A eat — Wikipedia

Alya , Alyah or Aliyah is a Hebrew word ( Eֲliaa or Immigration , plural alyoth ) Literally meaning “ascent” or “spiritual elevation”. This term designates the act of immigration to the land of Israel, then in Israel by a Jew.

Jewish immigrants are called once . On the contrary, the fact for a Jew to emigrate outside of Israel is called yeridah ( down , “Descent”) and Jewish emigrants are called I brighten .

Over the centuries, there have been little Alyoth, individual or small groups punctually. It was mainly a religious immigration, aimed at living in the land of Israel, near the holy places of Judaism. In 1881, there were 25,000 religious Jews, living mainly in the following four cities: Jerusalem, Safed, Tiberias and Hebron. The historian Henry Laurens based on the Ottoman statistics analyzed by the demographer McCarthy gives the very precise figure of 15,599 Jews for the year 1883-84 for the whole of Palestine, but adds that this number is likely under -stimated due to the non-registration of Jews ^{[ first ]} .

In 1882, the Alya of the lovers of Zion marked the beginning of the Zionist Alya, for political purposes.

As of 1881, we saw a new immigration appear: that of nationalist secular Jews (the term “Zionist” will appear in the second half of the 1880s), the aim of which is to eventually create a state for the Jewish people in Israel.

Laïc Alyas have several characteristics that distinguish them from religious Alyas:

• They are political: they aim to create or strengthen the Jewish state (which did not interest haredim);
• They are mainly made up of refugees driven by anti -Jewish hostility marks in their countries of origin (an element of choice exists however: some choose to stay against and against everything in countries of origin, other emigrates to other directions than Israel). The religious Alyas were only voluntary.
• They can have economic reasons, Israel being a more prosperous country than the country of origin (at least since the 1960s).

We can divide this Zionist Alya into two large waves: before the creation of the State of Israel (1948) and after.

Before the creation of the State of Israel: 1881-1948 [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

It is an Alya which had to be accepted by Ottoman governments (until 1918), then British (until 1948), which will not go without difficulty. The reaction of the local Jewish and Arab populations is plural, the Arabs who feel dispossessed, will often be hostile (especially after 1918). However, immigrants buy the land, for example with the Jewish national fund, or settle on uninhabitable land (swamps that will be dried, rocky, etc.). Indeed, the Turks Ottoman would never have enabled appropriation without redemption, nor the British (declaration of 1917).

The Ottoman period [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Tampon of the Avant-Garde Committee for the colonization of Palestine in Rishhon-le-Zion, between 1882 and 1900

The first Alya (1881-1890) [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Active after the Russian pogroms of 1881, it was made in two main waves: that of the period 1881-1884 and that of the period 1890-1891. It has around 10,000 people from the Russian Empire, who create small agricultural colonies, especially in the coastal strip. Some will become Israeli cities at XX ^{It is} century.

We also owe a member of this first Alya (Eliézer Ben-Yehoudah) the creation of modern Hebrew.

The Seconde Alya (1903-1914) [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

It begins after the pogroms of Kichinev (Russian Empire) of 1903 and lasts until 1914 (First World War). From 30,000 to 40,000 immigrants, especially socialist Zionists from the Russian Empire.

David Benrion was part of this Alya. Many of the founding fathers of Israel came at that time. Tel Aviv (founded in 1909) and the first Kibbutz Degania (also created in 1909) date from this second Aliyah. The leftist political parties on the left (Poale Zion and Hachomer Hatzaïr), which will direct the state when it was created in 1948, are also created by these immigrants. The photographer and filmmaker Yaakov Ben-Dov, who arrived during this second Aliyah, films the images of that time.

The British period [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

The third Alya (1919-1923) [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

It follows the Balfour declaration and the establishment by Great Britain and the international community (NTC) of a “Jewish national home” in Palestine Agent. It also follows political unrest in Eastern Europe after the First World War: Bolshevik Revolution, Hungarian Civil War, etc. There will be around 35,000 immigrants, especially is-European and Zionist-socialists.

The fourth Alya (1924-1928) [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

It brings 80,000 fairly different immigrants to Israel. They are mainly Poles members of the middle classes, driven by anti-Jewish economic measures of the Warsaw Government. Even if many will support the left, others, more conservative, will go to the Zionists General, the right -wing revisionists led by Vladimir Jabotinsky, even religious Zionists.

The fourth Aliyah leads to urban development (these immigrants are little interested in the rural communities of Zionist – socialist pioneers), trade, crafts. But this wave of immigration also leads to an imbalance between the country’s economic capacities and the influx of new populations. This imbalance brings significant unemployment. The crisis was severe and lasts from 1926 to 1929, leading to a starting phenomenon of some of the new immigrants.

The fifth Alya (1929-1939) [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

She sees immigration of 180,000 Jews. They come from central and eastern Europe, where more or less anti -Semitic authoritarian regimes are structured. 40,000 come from Germany and Austria, where the Nazis have just taken power. There will even be a so -called “Haavara” agreement (“transfer”) concluded between the world Zionist organization and the third Reich in 1933, and active until 1938. This agreement aimed to facilitate the transfer of immigrant funds.

New, 15,000 of the 180,000 immigrants in the period are illegal immigrants, the British not giving enough visas for the enormous increase in emigration requests for the period. Sociology and political composition of this alya are close to those of the fourth alya .

• 

  Romanian and Palestinian stamps on the passport of a Polish couple emigrating to Palestine agent to join their children in Tel Aviv, 1934

The Alya of the Second World War (1939-1948) [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Vessel Aliyah During his third trip, after leaving Bandol (France) on November 5, 1947, with around 180 illegal immigrants on board. On November 16, the ship succeeded in reaching the shore of Nahariya without being discovered and immediately began to disembark and disperse illegal immigrants.

About 80,000 immigrants, especially illegal immigrants (the British now prohibiting immigration), including 20,000 during the war and 60,000 after. It is above all (but not exclusively) refugees fleeing Nazism and the Holocaust (during the war) or their consequences (between 1945 and 1948). Over the period, emigration ceases practically between 1942 and 1944 given the war climax in Europe.

It was in 1939 that the ” Mossad l’Aliyah Beth », Or« Mossad Le Aliyah Beth “,” Organization for emigration “B” “( Beth , in Hebrew), in charge of clandestine emigration, and which depends on the Haganah, therefore on the Jewish agency. This organization weapon Exodus 1947 , which constitutes a striking event of post-war migration.

From 1946 to 1948: the British authorities led attacks against ships carrying immigrant Jews in Palestine and interned Jewish passengers in refugee camps in Cyprus. A false group called “defenders of Arab Palestine” claims these attacks ^{[ 2 ]} .

• 

  Survivors from Buchenwald arrive in Haifa and were arrested by the British, July 15, 1945

• 

  Sick Jewish refugee, accompanied by a doctor from the British army, while she is deported to a internment camp in Cyprus

• 

  Jewish refugees from the Holocaust, deported to the camps in Cyprus as soon as they arrived, 1946

After the creation of Israel [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Celebrating poster Yom haaliyah (Aliya Day) to honor new Jewish immigrants settling in Israel, 1950

Jewish immigration to Israel from 1948 to 2007.

1948 to 1952 [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Nearly 700,000 Jews land. It is the plan a million Ben Gurion, prepared since 1942. The population of the double state.

About 49,000 Yemeni Jews make their Alyah in Israel during the Flying Tapis operation, 1949-1950

There are two origins in this immigration: about half is made up of survivors of the Jewish genocide in Europe. They are almost all ashkenazi (there are Sepfarades in the Balkans and in Western Europe, however). Another half comes from the Arab countries, sometimes in the context of massive transfers, as during the flying carpet operation in Yemen or the Ezra operation and Nehemiah in Iraq.

1956 to 1966 [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

A second wave of 500,000 people are coming. It is made up of a minority of Jews leaving Europe in the Communist East and a majority of Eastern Jews. They flee a new anti-Jewish wave linked to the Israeli-Arab war from 1956. 250,000 North African Jews (about half of the Jews in this region) also arrive from the French Maghreb after the independence of Tunisia, Morocco and from Algeria. The most Frenchized Jews (generally the most educated) came to France. The least francized Jews (generally poorer and less educated) made the choice of Israel. Among them, Moroccans are particularly numerous.

1967-1969 [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

A small wave of immigration of 50,000 people, consequence of the 1967 six -day war: the last “Arab Jews”, as well as Western Jews galvanized by the Israeli victory, and Jews from Eastern Europe (especially Polish) Relying by the “anti -Zionist” campaign which follows the defeat of the Allied Arab armies of the Soviet Union.

1970-1979 [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Just under 400,000 people emigrate: especially Soviet Jews (while demonstrations took place in 1973 against the Soviet authorities for the right to emigrate to Israel), but also Westerners. Among these are ultra-Orthodox (Haredim) and religious Zionists.

1982-1985 [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

First wave of immigration of Ethiopia Jews, or Beta Israel. A limited immigration of Western Jews (especially Americans, but also French), including many religious, continues.

1990-2005 [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

About 1,000,000 people: especially ex-Soviet Jews (and their families not always Jewish), but also the rest of the Ethiopian Beta Israel. And always a small Western immigration, now well installed and digitally significant (often more than 10,000 immigrants per year), rather religious.

2006-2013 [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Nefesh Charter B’nefash , A non-profit organization, operating in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom, to promote Alya, Israel, December 2007

The number of new entrants in Israel is constantly decreasing. In 2007, for the first time in twenty years, he went below 20,000 arrivals for the year and the number of Jewish emigrants became greater than the number of immigrants. This decrease is explained by the almost total emigration of diasporas of the countries of the former Soviet Union, while the most important Jewish diasporas (United States, France) migrate little to Israel. In 2007, only 2,659 French people decided to settle in Israel ^{[ 3 ]} .

2013-2015 Strong increase in emigration [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Emigration went from 1,907 in 2012 to 3,295 in 2013, and 7,231 in 2014. They would be 25,000 to be interested in Alya. Immigration of Jews in France now exceeds immigration from Russia or the United States where the Jewish community is 10 times more important than in France ^{[ 4 ]} . These departures for Israel, which had believed 60% in 2013, more than doubled in 2014. The causes are multiple, apart from Zionist motivation, are added the consequences of the economic crisis and the rise of anti -Semitism following Anti-Semitic incidents that punctuated pro-Palestinian demonstrations during the Gaza War ^{[ 5 ]} . “In the aftermath of the January 2015 attacks, Israeli Prime Minister Benyamin Netanyahu launched an appeal to the” massive emigration “of the Jews of Europe in Israel. A plan of 180 million shekels (40 million euros) had been launched to promote these departures. It was a question of promoting in particular the Jews of Belgium, France and Ukraine. Departing candidates now receive in addition to their plane ticket an allowance of 3000 euros on their arrival, as well as Hebrew lessons for five months and long preparation in the country of departure. According to an Ifop survey dating from January 2016, 40% of the 500,000 French Jews envisaged the idea of ​​emigrating to Israel. A potential of 200,000 immigrants ^{[ 6 ]} . »

Other countries prey to economic crises or wars see a strong share of their Jewish population migrating to Israel. It happens :

• in Syria, following the Syrian civil war, from 2011 ^{[ 7 ] , [ 8 ]}
• in Greece, because of the Greek public debt crisis, from 2008 ^{[ 9 ]}
• In Ukraine, with the Donbass War, from 2014 ^{[ ten ] , [ 11 ] , [ twelfth ]}
• In Yemen, in the midst of a civil war, from 2014 ^{[ 13 ] , [ 14 ]}
• in Venezuela, whose economy collapses following the American blockade, from 2017 ^{[ 15 ]}

2016: the slowdown of the Alya of the Jews of France [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

In 2016, we are witnessing a “Spectacular slowdown of the Alya of the Jews of France” ^{[ 6 ]} . The reasons are:

• French:
  • The speech considered to be reassuring of Prime Minister Manuel Valls ^{[ 16 ]} ,
  • The end of tax haven indeed “The years 2014 and 2015 saw the application of the law on bank accounts imposed by the OECD. Israeli banks were required to inform the French taxman about the accounts held by French nationals. (…) Between 2014 and 2015, many French people thus obtained Israeli nationality without an obligation of residence, which artificially distorted immigration statistics in Israel. »» ^{[ 17 ]} ;
• Israeli:
  • fear of terrorism,
  • difficulty learning Hebrew, finding work,
  • Difficulties in French adolescents to succeed in the radically different Israeli school system “The playgrounds are also more violent […] The little French people […] would be jostled and racked by the little Israelis […] Here we can do more nonsense than in France, we are tutor the teachers and they leave us quiet »» ^{[ 18 ]} . “- A cost of living that has increased a lot in Israel, more and more framing with that of Europe for less half wages and negligible social benefits” ^{[ 17 ]} . “- Finally, professional integration is compromised since the diplomas of French universities, renowned for the quality of their teaching, are not recognized except to iron two or three years of internship to validate them” ^{[ 17 ]} .

Alya russe [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

After the annexation of Crimea by Moscow, between 2015 and 2019, 40,000 Jews in Russia made Alyah, as much in five years as the 38,000 in the previous decade ^{[ 19 ]} .

On the first seven months of 2022, during the invion of Ukraine by Russia, 13,000 Ukrainian Jews and 20,000 Russian Jews make their Alyah ^{[ 20 ]} . At the end of 2022, 70,000 had made their Alyah. These newcomers are from 95 countries ^{[ 21 ]} .

Plaque of the ministry of Aliya and the integration of immigrants, 2017

The religious Alyas had created a Jewish community in strong but limited Palestine: around 25,000 people in 1881. The Alyas Zionists (politicians) strongly developed the population: in 2016 there are almost 6,500,000 Jews in Israel ^{[ 22 ]} .

The Israeli national statistics listen to the Israelis who leave the country for more than a year. even though Once (those who go up to Israel) have remained largely more than the I brighten (Those who leave) Since the creation of Israel, Israeli society has tended to worry about the reasons that lead Jews to leave the country: hope for better economic conditions, nostalgia, Israeli political problems.

Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

• Anne Grynberg, Towards the land of Israel , Discoveries Gallimard, 1998. Vulture work which traces the history of the different alyoth with vintage documents in illustration.
• Shlomo Hillel, The breath of the Levant , Hatier, 1989. The clandestine and then legal emigration of the Iraqi Jews, from 1945 to 1951.
• Marion Sigaut, Russian wandering without promised land , L’Harmattan, 1994. This book deals with many Jews from the USSR and the Russia Federation in the years 1989-1992 and the problems that it caused.

Related articles [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

external links [ modifier | Modifier and code ]