[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/action-of-28-february-1799\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/action-of-28-february-1799\/","headline":"Action of 28 February 1799","name":"Action of 28 February 1799","description":"before-content-x4 L\u2019 Action of 28 February 1799 It was a minor naval combat in the context of French revolutionary wars","datePublished":"2021-03-23","dateModified":"2021-03-23","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9c\/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg\/22px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9c\/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg\/22px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png","height":"11","width":"22"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/action-of-28-february-1799\/","about":["Wikipedia"],"wordCount":3788,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4L\u2019 Action of 28 February 1799 It was a minor naval combat in the context of French revolutionary wars between a British frigate of Royal Navy and a French frigate, held in the Bengal Bay. The French ship Strong It was a particularly large and powerful boat and had obtained the task of threatening English commercial routes in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Calcutta, in British India. To eliminate this threat, the Sybille It was sent by Madras to hunt this ship. Based on the information received from prisoners, Edward Cooke, captain of the Sybille , sailed from Balasore when Cannonate remotely warned him of the presence of the Strong on the evening of February 28th. The French frigate was discovered at the anchor at the mouth of the Hooghly river with two recently captured English merchant ships.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4For reasons not yet clear, the French captain Hubert Le Loup de Beaulieu did not prepare the Strong At the attack with the frigate of Cooke and was killed during the first bordered shot by the British on the ship. The crew of the Strong He continued to resist for more than two hours, and then surrender when the ship was now very bad and more than a third of the sailors had been killed or injured. On the other hand, the British losses were rather light, even if Cooke was hit by a gunshot and died three months later because of these wounds. The caught merchant ships fled while Cooke’s deputy commander, Lieutenant Lucius Hardyman, took command of the operations and spoke both the Sybille that the Strong . Hardyman brought both ships to Calcutta, where the Strong It was included in the Royal Navy with the same name, even if it accidentally run in the Red Sea two years later. In the spring of 1796, Royal Navy had naval supremacy in the eastern Indies and the French Navy had a limited presence on site only two frigates at Port Louis on the \u00eele de France. [first] In April 1796 of the reinforcements were sent by Rochefort with four frigates commanded by the recipient Pierre C\u00e9sar Charles de Secey. [2] The squadron managed to avoid the English bloc and reached the \u00eele de France in July of that same year, then sailing east in the summer, with the intention of scratching the English commercial ports of the Eastern Indies. On 9 September the squadron was intercepted and defeated by an English squadron on the coast north of Sumatra, passing the rest of winter in Batavia. [3] In January 1797 Secey sailed once again at sea, clashing on January 28 in the Strait of Bali with a fleet of six East Indiamen directed in China by Colombo. In the accident of the Bali Strait who followed the English commander managed to deceive Secey making him believe that his ships were only a small part of a much larger military fleet, making the French admiral retired again to the $ de France. [4] Secey’s flagship during these operations was the frigate Strong (40 cannons), commanded by Captain Hubert Le Loup de Beaulieu, had been built in 1794 on the same forms of a line of line: the frigate weighed 1400 tons and was one of the largest rips for the sea at the time. [5] The problem of the ship, however, was his crew, not very disciplined, and Secey himself had expressed many doubts about the skills of the now elderly Beaulieu. [6]        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4After Secey was returned to $ De France, his squadron was divided. Four ships were postponed to France in 1797 and 1798 as the \u00eele de France did not have supplies necessary to repair boats. [7] The dispersion of the squadron was also encouraged by the colonial assembly of $le de France and by the local governor Malartic, both far from well willing to support the directory that ruled in France at the time. The rest of the crews began to rebel, and Secey sent the Strong and the Prudent To raid the British commercial routes during the autumn of 1798, managing to totally success in the Bengala bay. [8] When these forces returned to $ de France, Secey sailed to Batavia, leaving instructions to the Strong and to the Prudent to follow him. Malartic denied this order, holding the Prudent and selling it to a local pirate and instead ordering the Strong to operate independently in the Bengal Bay in the autumn of 1798. Secey was furious, but nothing was born against the governor’s provisions. [8] At the beginning of 1799 the Bengal Bay was mostly defenseless. The English naval commander, the recipient Peter Rainier, had taken most of the local ships with him and had led them to the west towards the Red Sea to participate in the opposition in the Egyptian countryside wanted by Napoleon, leaving a single frigate to protect local trade. [9] This ship was the HMS Sybille (40 cannons), a large and powerful ship captured to the French during the battle of Mykonos in 1794. [ten] With a weight of over 1000 tons, the Sybille It was a formidable ship, but much weaker than Strong . [11] Many men on board the Sybille Furthermore, they had fallen sick during their stay in Calcutta. [twelfth] To compensate for this loss, the crew had been increased with men from the frigate HMS Fox and from soldiers of the 94th infantry regiment. [13] The ship was in command of Captain Edward Cooke, who had already distinguished himself in the negotiation of the surrender of the Mediterranean Port of Tolone with the French in 1793. This action, however, then led to the siege of Toulon and the destruction of almost half of the French fleet in the Mediterranean. [14] [15] In January 1798 Cooke and the Sybille They had taken part in the raid on Manila. [16] The Strong In his task of scorching the British routes had found himself in great difficulties, [twelfth] Even if the ships at the mouth of the Hooghly river still appeared unprepared for Beaulieu’s assaults. [17] In rapid succession, the Strong attacked and conquered local ships Recovery , Yarmouth , Chance It is Surprise . [18] Beaulieu was forced to send 143 sailors to the ships captured to allow these to resume the Via del Mare, thus reducing the strength of men on board the Strong . [19] Beaulieu had also lost a convoy from the chief colony, escorted by HMS creates . [twelfth] The East Indiamen directed to Canton, the Endeavour , together with the Lord Mornington They were brought off the coast of Balasore on February 28th. The gunner attracted the attention of the Sybille who was returning to Calcutta after transporting Lord Mornington, general governor of India to Motheras. [18] The Sybille she was sailed on February 19 with the instructions to search for the Strong . [11] On February 26, at 20:30, while he was sailing towards Sudest, Cooke saw flashes on the horizon. Although initially it was thought to be lightning, they continued until 9:00 pm, convincing Cooke that they were due to quite another cause. Turning to Northeast, he postponed himself to investigate with the Sybille . [20] At 9:30 pm the Strong and the caught merchant ships were visible from the Sybille , and the Strong He illuminated with flashes that tropical night. Cooke brought the Sybille To the west to take drinking water on board using light winds from the southwest. [21] Despite the situation, Beaulieu aboard the Strong , despite having identified the ship coming as an enemy, inexplicably did not give the order to prepare the ship for the attack. [21]        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4At midnight about the Strong slowly moved to the Sybille , shooting a small long -haul edged on the side of the ship, accompanied by mosqueting shots from the crew on board. Apart from small damage, the Sybille He remained mostly intact and continued to advance silently in the darkness. [22] The French fire continued but with very few effects, allowing Cooke to bring the Sybille just 25 meters from Strong At 00:45 and shoot a edged. [20] To the cannons also in this case added the muskets on board which broke the side of the Strong . The damage to the French ship were catastrophic: the cannons had been thrown by their trolleys and a dozen men were injured, while Beaulieu and his first lieutenant were among the dead. [23] Despite these losses, the French survivors returned to the remaining cannons and responded to fire. [20] [24] The French gunners, however, probably due to the general agitation, were unable to aim correctly to Sybille while the British suddenly went worse the already precarious conditions of the Strong . The problem according to many on board was also due to the fact that the ship three days earlier had replaced its cannons with Chinese manufacturing weapons. [24] [25] For the next hour and a half the fregate continued to shoot themselves short -range until Cooke was hit by a gunshot at 01:30 on 1 March, being replaced by his first lieutenant Lucius Hardyman. The action continued for another hour until 02:30, when the French remained with only four useful cannons. [24] Hardyman asked the Strong to surrender but did not receive an answer and therefore ordered another edged. After a second request he noticed that the French sailors were trying to repair the damage of the Strong . [26] Thinking that the French were preparing to escape, Hardyman concentrated his fire on the trees of the Strong making them fall one by one at 03:00. [23] [27] With the end of each opposition, the British made the men of the Strong and they welcomed its formal surrender. [19] Battle positions [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] Nave  Commander  Marina  Cannons  Tons  Bordered weight  Complement  Losses  Dead  Wounded  Total  HMS Sybille  Captain Edward Cooke (killed in battle)  48 1091bm 503 pounds (228 kg)  371 5 17 22  Strong  Captain Hubert Le Loup de Beaulieu (killed in battle)  52 1401bm 610 pounds (280 kg)  c.370 65 c.80 c.145 Fonte: Clowes, p.\u00a0521 Damage to the Strong After the clash they were extended. The side towards the Sybille It had been perforated by over 300 shots. [23] 65 men of the crew had been killed in the clash, including Captain Beaulieu, and about 80 had been injured, or more than a third of the total of men on board; Furthermore, many of the injured died shortly for the effects of amputations. [26] Damage to the Sybille They were significantly lighter: only six shots hit the ship throughout the battle, only one cannon was hit, while the Cooke cabin was that to suffer the greatest damage. [26] Of the crew five were the dead and 17 the injured, including captain Cooke. The English captain, hit in the left arm, will die on May 25, 1799 in Calcutta precisely because of these wounds that they lasted over time and was buried with full military honors on site. [15] Subsequently, a memorial dedicated to him was erected at the Westminster Abbey. [28] The battle was considered by English historians as rather unusual for the extreme precision and discipline shown by the sailors aboard the Sybille , due to the great training of the gunners expressly desired by Cooke and the combined use of the muskets on board. [29] The naval historian William James wrote: “The action of the Sobylle [sic] and of the fort was fought with gallantry on both fronts, but with competence only on the one hand”. [30] ^  Parkinson, p.75  ^  Parkinson, p.98  ^  Clowes, p.503  ^  Parkinson, p.106  ^  James, p.326  ^  Clowes, p.520  ^  Parkinson, p.121  ^  a b  Parkinson, p.123  ^  Parkinson, p.139.  ^  Clowes, p.486.  ^  a b  James, p.325  ^  a b c  ( IN ) The London Gazette ( PDF ), n.\u00a015166, 6 August 1799.  ^  Henderson, p.55  ^  Clowes, p.552  ^  a b  Cooke, Edward , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , J. K. Laughton, (subscription required), Retrieved 25 May 2015  ^  Henderson, p.53  ^  Parkinson, p.124  ^  a b  Parkinson, p.125  ^  a b  James, p.329  ^  a b c  James, p.327  ^  a b  Henderson, p.58  ^  Lardas, p.67  ^  a b c  Henderson, p.59  ^  a b c  Clowes, p.521  ^  James, p.330  ^  a b c  James, p.328  ^  Lardas, p.68  ^  Parkinson, p.129  ^  Henderson, p.60  ^  James, p.331  William Laird Clowes, The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume V , Chatham Publishing, 1997 [1900] , ISBN\u00a01-86176-014-0. Terence Grocott, Shipwrecks of the Revolutionary & Napoleonic Era , Caxton Editions, 2002 [1997] , ISBN\u00a01-84067-164-5. James Henderson CBE, The Frigates , Leo Cooper, 1994 [1970] , ISBN\u00a00-85052-432-6. William James, The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 2, 1797\u20131799 , London, Conway Maritime Press, 2002 [1827] , ISBN\u00a00-85177-906-9. Mark Lardas, British Frigate vs French Frigate 1793\u20131814 , Oxford, Osprey Publishing, 2013, ISBN\u00a0978-1-78096-132-3. C. Northcote Parkinson, War in the Eastern Seas, 1793\u20131815 , London, George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1954.      (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/action-of-28-february-1799\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Action of 28 February 1799"}}]}]