Achmet (Unromancien) — Wikipedia
For homonymous articles, see Achmet.
Achmet son of Sereim (en grec Ahm. Achmet Sereim son ) is the fictitious name of the author of the eight byzantine treatises on oniromancy which have reached us.
The author presents himself as the son of the interpreter of the dreams of the al -mamun caliph (reg. 813 – 833), and suggests that he exercises the same function with a “master” (Δεσπότης / déspotès ) that he does not name. He claims to be inspired by the greatest authorities of his art: Syrbachan, who exercised him with an Indian king, Baran, in the service of the King of Persia Saanisan, Tarphan, who officiated with a pharaoh of Egypt. India, Persia and Egypt are therefore the three mythical references.
This discourse is a literary artifice: the author name is borrowed from Muhammad ibn sīrīn (v. 650 – v. 730), secretary of Anas Ibn Malik, considered among Muslims as a great interpreter of dreams, and to whom Tradition attributes oniromancy treaties. This character therefore lived long before the Al-Mamun Caliph era. In fact, the author of the Byzantine work is clearly a Hellenophone Christian from Constantinople.
However the artifice is not purely free: oniromancy was a specialty of the Arab-Muslim world [ first ] , and the comparisons between the Byzantine Treaty and the previous or contemporary Arab works reveal striking analogies: in particular with the Muntahab Al-Kalam (One of the most important ancient Arabic texts on the subject, traditionally attributed, but falsely, to Ibn-Sirin), with the Treaty of Interpretation of Dreams by the stars placed by the Medieval West under the name of ” Aboumazar ”(that is to say Abou Ma’shar al-Balkhî), with the TA’BīR Al-RU’Yā of Ibn Qoutayba, with the Treaty of Ibn Shahin al-Zahiri (a Egyptian of IX It is century), etc. In fact, the Oneirocriticon D’Achmet appears to be an adaptation for a Byzantine and Christian audience of this Arab-Muslim material.
An even more present reference is the Oneirocriticon D’Artémidore de Daldis: same principles of interpretation, case of dreams mentioned quite close. In fact this ancient work, translated to Baghdad at IX It is century by Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, was a common reference to Arabs and Byzantines. The Achmet Treaty also owes a lot to the Byzantine tradition of the texts called Daniel dreams : the common interpretations of dreams are very numerous with the texts of this vein contained in the manuscripts Palace. gr. 319 And Berol. Phillips 1479 , notably.
As for the dating of the Achmet Treaty, it is therefore undoubtedly clearly after the reign of the al-Mamun Caliph († 833); on the other hand, the text is cited in two manuscripts of XI It is century (including the Laurent. Plut. 87, 8 ). It must be located at the end of IX It is or to X It is century (perhaps under the reign of Emperor Léon VI according to Maria Mavroudi).
L’ Oneirocriticon d’Achmet was translated into Latin from the XII It is century (while that of Artémidore was not, as much as we know, as in 1539): in 1165, Pascalis Romanus (in) (a clerk of the court of the Emperor Manuel Comnène from Rome) integrated him by adapting him into his Free treasures (composed from several sources such as the The divination de Cicero, Artémicirie and Achmet, with an astrological coloring absent from the latter); The Book of Pascalis is also much shorter than that of Achmet, and it may refer to an abbreviated.
In 1175/76, an also abridged version of the Achmet was formally translated into Latin (under the title The interpretation of the dreams ) by Léon Tuscus (“Léon le Tuscan”), another Italian in the service of Manuel Comnène, who was very interested in the occult sciences. In the preface, addressed to his brother the theologian Ugo Etherianus, Leo Tuscus reveals the opportunity of this translation: Hugues saw in the dream the Basileus, mounted on a bronze horse and surrounded by ancient wise, reading a Latin text, then s ‘interrupting and questioning it; The dream came true because Manuel concluded a theological quarrel thanks to a solution proposed by Hugues in one of his treaties; Léon therefore decided to translate the Achmet.
This is how the treaty spreads in the West at the end of the XII It is century and had great success (fifteen Latin manuscripts, the oldest of which is the Bodl. Digby 103 , from the end of XII It is century). A French translation quickly existed under the title Exhibition of dreams . Other Western texts from the Middle Ages, such as Exposition of dreams manuscript Paris. years. 16.610 ( XIII It is century), or the Book of Pronosticatione Sompniorum by Guillaume d’Aragon (beginning of XIV It is century, with the reference to “Syrbachan Industrie”, etc.), are directly inspired.
The text was for the first time printed in a Latin translation by Jean Leunclavius ( Apomasaris Apomasaris, or the indicates of the indians, Persians, Aegyptiorum training from the library J. Sambuci , Frankfurt, 1577). I’ edition from the Greek original is due to Nicolas Rigault in its volume Artemidori Daldiani and Achmeti Serei of oneirocritica; Astrampsychi and Nicephori versus also oneirocritici (Paris, mark orry, 1603).
- Key to dreams , ed. F. Drexl, Achmetis Oneirocriticon , Leipzig, Teubner, 1925.
- Intrologital Intrologital Intrologity I am in in the Codicum astronomers , t. 2, 1900, p. 122-157.
Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
- Anne-Marie Bernardi, « L’ Oneirocriticon d’Achmet and the Christianization of the Greek tradition of dream interpretation », Kentron , n O 27 “The dream and the dreamers in antiquity”, , p. 81-98 (DOI doi.org/10.4000/kentron.1246 , read online )
- Karl Brackherz, The dream book of the Achmet Ben Sirin , German translation and commentary, Munich, 1986.
- (in) Steven M. Oberhelman, The Oneirocriticon of Achmet : A Medieval Greek and Arabic Treatise on the Interpretation of Dreams , Lubbock, Texas Tech University Press, (ISBN 0896722627 ) .
- (in) Maria V. Mavroudi, A Byzantine Book on Dream Interpretation : The Oneirocriticon of Achmet and Its Arabic Sources , Brill, coll. « The Medieval Mediterranean » ( n O 36), (ISBN 9789004120792 , Online presentation ) .
External link [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
- 181 still existing treaties are identified by Toufic Fahd, Arab divination. Religious, sociological and folk studies on the native environment of Islam , Leyde, E. J. Brill, 1966.
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