Adolf Hitler – Wikipedia

Adolf Hitler , German pronunciation [ˈAdɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ] Listen ^[?·info] (Braunau AM Inn, 20 April 1889 – Berlin, April 30, 1945), was a German politician of Austrian origin, the Reich Chancellor since 1933 e Führer of Germany from 1934 to 1945.

Head of the German National Socialist Party of the workers, as well as the main creator of National Socialism, Hitler conquered the power by riding the wounded pride of the German people, after the defeat in the First World War and the serious economic crisis that afflicted the Weimar Republic. Taking advantage of his oratory ability and the dissatisfaction of the middle classes, he presented a political manifesto imbued with nationalism, anti -communism and anti -Semitism and, after alternating events (Failed Putsch in 1923 and consequent eight months of imprisonment, during which he began the drafting of the My fight ), came to the German chancellery in January 1933.

In 1934, after the death of President Paul von Hindenburg, the title of Führer and chancellor of the Reich , concentrating the powers of the state in his hands and establishing an dictatorial regime. Thanks to a mighty and effective economic renovation program and military rearrangement, Hitler pursued an extremely aggressive foreign policy, mainly aimed at expanding the habitat (in Italian “Vital Spazio”) at the expense of the populations of Eastern Europe. ^[first] In a succession of acts of challenge to the international community, he came to invade Poland on 1 September 1939, thus causing the outbreak of the Second World War.

From that moment, Hitler personally directed war operations, exercising a decisive influence in strategic choices and operational conduct. Thanks also to his decisions and determination, the first years of the conflict were characterized by impressive victories, which allowed the third Reich to dominate most of Europe and who seemed to demonstrate the invincibility of the Wehrmacht . However, starting from 1942, with the formation of the powerful coalition of the Anglo-American-Soviet allies, Germany had to pass on the defensive and suffer the increasingly effective attacks of its enemies. Abandoned by the allies, worn out by the continuous defeats and in ever more precarious physical and psychic conditions, Hitler refused to give up the weapons and continued to resist stubbornly. He was stuck with the troops faithful to him in a Berlin now surrounded by the Red Army, he committed suicide in his bunker on April 30, 1945 together with his partner Eva Braun, who had married the day before.

Responsible for the death of millions of people, Hitler was the advocate of a nationalist and racist ideology, as well as a policy of discrimination and extermination that affected various ethnic, political and social groupsː Slavic populations, Romaníí ethnic groups, Jehovah’s Witnesses, homosexuals, political opponents , members of Freemasonry, prisoners of war, physical and mental disabled and, in particular, the Jews. Segregated since 1933 by the country’s social and economic life, the Jews and other minorities were the subject of an internment and extermination plan known since 1941 with the name of final solution, to which it has been reported since the immediate post -war period with The term of Shoah or Holocaust. ^[2] The word genocide was coined by the Polish Jew Raphael Lemkin in a 1944 work on Nazi extermination policies. ^[3]

Biography

Family of origin

Alois, the father of the future dictator, born in 1837, was an illegitimate son of Maria Schicklgruber and an unknown father. He kept his maternal surname until thirty -nine years and then he succeeded, probably through a parish priest and a compliant notary, to convince the church of Döllersheim and of Misterbach (Alta Austria) to get the surname of the deceased’s deceased husband, Tal Johann Georg Hiedler, A traveling miller who died twenty years earlier, who however always refused to recognize his paternity.

He had a brother, Johann Nepomuk, who had the surname “Hiedler”, while in other documents it seems that the surname was “Hüttler”. Johann Nepomuk took care of Alois Child and many historians hypothesize that he was the boy’s true biological father. ^[4] In fact, the same arranged that Alois became the heir of his bequests. Finally, Alois in 1877 abandoned the maternal surname and officially established his surname as “Hitler”, also obtaining a posthumous certificate where he appeared the name of Johann Georg as a father. Adolf Hitler himself avoided deepening the uncertain family origins also for the doubt that Jewish ancestry could be found ^[5] And, since the identity of his grandfather is in fact not known with certainty, such hypotheses have also been made on the biological ascending of Alois, in particular following the testimony rendered in the Nuremberg process by Hans Frank, who was a trusted lawyer by Adolf Hitler: he declared that he had discovered, in 1930, evidence of the fact that Alois’s biological father was a wealthy Jew residing in Graz, named Leopold Frankenberger, with whom Maria would have worked as a maid around 1836. This thesis is was also recently re -proposed (sax, 2019), ^[6] However, meeting skepticism by the majority of historians. ^[7] No Frankenberger is recorded in Graz during that period, no document demonstrates the existence of Leopold Frankenberger, and for Jews the residence in Stiria was illegal for almost 400 years and became legal only decades after the birth of Alois. ^{[8] [9] [ten] [11]}

Alois Hitler as an adult was hired as customs border of Alta Austria, a place that he maintained for the rest of working life.

Childhood and youth

Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 in Braunau am Inn, a city of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, very close to the border with the German Empire. ^[twelfth] It was the Alois Hitler’s quartogeneity and his third wife, Klara Pölzl. Three of the brothers of Hitler – Gustav, Ida and Otto – died at an early age; With the Hitler spouses, moreover, the children born from a previous wedding of him, Alois Jr. (born in 1882) and Angela (born in 1883) also lived. ^[13] When Hitler was three years old, the family moved to Passau, Germany, where the future dictator acquired his low-bavarian cadence that he would accompany him in the prayers of his future political life. Subsequently, the family returned to Austria, moving to Leonding in 1894, and in June 1895 Alois retired to Hafeld, near Lambach, where he was active in beekeeping. Reached school age, Hitler began to attend Volksschule, in nearby Fischlham. ^[14]

The transfer to Hafeld coincided with the beginning of intense father-child conflicts, caused by the refusal of Hitler to conform to the rigid discipline given by his school: consequently, his father gives him severe corporal punishment, manifesting a hard and despotic character, a face of the most protective attitude of the mother. The Alois Hitler’s beekeepers in Hafeld, merely, ended with a failure and in 1897 the family moved to Lambach. The Hitler, reached the eight -year -old age, meanwhile also took singing lessons, singing in the choir of the local church, and even taking into consideration the idea of ​​becoming a priest. ^[15] In 1898 the family returned to Leading definitively. Hitler was deeply impressed by the death of the younger brother Edmund, struck down in 1900 by measles. Because of this mourning, Hitler turned from a confident, extroverted and conscientious student into a gloomy and detached boy, constantly fighting with his father and teachers.

Alois had made a successful career in the customs office and wanted his son to follow his footsteps. Hitler later dramatized an episode of this period, on the occasion of which the father led him to visit a customs office, describing him as an event that accentuated a ruthless antagonism between them. ^[16] Ignoring the desire of the son to attend a classical high school and become an artist, Alois forced Hitler to enroll in Linz’s RealSchule in September 1900. ^[17] Hitler was particularly impatient to this obligation, and in My fight He then wrote that he voluntarily neglected the study, in the perspective that the father, given “the few progress I made to the technical institute, let me dedicate to my dream”.

Just like many Austrians and Germans, Hitler began to cultivate and develop nationalist and pangermanic ideas from an early age. He expressed loyalty only to the German nation, repudiating the Habsburg Monarchy and his multi -ethnic society: already with friends, Hitler resorted to the “heil” as a greeting, and sang the Deutschlandlied in place of the Austrian national National National. ^[8]

Was Hitler vegetarian?

According to Margot Woelk, his official taster from 1942 to 1944, Hitler was a vegetarian. [18] In fact, in an interview it reports: «Everything was vegetarian and all made by delicious fresh vegetables, from asparagus to pepper to beans with rice, to salads. Everything was arranged on a single dish, as he wanted to serve. There was absolutely no meat and I don’t remember there was also fish. ” [19] [20] Hitler himself on April 25, 1942, as reported in the book Hitler conversations at the table , during a lunch at the Reich Chancellery enhances the vegetarian regime and its health with respect to the consumption of the meat. [21] Other sources testify to the opposite: the biographer John Toland reports that Hitler’s diet, when he was a student, consisted of “milk, meat and bread messages”. Another famous biographer, Robert Payne ( The Life and Death of Adolf Hitler ), says that that of vegetarism was a deliberate frame, conceived by the Nazi propaganda to paint Hitler as a pure and dedicated figure (probably inspired by Mahatma Gandhi). Payne writes: “Hitler’s asceticism played an important role in his public image in Germany. According to a widely widespread legend, it was not smoking, it was a row and did not attend women. Only the first statement was truthful. He often drank beer and wine, had a particular predilection for the Bavarian Carnea -based sauces and wife … his asceticism was a fiction invented by the Minister of Nazi propaganda Joseph Goebbels to emphasize its total dedication, self -control and the distance that separated him by other men … ” Professor Rynn Berry has reviewed The Heretics Feast (a book that feeds the legend of vegetarian Hitler) with these words: «While it is true that Hitler’s doctors pressed him a vegetarian diet to take care of his flatulence and a chronic stomach disorder, different from his biographers, such as Albert Speer, Robert Payne, John Toland and others, report his preference for sauces a Base of meat and treated meats. Spencer also claims that Hitler became a vegetarian only starting from 1931: “It could be said that since 1931 a vegetarian diet followed, but transgressed it on some occasions”. ” When he committed suicide in the stationery bunker in 1945 he was fifty -six years old; It would therefore have been a vegetarian for fourteen years. Dione Lucas, the woman who was her personal cook in Hamburg towards the end of the 1930s states in her book Gourmet Cooking School Cookbook That Hitler’s favorite dish – what he usually required – was the stuffed pigeon. “I would not like to pass you to the desire to eat it, but it might be interested in knowing that the stuffed pigeon was absolutely the favorite dish of Mr. Hitler, who often dinner in this hotel”. It can therefore be concluded that Hitler was not all vegetarian life, but that he became him in adulthood in the early 1930s.

Leonding, Vienna e Monaco

Alois Hitler died on January 3, 1903 from a pulmonary hemorrhage. The widow, Klara, died on December 21, 1908. At the age of 19 Adolf remained so orphan, he left his home for Vienna, where he had vague hopes to become an artist. He was entitled to an orphan pension, which he integrated by working as an illustrator. He had a certain artistic talent and often developed paintings by houses and large buildings. Some canvases of discreet workmanship are preserved.

He lost his pension in 1910, but for then he had inherited some money from an aunt and therefore in 1912 he moved to Liverpool, where the brother Alois in the meantime had achieved a substantial fortune thanks to the opening of two restaurants in the English city. The story that concerned his movement to England is somewhat curious: in fact, his brother Alois awaited his sister Angela, to whom he had donated the ticket and not to Adolf, with whom he was also in poor relationships. The period of stay in England was a tremendous and monotonous exile for Hitler; In fact, he bordered the brother’s apartment by taking advantage of his lavish generosity. In April 1913, encouraged by Alois and his wife, tired of his intrusive presence he returned to Vienna, in the Austrian capital, where he suddenly found the artistic inspiration lost in Liverpool.

It was in Vienna that Hitler began to approach anti -Semitism, an obsession that would dominate his life and would become the key to many of his subsequent actions. Vienna had a large Jewish community, including many Orthodox Jews of Eastern Europe. Hitler later remembered his disgust in meeting the Viennese Jews.

In Vienna anti -Semitism had developed from its religious origins in a political doctrine, promoted by publicists such as Lanz von Liebenfels, whose libelli were read by Hitler, and by politicians such as Karl Lueger, Borgomastro di Vienna, or Georg von Schönerer, who contributed to the racial aspects of anti -Semitism. From them Hitler acquired the creed in the superiority of the Aryan race, which formed the foundations of his political ideas. Hitler came to believe that the Jews were the natural enemies of the “Aryans” and were also somehow responsible for his poverty and inability to achieve the success he believed to deserve. Hitler’s relationship with the Jewish problem and its genesis in recent years is however quite controversial; In fact, testimonies of Reinhold Hanisch underline how Hitler kept friendship and dialogue with some Jews.

The money inherited from the aunt soon ended and for several years Hitler lived in a relative darkness; He never found himself in conditions of real indigence, even if he slept in hostels for men only. During his leisure time he often witnessed the work in the Vienna concert halls, preferring the themes of Richard Wagner’s Norse mythology.

How he had to write in My fight , ^[22] And as it was recognized by those who knew him in the Viennese period, he dedicated himself tirelessly to reading, to whom he devoted many hours of the day and night. This, combined with the harsh existential experiences, would have made him define the Austrian capital as “[…] the most serious and profound school of my life […]. He did not touch me to add great thing to what I had accumulated At that time”. ^[22]

On May 25, 1913 Hitler moved to Munich to avoid providing military service in the Austro-Hungarian army.

The genesis of anti -Semitism during the youthful years

Hitler’s homeland did not consist of today’s Austria, a state almost homogeneous by population, but in that crucible of peoples and nationalities that was the Austro Ungaric Empire that the future dictator describes in his “Mein Kampf” as “… perpetually in turmoil and agitation so that I took care of it as soon as possible – except for the limit of endurance and the disgust – in a definitive way. It was the appetizer I felt For these ‘foreigners’ to make me cross the border with Germany and to go to Munich rather than to perform the obligations of lever in a ‘homeland’ that I no longer felt mine “. ^{[ without source ]}

World War I

On August 16, 1914, when the German Empire had now entered the First World War, Hitler enlisted as a volunteer at 25 in the Bavarian army of Kaiser Guglielmo II, being assigned in the 1st Company of the 16th “List” infantry regiment, belonging to the 6th reserve division. In that same regiment he also played his future Reichsleiter (subsequently defined as “Delfino” by Hitler) Rudolf Hess, at that time an lieutenant. He obtained the degree of corporal and served active in France and Belgium as a staffetta gateway ( Ordinanceman ). ^{[23] [24]} Contrary to subsequent Hitlerian literature, the list regiment was not a laboratory of Nazism: only 2% of the comrades will then register for the party and many voluntary soldiers were of Jewish religion, authorized to practice their rites between the trenches. ^[25]

During military service, Hitler proved to be a courageous and probo soldier: unlike other comrades he refused cigarettes and alcohol, he did not ask licenses, he never received letters or postal packages from home, he showed no interest in girls and not He never complained to lice, mud, dirt and bad smell of the trenches. He was also lonely and seemed to want to feel affection only to Foxl, the stray dog ​​he adopted before leaving for the front. On the contrary, some of his soldiers also described him in the grip of nervous exhaustions: in fact it was seen first immersed in his thoughts with his hands resting on the head and suddenly shooting by imprecating against the “internal enemies of the German people”, that is, the Jews and the Marxists.

On October 29, 1914 he made his debut on the edge of the first battle of Ypres, in the Flemish village of Gheluvelt. ^[25] In the My fight He will write that he was the only survivor of that sortie; The documents, however, fix the fallen soldiers to just thirteen: the real slaughter of Germans takes place ten kilometers away and in different days. ^[26]

On October 7, 1916, while he was about to deliver a message to the officers engaged in the Ligny-Thilloy line, he was injured in the left thigh by a chips of grenade during the battle of the sums and was hospitalized for two months in the military hospital of Beelitz, 50 kilometers south of Berlin. Having distinguished himself in combat he was decorated with the second class iron cross (2 December 1916) and therefore of first class on August 14, 1918. The latter honor was rarely used at the time to reward troop soldiers, in particular non -commissioned officers.

On March 5, 1917, five months later, he returned to the battlefield and fought all the bloodiest battles on the Flanders front, including the Battle of Arras and the battle of Passchendele.

For long months he disappears from the first line, but of Guarnigione in Wavrin and falls in love with a 17 -year -old French peasant named Charlotte Lobjoie (probably known in spring 1917), to whom he gives several watercolors that she will keep in a barn. ^[25] On September 28, 1918, after spending two weeks of leave in Berlin, Hitler was injured by a splinter in a trench in the village of Marcoing during the battle of Carabrai-San Quintino in France, while a surprise assault was underway by A British platoon of the Duke Regiment of Wellington.

On October 15, 1918 he was later temporarily intoxicated by an attack of hyprite gas, which left him blind for three days. He was immediately hospitalized at the Pasewalk military hospital where, according to some sources, he learned the news of the German defeat of 9 November.

During the war Hitler acquired a passionate German patriotism, even if he was not a citizen of the German Empire (an aspect that he did not remedy until 1932). Hitler remained desperately upset by the German capitulation in November 1918, when the army, he said, had not been defeated. He, like many other nationalists, blamed the Jews to have poured Bolshevik revolutionary outbreaks, who would have undermined the resistance of the soldiers to the front and induced the politicians (the “Criminals of November”) to the surrender and subscription of the Versailles Treaty .

The National Socialist Party

“Already in the years 1913-1914 I began to express in several clubs, today faithful to the national Socialist cause, the thought that the question of the German future revolved around the destruction of Marxism.”

After the war Hitler remained in the army, which was now mainly engaged in the repression of the socialist revolutions that broke out throughout Germany, including Munich, where Hitler returned in 1919. While he was still in the army he was in charge of spying on, on behalf Army and police, the meetings of a small nationalist party, the German workers’ party (DAP). ^[27] During the session held by the political formation at the Sterneckerbräu, a brewery in the center of the city, that same evening, Hitler had a violent discussion with another client. ^[4]

Fascinated by his speech, Anton Drexler, the founder and secretary of the party, enrolled it, without having even consulted it, to the party as a member number 555 in the spring of 1919. In reality, already for a couple of weeks, Hitler had been present at the meetings public public on the indication of the police, but in those previous sessions he had not noted any detail of specific interest. ^[4]

In the My fight , in this regard we find written: “[…] After some meetings that I found pedantic and extremely boring, a discussion takes place, where such a one comes out with a thesis that made me furious. I intervened, indignant by the thesis exposed by that Such and from the welcome that some of those present reserved for the same. These gentlemen required a union of Bavaria to Austria, determining its secession from Germany. On this point. A few days after this stomachable episode, having declined my general information and housing address on that occasion, I received a postcard by post containing the communication that I had been without my knowledge enrolled in the DAP and inserted none other than in the His Management Committee! I do not oppose and I could no longer have, wanted or having to go back “.

On August 14, Dietrich Eckart, an anti -Semitic and one of the first key members of the party, on the occasion of a speech held in front of the members of the DAP. On September 16, 1919 the first known anti -Semitic work of Hitler was drawn up, the letter Gemilich is noted. ^[4]

Hitler was not taken from the army until 1920, after which he began to take part full time in the party activities. It soon became the leader and changed its name to the German National Socialist Party of the workers ( National-socialist German Workers’ Party , NSDAP), normally known as “Nazi party” from Na tional So day alist , in contrast with Sozi , a term used to indicate the Social Democratic Party of Germany. The party adopted as emblem the swastika, conceived as a “Ariano” and Indo -European sun symbol in opposition to the Jews believed by some being “adratori of the moon”, as well as the Roman greeting used by the Italian fascists.

The Nazi party was only one of the numerous small extremist groups of the monk of that era, but Hitler soon discovered that he had a remarkable talent in public oratory and in inspiring people’s loyalty. His rhetoric, which attacked the Jews, the socialists, the liberals, the capitalists and the communists, began to attract new members. Among the first followers we find Rudolf Hess, Hermann Göring and Ernst Röhm, which would have been the head of the Nazi paramilitary organization, the SA (Sturmabteilung), officially called “party sports teams”. In 1921 he was sentenced to three months in prison (of which only one discounted) for having personally guided an attack of the SA against a rally, culminating in the aggression of the speaker, a Bavarian federalist named Ballerstedt.

Another admirer of his was the field marshal of the time of war, Erich LucadoRff. Hitler decided to use Lutchwood as a facade in a fairly unrealistic attempt to conquer power, the “Putsch di Monaco” of 8 November 1923, when the Nazis moved from a brewery to the Bavarian Ministry of War, intending to overturn the separatist government of Right of Bavaria and from there march on Berlin, thus emulating Mussolini’s march on Rome. Hitler has mainly entrusted the help of the former fighters disappointed by the Weimar Republic gathered in the paramilitary organizations of the “Franchi Corps” (Freikorps).

The coup d’état failed and Hitler was tried for high treason; However, he used the process to spread his message throughout Germany. In April 1924 he was sentenced to five years in prison in the Landsberg prison Am Lech, located for about eighty kilometers away from Munich. Here Hitler read Henry Ford’s work The international Jew And, inspired by this, he wrote his famous work My fight ( My battle ). This pondoso work contained Hitler’s ideas on the race, history and politics, including numerous warnings about the fate that awaited its enemies, especially the Jews, in the event that it had managed to rise to power. The book was published the first time in two volumes: the first in 1925 and the second one year later. The prospects of a Hitler in power seemed so remote, at that time that nobody took his writings seriously.

Considered relatively harmless, Hitler obtained a reduction in the sentence and was released in 1924 after only nine months of prison sentence. At that moment the Nazi party barely existed and his leaders had to work for a long time to reconstruct him. During these years Hitler formed a group that would later become one of the key tools in achieving its objectives. Inside the SA Hitler constituted a personal bodyguard in 1925, the protection Squad (“protection unit” or SS). This body of elite From the black uniforms he was led by Heinrich Himmler, who would then become the main executor of Hitler’s plans on the “Jewish question”, during the Second World War. In 1930 Hitler took on the office of Supreme SA (Supreme Head), entrusting the position of military commander ( chief of staff ) Delle Sa a Ernst Röhm.

A key element of the charm exercised by Hitler on the German people was in his constant appeal to national pride, wounded by the defeat in war and humiliated by the Treaty of Versailles, imposed on the German Empire by the winning states. In fact, the Empire had to give in territories to France, Poland, Belgium and Denmark, abandon its colonies, to dispose of the Navy, pay a very salty account for war repairs and take full responsibility and guilt of the outbreak of the conflict: a real Diktat .

Since many Germans did not believe that it was Germany who started war (having been declared by Austria) nor that they were defeated on the field, they were bitterly affected by these terms. Even if the first attempts, by the Nazis, of gaining votes with the condemnation of humiliations and the machinations of “international Judaism” were not particular success with the electorate, the party propaganda learned the lesson, and soon turned the situation upside down To its advantage through a more subtle expression of its contents, which combined anti -Semitism with “spirited” attacks against the failures of the “Weimar system” and the parties that supported it.

It does not have an ideological weight, but represents a nodal point of its cultural formation, the work of the “German poet” Friedrich Schiller . In particular Hitler appears obsessed with The conspiracy of the Fiesco to Genoa (1872), the tragedy inspired by the Conspiracy of Gianluigi Fieschi in the historic Republic of Genoa. The passage on one of the protagonists, the Moro, cite insistently: twice in My fight , in a public speech in Berlin and in negotiations with the Czech president Emil Hácha. ^[28]

The race to power

The turning point of Hitler’s fortunes came with the great depression that hit Germany in 1930. The democratic regime established in Germany in 1919, the so -called Weimar Republic, had never been genuinely accepted by the conservatives and not even by the powerful communist party. The Social Democrats and the traditional parties of the center and the right showed inadequate in containing the shock of the depression and were also all marked by the association with the “Weimar system”. In the elections of September 14, 1930, the National Socialist Party suddenly arose from the darkness and earned over 18% of the votes and 107 seats in the Reichstag, thus becoming the second political force in Germany.

Hitler’s success was based on the conquest of the middle class, hardly affected by the inflation of the 1920s and by the unemployment brought by depression. Farmers and war veterans constituted other groups that supported the Nazis, influenced by the mystical calls of ideology Nation (people) to the myth of blood and earth. The urban working class, however, generally ignored Hitler’s appeals; Berlin and the cities of the Ruhr region were particularly hostile to him; In fact, in these cities the Communist Party was still strong, but also opposed the democratic government, which is why she refused to cooperate with the other parties to block Hitler’s ascent.

The 1930 elections were a disaster for the center -right government of Heinrich Brüning, who was deprived of the majority of the Reichstag, entrusted to the tolerance of the Social Democrats and forced to the use of emergency powers by the President of the Republic to remain in the government . With the austere measures introduced by Brüning to counter depression, avare of successes, the government was eager to avoid the presidential elections of 1932 and hoped to guarantee the agreement with the Nazis to extend the Hindenburg mandate. However, Hitler refused and, indeed, ran against Hindenburg in the presidential elections, arriving according to the two electoral rounds, exceeding 35% of the votes on the second occasion, in April, despite the attempts of the interior minister Wilhelm Grener and the social democratic government of the Prussia to limit the public activities of the Nazis, above all bandwriting them.

The embarrassment of the elections ended the tolerance of Hindenburg against Brüning and the old marshal of the field resigned the government and appointed a new one led by the reactionary Franz von Papena, who immediately repealed the announcement on the SA and called new elections for the Reichstag . In the elections of July 1932 the Nazis obtained their best result, winning 230 seats and becoming the relative majority party; Thanks to this victory, Hitler also managed to finally get German citizenship. At that moment the Nazis and the communists controlled the majority of the Reichstag and the formation of a stable majority government, engaged in democracy, was impossible. Then following the vote of no confidence in the Von Papena government, supported by 84% of the deputies, the new Reichstag dissolved immediately and new elections were called for November.

Von Papena and the center of the center (Catholic) both opened negotiations to ensure the Nazi participation in the government, but Hitler placed hard conditions, asking for the chancellor and the consent of the president who allowed him to use the emergency powers of the article 48 of the Constitution. The failed attempt to enter the government, combined with the Nazi efforts to obtain the support of the working class, alienated some of the previous supporters and in the elections of November 1932 the Nazis lost votes, while remaining the main party of the Reichstag.

Since Von Papena had clearly failed in his attempts to guarantee a majority through the negotiation that would bring the Nazis to the government, Hindenburg resigned and called in his place the General Kurt von Schleicher, who had long been a force behind the scenes and Subsequently, defense minister, who promised to be able to guarantee a majority government through negotiation with social democratic trade unionists and the dissident Nazi faction, led by Gregor Strasser.

When Schleicher embarked in this difficult mission, Von Papen and Alfred Hugenberg, secretary of the German National People’s Party (DNVP), who before the Nazi ascent was the main right -wing party, conspired to persuade Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as a chancellor in coalition with The DNVP, promising that they would be able to control it. When Schleicher was forced to admit his failure and asked Hindenburg another dissolution of the Reichstag, Hindenburg silurò and put in place the plan of Von Papena, appointing Hitler Chancellor with Von Papena as vice -changing and Hugenberg as Minister of Economy, in a Cabinet that included only three Nazis: Hitler, Göring and Wilhelm Frick. On January 30, 1933 Hitler took oath as a chancellor in the Reichstag room, under the looks and applause of thousands of supporters of Nazism.

Using the pretext of the Reichstag fire, Hitler issued the “decree of the Reichstag fire” on February 28, 1933, less than a month after the settlement. The decree suppressed most of the civil rights guaranteed by the 1919 Constitution of the Weimar Republic in the name of national security: the communist leaders, together with other opponents of the regime, soon found themselves in prison. At the same time, Sa launched a wave of violence against trade union movements, Jews and other “enemies”. However, Hitler still didn’t have the nation in his hand. The appointment as a chancellor and its use of the mechanisms set in the Constitution to land in power led to the myth of the nation that elects its dictator and the support of the majority to his ascent. In truth, Hitler became a chancellor on the legal appointment of the president, who had been elected by the people, but neither Hitler nor the party had the absolute majority of the votes. In the last free elections, the Nazis obtained 33% of the votes, earning 196 of the 584 seats available.

Even in the elections of March 1933, which took place after terror and violence had spread for the state, the Nazis received only 44% of the votes. The party obtained control of the majority of seats at the Reichstag through a formal coalition with the DNVP. Finally, the additional votes necessary to pass the decree of full powers (Ermächigungsgesetz), which invested Hitler of an dictatorial authority, were ensured with the expulsion of the communist deputies by the Reichstag and with the intimidation of the center party ministers. With a series of decrees that came immediately afterwards, the other parties were suppressed and all forms of opposition was banned. In just a few months Hitler had reached an authoritarian control without having ever violated or suspended the constitution of the Reich, undermining, however, the democratic system.

The National Socialist regime

«It will come a day in which it will be the greatest honor to have the title of citizen of the Reich as a SPARTINO than to be king in a foreign state, and this day will certainly come, since, in a world like ours, which allows the mixing of the races , a state that dedicates all its efforts to the development of the best racial elements must fatally become the master of the world. ”

Having ensured the supreme political power in a legal way with free elections, Hitler remained extremely popular until the final moments of his regime. He was a master of oratory and with all German media under the control of his head of propaganda, Joseph Goebbels, was able to persuade the majority of the Germans that he was their savior from depression, by the communists, by the Treaty of Versailles and the Jews. ^[29] On those who were not persuaded, he knows, the SS and the gestapo (the secret police of state) had free hand and thousands disappeared in the concentration camps. Many more emigrated, including about half of the German Jews.

To consolidate his regime, Hitler needed the neutrality of the army and the industry tycoons. These were alarmed by the “socialist” component of National Socialism, which was represented by the brunette shirts of the SAs of Ernst Röhm, largely belonging to the working class. To remove this barrier to the acceptance of the regime, Hitler left his lieutenant free, Heinrich Himmler, to assassinate Röhm and dozens of other real or potential enemies, during the night of 29-30 June 1934 (known as the “Night of the long knives “). A less visible effect than the purge, which was not very perceived at the time, but which probably returned to Hitler’s projects, was to focus the party’s energies no longer on social aspects (as desired by the SA), but on the “racial enemies” of the Germany. According to some authors, National Socialism, born as a twin ideology to Italian fascism, remained so only until now given that with the elimination of the “left” current headed to Röhm, the “right” current headed by Hitler took The upper hand. From this moment the Nazi party would have implicitly embraced capitalism by prefiguring as a purely conservative ideology, abandoning any revolutionary hypothesis and therefore remaining “socialist” only in the name. This would have happened as a pledge to the international economic powers that had supported him financially in the rise to power. ^[30]

When Hindenburg died on August 2, 1934, Hitler (which as already head of the government, that is, chancellor of Reich ) could not also become president of the Reich (chief of state), he created a new charge for himself, that of Führer , which in practice allowed him to accumulate the two positions. He was Leader and Chancellor (Guide and Chancellor of Reich ). From 1934 until his death in Germany there was no president of the Reich .

Those Jews who had not emigrated to time had to repent of their hesitation. Based on the laws of Nuremberg of 1935 they lost their status as German citizens and were expelled from state uses, professional orders and most of the economic activities. They were the subject of the barrier of a fierce propaganda. Few non -Germans Germans opposed these steps. These restrictions were further aggravated, especially after the anti-Jewish operation of the night between 9 and 10 November 1938, known as the “night of crystals” (“Kristallnacht” or “Reichskristallnacht”). Since 1941 the Jews were obliged to wear a yellow David star in public. In March 1935 Hitler repudiated the Treaty of Versailles, reintroducing his conscription in Germany. Its purpose seemed to build a massive military machine, including a new Navy (Kriegsmarine) and a new Air Force (Luftwaffe). The latter was placed under the command of Hermann Göring, a veteran commander of the First World War. The enrollment of large quantities of men and women in the new army seemed to solve unemployment problems, but seriously distort the economy.

In March 1936, while the attention of the world was concentrated on the fascist attack on Ethiopia, Hitler again vowed the treaty by re -producing the demilitarized area of ​​the Rhineland and, since the United Kingdom and France did not mobilize to stop it, took courage. In July of the same year the Spanish civil war broke out where the military, led by General Francisco Franco, rebelled against the regularly elected government of the popular front. Hitler sent troops to help rebels. The intervention in Spain served as a test on the field for the new German armed forces and for their methods, including the bombing of defenseless cities such as Guernica, which was destroyed by Luftwaffe in April 1937.

To demonstrate the German power to the world, Hitler (on the idea of ​​Goebbels) hosted the XI Olympiad in Berlin, with an initial triumphant ceremony. On October 25 of the same year there was in Berlin the signature of a treaty of friendship between the Kingdom of Italy and Germany and on 1st November 1st, in a speech in Milan, Mussolini will use the term Rome-Berlin axis for the first time , referring to this agreement. Hence the widespread custom of considering the treaty of friendship as an establishment of the axis even if the military alliance will be born later, on May 22, 1939, with the steel pact: this alliance was following Japan, Hungary, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria, or the powers of the axis. On November 5, 1937 Hitler held a secret meeting at the Reich stationery, in which he declared his plans for the acquisition of “living space” for the German people.

On April 10, 1938 with a plebiscite Austria joined Germany (the so -called Connection ) and Hitler, who thus laid the foundations of great Germany, made a triumphal entry to Vienna. Later he intensified the crisis that involved the German language inhabitants of the Sudeti region in Czechoslovakia. This led to the Monaco agreements of September 1938 in which the United Kingdom and France, with the mediation of Mussolini, weakestly ceded to his requests to avoid war, “sacrificing” the Czechoslovakia, which was occupied. The Germans entered Prague on March 10, 1939.

At this point, France and the United Kingdom decided to take a position and resisted the subsequent request of Hitler for the return of the territory of Danzica, a German territory sold to Poland based on the Treaty of Versailles. However, Western powers were not able to reach an agreement with the Soviet Union for an alliance against Germany and Hitler took advantage of it. On August 23, 1939, a non-aggression pact ended (the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact) with Stalin, also defining the criteria for the partition of the Polish territory.

On 1 September Germany invaded Poland. Hitler was certain that France and the United Kingdom would not have honored their commitment with the Poles to declare war on Germany: “I judged their garments to Munich: Daladier, Chamberlain, of the vermickelets!”. ^{[thirty first]} When the Schmidt helper entered the Hitler studio on the morning of September 3, delivering him the statement of war of the United Kingdom, he remained petrified and turned to his foreign minister Ribbentrop, with his furious gaze said: “What now?” (And now?). ^[32] In the antechamber, crowded with general and dignitaries of the party, the voice of Göring, just informed, broke the silence that had been created: “If we lose this war, God has mercy on us!”. ^[33]

Second World War: the victories

“We must be cruel. We have to get back to being cruel with clean consciousness. ”

In the following three years Hitler achieved an almost uninterrupted series of military successes. Poland was quickly defeated and divided with the Soviets. In April 1940 Germany invaded Denmark and Norway (Weserübung operation). In response to the invasion of Poland, France and England declared war on Germany. In May a flash began that rapidly overwhelmed the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and France (known as the France countryside), which collapsed within six weeks. The plan for the conquest of France, born from Hitler’s ideas, Heinz Guderian, leader of the Panzer, and General Von Manstein, was a master’s operation, a tactical masterpiece that allowed the Germans to overwhelm three armies, in addition to the Bef. In April 1941 he touched Yugoslavia and Greece to be invaded (Balkan countryside). In the meantime, the German forces (Deutsches Afrikakorps), combined with the Italian ones, advanced through North Africa towards Egypt, focusing on Alexandria of Egypt and Cairo.

These invasions were accompanied by the bombing of defenseless cities such as Warsaw, Rotterdam (felt and therefore evacuated) and Belgrade. Hitler’s only failure was that of not being able to bend Britain with the aerial bombings of the Battle of England. On June 22, 1941 the Barbarossa operation began. The German forces, supported by the nations of Axis and Finland, invaded the Soviet Union, quickly occupying part of European Russia, besiegeting Leningrad and Stalingrad and threatening Moscow. During the winter, Hitler’s army was rejected at the gates of Moscow and the furious Führer took on the command of the armed forces, but the following summer the offensive shown. For July 1942, Hitler’s troops were on the Volga, where they were defeated in the battle of Stalingrado: it was the first big German defeat.

In North Africa the British defeated the Germans in the second battle of El Alamein, contrasting Hitler’s plans to occupy the Suez canal and the Middle East. Speaking of the certainty of the war victory by the dictator and his faithful, Hitler declared verbatim in the presence of his generals:

«As for propaganda, I will find some explanation for the outbreak of the war. It doesn’t matter whether plausible or not, the winner will not be asked if he has told the truth or not. [15] »

The Shoah

The invasion of the Soviet Union was also motivated by the National Socialist purpose, already present at the dawn of the movement, to acquire the habitat (“Vital Spazio”) for Germany to the east, at the expense of the Slavic populations considered Underman (“Sub-human”). At the same time, the Barbarossa operation proposed to break down the ideological enemy represented by communism, according to Hitler’s ideology, of the Jewish conspiracy for the world domination. Last but not least, the East campaign would have allowed Germany, the dreams of a rapid western countryside vanished, to reach and use the rich Soviet economic resources represented by Caucasian oil and Ukrainian foodstuffs.

It was immediately after the outbreak of the conflict to the east that the Jewish persecution reached its culminating phase with the start of the massacres made by operational groups who followed the advanced German armed forces. On the other hand, there is no evidence that in June 1941 there was already a plan for a “final solution of the Jewish question”. Historians note that the decision was probably made in a period between November 1941 and January 1942 and that the operational phase concretized only later. To facilitate the implementation of the final solution, a conference was held in Wannsee, near Berlin on January 20, 1942, with the participation of fifteen superior officers of the regime led by Reinhard Heydrich and Adolf Eichmann.

The recordings of the conference provide the most obvious evidence of the central planning of the Holocaust. Between 1942 and 1944, the SS, assisted by the collaborative governments and by staff recruited in the occupied nations, systematic about 3.5 million Jews in extermination fields located in Poland: Birkenau, Bełżec, Chełmno, Sobibór and Treblinka and systematic In concentration camps like that of Majdanek. Others were killed less systematically in other places and in other ways, or died of hunger and diseases while they worked as slaves. To the attempt to genocide of the European Jews, we generally referred to the post -war period with the word holocaust, but subsequently the Jewish term was adopted by the international community Shoah , preferred by the Jews themselves because the holocaust indicates a sacrifice to God in Jewish culture.

Other ethnic, social and political groups have been the subject of persecution and in some cases of extermination during the “final solution”. Thousands of German socialists, communists and other opponents of the regime died in the concentration camps, as well as a high number but unknown of homosexuals and Jehovah’s witnesses (marked by a purple triangle). The Roma and gypsies, equally considered lower races, were also interned and killed in the fields. About three million Soviet soldiers, prisoners of war, died in the concentration camps, reduced as slaves. All occupied nations suffered terrible deprivations and mass executions: up to three million pole (non-Ebree) civilians died during the occupation. No document was found in which the “final solution” was planned, but nevertheless the vast majority of historians agrees in believing that Hitler was the creator, ordering Himmler to carry on the plan.

Second World War: the defeat

The first triumphs persuaded Hitler to be a genius of military strategy and for this reason he became less and less eager to listen to the advice of his generals or even just hear bad news. After the battle of Stalingrado, widely considered as the turning point of the Second World War, his military decisions became increasingly erratic and the economic and military position of Germany deteriorated. The entry into the war of the United States, on December 7, 1941, opposed Germany a coalition of the main world powers: the largest world empire (the British Empire), the main financial and industrial power (the United States) and the Soviet union, which had taken the largest weight of the Second World War in terms of human lives and other losses.

Despite the evident deterioration of Germany’s military position after the Stalingrado catastrophe and the defeat of the axis in North Africa, Hitler continued the war with the utmost determination, apparently convinced that he could still achieve the victory and encourage his generals to fight fiercely, evoking the risk of the “destruction and annihilation” of the German people in case of defeat. Hitler always found new elements to maintain confidence in the victory and to consolidate the morality of his most important collaborators: in the first place, he was increasingly exemplary reference to the so -called “struggle times” before taking power in Germany, where the His willpower and “inflexible tenacity” had had the better of the extraordinary difficulties of the Nazi party; ^[34] Then, in 1943 he persuaded the exhaustion of the red army due to the enormous losses he suffered in his offensives to free the occupied territories; Therefore, he evoke the “safe” defeat of the “invasion” of the western allies in France which, according to him, would have caused the fall of Churchill and Roosevelt. In 1944, after the success of the landing in Normandy, he emphasized the decisive effect on the outcome of the war of the famous “secret weapons” ( weapons ) which should have turned upside down the progress of the conflict; Finally, in recent months, after the failure of his latest counter -offensive, he clung to the hope of a political rupture of the alliance between the United States, the Soviet Union and Great Britain. ^[34]

In reality, it seems that Hitler, since December 1941, after Moscow’s defeat, had come to the intimate belief that it was now impossible to reach victory; ^[35] After the catastrophe of Stalingrado, he in practice definitively decided to exclude every new political-diplomatic option and to take refuge in an unreal world in which every new defeat, the weaknesses of his collaborators and the defections of his allies paradoxically strengthened his beliefs, the Consciousness of one’s “indispensability” for Germany and the will to continue the war until the inevitable conclusion that he now identified with the mythological collapses and the bloody ruins of the Germanic epic. ^[36]

The realists within the German army instead saw the defeat as inevitable and sought to dirty Hitler. In July 1944, one of them, Claus Schenk von Stauffenberg, placed a bomb in Hitler’s headquarters (the so -called conspiracy of 20 July), but he fortunately escaped death and ordered Roland Freisler, the judge president of the Court of the people, one Wild retaliation, in which all the garments of the conspiracy were executed.

Hitler’s ally, Benito Mussolini, was reversed on July 25, 1943. In the meantime, the Soviet Union constantly continued to force Hitler’s armies to retreat from the territories occupied east. As long as another front opened in Western Europe, Germany could hope to keep the position, despite the increasingly heavy campaign of bombing on German cities. On June 6, 1944 (D-Day), the allied armies landed in the north of France and for December they had arrived at the Rhine. Hitler commanded a desperate offensive on the Ardenne, but with the new year the allied armies were putting on on the German territory. Meanwhile, the Germans had invaded Italy and established in Salò a puppet state, the Italian Social Republic, with the Mussolini head, freed by them following the oak operation.

Between 1943 and 1945 the Germans killed thousands of Italian civilians (the worst massacres were those of Marzabotto, with 770 victims, of the Fosse Ardeatine, with 335 deaths, and of Sant’Anna di Stazzema with 560 civil victims, mostly women and children). In February the Soviets made their way through Poland and Eastern Germany; In April they arrived at the gates of Berlin. Hitler’s closest collaborators advised him to escape in Bavaria or Austria, to organize a final resistance in the mountains, but he was determined to remain in the capital until the capitulation.

To prevent the allied forces from using German infrastructures, on March 19, 1945 he promulgated the Nero Decree, with which he ordered to make burnt land of all the infrastructures and resources available in Germany. The execution of the decree was entrusted to Albert Speer who deliberately disregarded him. ^[37]

The death

The German armies were unable to stop the advance of the allies and, while the Soviets opened the road to the center of Berlin, Hitler committed suicide in his bunker around 15:30 on April 30, 1945, together with the lover Eva Braun , who had married the day before; He was fifty -six years old. The official version first reports the suicide of Eva, poisoned with a vial of cyanide, which Hitler previously added even to his blond dog to verify that he was truly lethal. Then, it is not clear if Hitler had also taken the cyanide after her, but it is sure that according to some testimonies he was found dead in his blood with a blow of his walther ppk pistol, who fired the right temple. ^[38] As part of his latest wishes, he ordered that his body was brought outside and burned and thus took place on the same afternoon, around 15: 50-16: 00. In his will, he also expelled from the National Socialist Party for Himmler and Göring treason, appointing the Großadmiral Karl Dönitz as the new president of the Reich and Joseph Goebbels as a new chancellor of Reich . However, the latter committed suicide on the evening of May 1, 1945, together with his wife Magda, after killing his six children; So, he too was burned. Dönitz was instead captured and tried. The partially charred remains of Hitler were found on the morning of May 4, 1945 ^[39] and identified by KGB men through the footprints of dental arches, then buried in Magdeburg, in Eastern Germany. It seems that, around April 1970, in the area where the remains were buried it was decided to build a residential area. ^[40] The Soviet secret services evolved the remains of Hitler, Eva Braun, Joseph Goebbels and his family, ^[41] they twisted them totally and threw the ashes in the Elba river, ^[42] With the exception of a part of Hitler’s jaw, preserved in Moscow. ^[43]

Private life

Family and sentimental life

Although there are no certain evidence, many historians identify in his nephew Angelika Raubal, in addition to the most famous Eva Braun, his lover. ^[44] Other women who were very close to Hitler were the director Leni Riefenstahl and the British Unity Mitford. ^[45] Despite the opposition of the Nazi party towards homosexuality and the persecution of homosexuals implemented by the regime, some historians hypothesized that Hitler was homosexual or bisexual. ^{[forty six]}

Salute

Mental health

In 1943 the OSS, the US secret service operating in the period of the Second World War, commissioned Walter C. Langer, a well -known American psychoanalyst graduated in Harvard in 1923, to draw up a profile of the dictator’s psychology to help the allies for strategic purposes. ^{[47] [48]} Langer sought testimonies among the people who had met Hitler and took refuge in the United States and analyzing all the news that came to the dictator from Germany presented his work by titling him A psychological analysis by Adolf Hitler: his life and legend Written by Walter C. Langer. According to this report, also supported by the 1943 psychoanalytic analysis entitled Adolf Hitler’s personality analysis carried out by the psychologist Henry Murray, Hitler would have been a psychopath, probably affected by paranoid schizophrenia, probably suffering from helplessness, repressed homosexuality and with suicidal tendencies (later built). ^{[49] [50]} Some instead claimed that it was asexual, while others reject these statements, considering them propaganda or media speculations. It is assumed that in total he had six lovers. ^[51] Robert G. L. Waite instead hypothesized a mood disorder or a borderline personality. ^[52] He was a vegetarian, at least during the war. ^[53]

Physical health

Regarding his physical health, the German dictator suffered during his life of various diseases, since the time of adolescence and his life to the front. Medical studies have attributed some possible diseases to Hitler, such as syphilis and parkinson’s disease (or a parkinsonism), as can be seen from different videographic testimonies and also from the last video of Hitler in life, where his left hand trembles conspicuously a Rest and his pace is slow and clumsy. ^[54] Already in August 1935 he had to bring out a polyp from the throat, which involved repercussions later. ^[55] Hypotheses have also been advanced on his possible monarchidism (of which he already speculated at the time, see the British satirical song Hitler Has Only Got One Ball ). ^[56]

Possible use of drugs

The Norman Ohler journalist attributes the inexplicable behaviors that Hitler will hold from 1941 onwards to a drug addiction, caused by drugs administered as “vitamin cocktail” ^{[57] [58]} From his personal doctor, Theodor Morell, who would have been overcome only shortly before the fall eating a lot of sugar to overcome abstinence crises. ^[59]

Consequences of Hitlerian politics

Influence in mass culture

The figure of Hitler could only inspire directors, writers, playwrights, singers and become a character himself, more or less historic according to the cases. Often it has tried to shed light on the shadows of man instead of the politician, with results discussed and often controversial.

Before and during the Second World War Hitler was often described in Germany as an almost divine figure, loved and respected by the Germans (see for example the propaganda film, shot on the will of Hitler himself, The triumph of the will ). Outside of Germany, however, it was often the subject of derision.

After the defeat of Nazi Germany and his death the derision towards him was replaced by the acceptance of his total madness: Hitler’s anti -Semitic policies were well known during the course of his life, but it was only after his death that the Scaby policies and the Holocaust was truly known to public opinion outside Germany. After he stopped being a palpable threat he was described in popular culture as a left and diabolical figure, or rather the most diabolical man who has ever existed.

Hitler travel in Italy

Once ascended to power, Hitler chose Italy as his first destination abroad to meet Benito Mussolini. Since then he returned to visit the Duce two more times. Three other meetings took place during the war on the border between Italy and Germany at Brennero:

• Venice, 14-16 June 1934;
• Rome, Naples, Florence, 3-9 May 1938;
• Brennero, March 18, 1940;
• Brennero, 4 October 1940;
• Florence, October 28, 1940;
• Brennero, June 2, 1941;
• Feltre, 19 July 1943.

AREADNESS AND DISCENTENCE OF ADELF HITLER

Ascendants

Parents

Grandparents

Great -grandparents

Trisnonni

Martin Hiedler

Johannes Hiedler

Anna Maria Neugeshwandter

Johann Georg Hiedler

Anna Maria Goschl

Laurenz Göschl

Eva Maria

Alis haitler

Johannes Schicklgruber

Jacob Schikelgrueber

Theresia Sillip

Maria Anna Schicklgruber

Theresia Pfeisinger

Johannes Pfeisinger

Gertraut Hagen

Adolf Hitler

Laurenz Pölzl

Johann Pölzl

Theresia Ledermüller

Johann Pölzl

Juliana Walli

Anton Wally

Anna Maria Stumpner

Clear Pölzl

Johann von Nepomuk Hiedler

Martin Hiedler

Anna Maria Goschl

Johanna Hiedler

Eva Maria Decker

Joseph Tecker

Theresia Hinterlechner

Patrilinear ancestry by Adolf Hitler

1. Mattheus Hüetler, living in 1571
2. Hannß Huetler, living in 1585
3. Stephan Hiedler, living in 1635
4. Georg Hiedler, who died in 1678
5. Johannes Hüetler, 1644-1703
6. Stephan Hüetler (Hietler), 1675-1757
7. Johannes Hiedler, 1725-1803
8. Martin Hiedler, 1762-1829
9. Johann Georg Hiedler, 1792-1857
10. Alis Hitler, 1837-1903
11. Adolf Hitler, 1889-1945

Descendants

In the book In search of Hitler’s son Jean-Paul Mulders tracked down the descendants of the German dictator, grandchildren of his brother Alois whose son, William Patrick, had escaped in the United States. According to Mulders’ book, the descendants of Adolf Hitler would be four and would have changed surname after the war in Stuardt-Houston: Alexander, Louis, Brian and Howard. Alexander would be a psychologist in East Northport, Louis and Brian would be gardeners and would live in East Patchogue while Howard, who died in 1980, was a policeman from New York. Another descendant of Hitler, Andreas Hütler, was identified by Mulders in Groß Gerungs, Austria, and the kinship was confirmed by a DNA test. ^{[60] [sixty one]}

Much of the scholars, on the other hand, believes the hypothesis of the case of the former French railway worker Jean-Marie Loret of San Quintino in Picardia (1918–1985), who claimed to be an illegitimate son of the Führer , which seems to have been revealed to him in 1948 by his mother, the French peasant Charlotte Eudoxie Alida Lobjoie, on the point of death, identifying with Hitler himself the “unknown German soldier” with whom he had had a relationship during the First World War. ^{[62] [63] [sixty four] [65]}

Works

• My fight , Munich, Franz-Eher-Verlag, 1925-1926.

My battle , with unpublished preface by the author for the Italian edition, Milan, Bompiani, 1934.

• Hitlerʼs secret book , New York, Grove Press, 1961 (ma 1928).

The secret book , Milan, Longanesi, 1962.

The second book , Thule Italy, 2016.

Honors

German honors

	I iron cross i class
	«By fulfilling the position of” gateway “he showed cold blood, courage and audacity. In conditions of great danger, when all the communication lines had been cut, the tireless and fear of Hitler’s activity, allowed to transfer important messages to our workstations. (translated version) » – August 14, 1918

Foreign honors

Prizes and awards

Note

Bibliography

Primary sources

• ( OF ) Wilfried Daim, The man, the Hitler, gave the idea , Monacodi Bavaria, 1958.
• Albert Speer, Memoirs of the third Reich , Milan, Mondadori, 1996, ISBN 88-04-42299-8.
• Albert Speer, Spandau’s secret diaries , Milan, Mondadori, 1976.
• Henrik Eberle, Matthias Uhl (A Cura Di), The Hitler dossier (document n. 462a, section 5, general index 30, of the Russian State Archive for contemporary history, Moscow) , Turin, Utet, 2005, ISBN 88-02-07159-4.
• Traudl boy, Until the last hour. The memoirs of the secretary of Hitler 1942-1945 , Milan, Mondadori, 2004, ISBN 88-04-53242-4.
• Rochus mixed, Last. The unpublished memorial of the Hitler bodyguard (1940-1945) , Rome, Castelvecchi, 2007, ISBN 88-7615-166-4.
• Elena Rzevskaja, Memoirs of a war interpreter , Voland, Roma, 2011, ISBN 9788862431200.

Secondary sources

• B. P. Boschechi, Hitler and Nazism towards the war , Mondadori, 1981.
• Alan Bullock, Hitler e Stalin. Vite parallel , Milan, Garzanti Libri, 2004, ISBN 88-11-69273-3.
• ( IN ) Alan Bullock, Hitler: A Study in Tyranny , Penguin Books, 1962 [1952] , ISBN 978-0-14-013564-0.
• Marco Castelli, The swastika in the darkness – Magic Nazism , Il Foglio, 2006, ISBN 88-7606-053-7.
• Eugene Davidson, The adolf hits , Newton and Compton, 1977, ISBN 88-8289-457-6.
• Len Deighton, The lightning war , Long – 1981, isbN 88-3304-0169-2.
• Joachim C. Fest Hitler. A biography , Milan, Garzanti Libri, 2005, ISBN 88-11-67850-1.
• Renè Found, Magic and swastika: occultism, new age and nationalsocialism , Lindau, 2006, isbn 88-7180-592-5.
• Giorgio Galli, The “Mein Kampf” by Adolf Hitler – The roots of the Nazi barbarism , Milan, Caos Edizioni, 2002, ISBN 88-7953-113-1.
• Giorgio Galli, Hitler and Magic Nazism , Rizzoli, 2005 [1989] .
• Howard Gardner, Hegemonic personality. Anatomy of the attitude of the command , Milan, Feltrinelli, 1995, ISBN 88-07-10211-0.
• Sebastian Haffner, Hitler, notes for an explanation , Garzanti, 1978, ISBN 88-11-74027-4.
• ( IN ) Claus Hant, Young Hitler , London, Quartet Books, 2010, ISBN 978-0-7043-7182-8.
• Glenn B. Infield, Adolf Hitler Ed Eva Braun , Grosser & Dunlap Publishers, 1974.
• ( IN ) Franz Jetzinger, Hitler’s Youth , Westport, Connecticut, Greenwood Press, 1976 [1956] , ISBN 978-0-8371-8617-7.
• ( IN ) Ian Kershaw, Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris , New York, W. W. Norton & Company, 1999 [1998] , ISBN 978-0-393-04671-7.
• Ian Kershaw, Hitler 1889-1936 (volume I) , Milan, Bompiani, 1999, ISBN 88-452-4280-3.
• Ian Kershaw, Hitler 1936-1945 (volume II) , Milan, Bompiani, 2001, ISBN 88-452-4969-7.
• Henry Picker, Hitler conversations at the table Achievements, 2015, ISBN 9788866971504.
• Pino Rauti, The immense conflict , CEN, 1966.
• Ron Rosenbaum, The mystery Hitler , Mondadori, 2000, ISBN 8804477504.
• Timothy W. Ryback, Hitler’s library – What the Führer read , Milan, Mondadori, 2008, ISBN 978-88-04-58397-4.
• ( IN ) Denis Mack Smith, Mussolini , Londra, Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1981.
• William L. Shirer, History of the third Reich , Turin, Einaudi, 1990.
• ( IN ) John Toland, Adolf Hitler , New York, Anchor Books, 1992 [1976] , ISBN 978-0-385-42053-2.
• ( IN ) Robert G. L. Waite, The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler , New York, Capo Press, 1993 [1977] , ISBN 978-0-306-80514-1.
• Rainer Zitelmann, Hitler , Bari, Laterce, 1998, isbn 88-596-4.

Fiction inspired by the figure of Adolf Hitler

• Norman Mailer, The castle in the forest , Turin, Einaudi, 2008, ISBN 978-88-06-18534-3.
• Giuseppe Genna, Hitler , Milan, Mondadori, 2008, ISBN 88-04-57353-8.
• Eric-emmanuel smiths, The part of the other (novel) , And/or (series from the world), 2005.

Related items

Other projects

External links

• GGGIRELLA NISTICO, Hitler, Adolf . are TRECCANI.IT – encyclopedia online , Institute of the Italian Encyclopedia.
• HITLER, Adolf , in Italian Encyclopedia , Institute of the Italian Encyclopedia, 1933.
• HITLER, Adolf , in Italian Encyclopedia , I Appendix, Institute of the Italian Encyclopedia, 1938.
• Silvio Flirlani, HITLER, Adolf , in Italian Encyclopedia , II Appendix, Institute of the Italian Encyclopedia, 1948.
• Hitler, Adolf , in History dictionary , Institute of the Italian Encyclopedia, 2010.
• Hitler, Adolf . are sape.it , De Agostini.
• ( IT , OF , FR ) Adolf Hitler . are HLS-DHS-DSS , Historical dictionary of Switzerland.
• ( IN ) Adolf Hitler . are British encyclopedia Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
• Adolf Hitler . are Graze , Italian Episcopal Conference.
• ( OF ) Adolf Hitler ( XML ), in Austrian biographical dictionary 1815-1950 .
• ( IN ) Opere on Adolf Hitler . are Open Library , Internet Archive.
• ( IN ) Works concerning Adolf Hitler . are Open Library , Internet Archive.
• ( IN ) Adolf Hitler . are Goodreads .
• ( IN ) Adolf Hitler . are Olymped .
• ( IN ) Adolf Hitler . are AllMusic , All Media Network.
• ( IN ) Adolf Hitler . are Anime News Network .
• ( IN ) Adolf Hitler . are MyAnimeList .
• Adolf Hitler audiovisual recordings . are Rai Teche , Rai.
• Adolf Hitler . are CineDataBase , Cinema magazine.
• Adolf Hitler . are Movieplayer.it .
• Adolf Hitler . are Filmtv.it , Arnoldo Mondadori publisher.
• Adolf Hitler . are Mymovies.it , Mo-Net Srl.
• ( IN ) Adolf Hitler . are Internet Movie Database , IMDB.com.
• ( IN ) Adolf Hitler . are AllMovie , All Media Network.
• ( IN ) Adolf Hitler . are Rotten Tomatoes , Flixster Inc.
• ( IN ) Adolf Hitler . are Metacritic , Red Ventures.
• ( IN ) Adolf Hitler . are BFI Film & TV Database , British Film Institute.
• ( OF , IN ) Adolf Hitler . are Filmportal.de .
• Folder hitler . are lastoriasiamonoi.rai.it . URL consulted on December 19, 2006 (archived by URL Original January 4, 2008) .