senat.fr/ (consulted the )
  34. ↑ Olivier Devaux, ” Between the death of the university and the birth of the Central School: the “Paganel Institute” and the difficult survival of the teaching of law in Toulouse in 1794 », Review of History of the Faculties of Law and Legal Culture, the world of lawyers and the legal book , , p. 23-32 ( read online )
  35. ↑ Decree of 7 ventôse year III relating to central schools
  36. ↑ Imperial decree of March 17, 1808 on the organization of the university
  37. ↑ Pierre Auguste Sardinoux, University and ecclesiastical memory on the Faculty of Protestant theology and the Montauban seminar: 1808-1878 , Paris, Fischbacher, ( read online )
  38. ↑ Decree of November 2, 1948 relating to the National School of Electrical Engineering and Hydraulics in Toulouse
  39. ↑ Decree of November 2, 1948 relating to the National Agronomic School of Toulouse
  40. ↑ Decree of March 30, 1953 relating to the National School of Chemistry in Toulouse
  41. ↑ ‘ Did you know? » , on Ingesup.com , Site Web d’Iled , date of initial publication unknown (consulted the )
  42. ↑ Ensiacet: a whole story A pioneer scientific approach inspired by human values ( read online )
  43. ↑ Decree n O 48-780 of May 4, 1948 creating the Institute of Political Studies at the University of Toulouse
  44. ↑ Order of November 24, 1969 Constitution of the universities of Toulouse I, Toulouse II and Toulouse III
  45. ↑ Order of December 8, 1970 Approval of the statutes of the University of Social Sciences in Toulouse (Toulouse I)
  46. ↑ Order of December 4, 1970 Approval of the statutes of the university of Toulouse-Le Mirail (Toulouse II)
  47. ↑ Order of April 30, 1970 Approval of the statutes of the university of Toulouse III
  48. ↑ Decree n O 69-930 of October 14, 1969 apply to the faculties or universities institutes preparing for an engineering diploma in the law n O 68-978 of November 12, 1968
  49. ↑ A B C and D ‘ Students » , Academy of Toulouse (consulted the )
  50. ↑ Decree of September 25, 2013 relating to internal institutes and schools and groups of components of public, cultural and professional establishments under the Minister responsible for higher education
  51. ↑ Decrees n O 2002-1107 of August 30, 2002 related to the National School of Engineers of Tarbes at the National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse And n O 2016-468 of April 14, 2016 on the association of establishments of the Toulouse site
  52. ↑ Decree n O 2010-1682 of December 28, 2010 related to the Purpan engineering school at the National Polytechnic Institute in Toulouse And Article D731-6 of the Education Code
  53. ↑ Cooperation agreement signed in 2009
  54. ↑ Decree n O 89-901 of December 18, 1989 relating to political study institutes
  55. ↑ Caroline Pain, «  At the University of Mirail, in Toulouse, the project of merger worries students and personal », The world , ( read online )
  56. ↑ Decree n ° 2007-385 of March 21, 2007 creating the public establishment for scientific cooperation “University of Toulouse”
  57. ↑ Decree n ° 2015-663 of June 10, 2015 approving the statutes of the community of universities and establishments “Federal University of Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées”
  58. ↑ ‘ Decree n ° 2022-1537 of December 8, 2022 relating to the community of universities and establishments “University of Toulouse” » , on Legifrance (consulted the )
  59. ↑ ‘ University of Toulouse – Figures » , on https://www.univ-toulouse.fr/ (consulted the )
  60. ↑ FAANZA Zerouala , ‘ Under guardianship, the University of Toulouse remains deadlocked » , on Mediapart ,
  61. ↑ ‘ At Toulouse Jean-Jaurès University, two months of mobilization against the merger », The world , ( read online , consulted the )
  62. ↑ ‘ In Toulouse, the students vote for the continuation of the university of the Mirail University », The world , ( read online , consulted the )
  63. ↑ Emmanuel Riondé , ‘ Toulouse’s college has been evacuated by the police » , on Mediapart ,
  64. ↑ Emmanuel Riondé , ‘ The revelation of a black list of strikers throws cold in Toulouse college » , on Mediapart (consulted the )
  65. ↑ https://www.tbvi.eu/centre-national-de-la-recherche-scientifique-cnrs/
  66. ↑ ‘ Pic du Midi Observatory » , on Midi-Pyrénées Observatory (consulted the )
  67. ↑ ‘ Pic du Midi: a new telescope dedicated to university training » , on lapepeche.fr (consulted the )

Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

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