André Martinet – Wikipedia

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André Martinet (Saint-Alban-Des-Villards, April 12, 1908-Châtenay-Malabry, July 16, 1999) was a French linguist. He also gave important contributions to Indo -European, in particular to the reconstruction of the phonology of the Protindoe European language.

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Born in Saint-Alban-Des-Villards, in Savoy, he was a pupil of Antoine Meillet. Since 1947 he taught at Columbia University in New York; Later, in 1955, he returned home to teach the Paris Sorbonne. In 1993 his intellectual autobiography, he settled, Memories of a linguist: Living languages , conversation with Georges Kassai [first] .

General Linguistics [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

In his general linguistics studies, Martinet developed a mediation between the structuralism of the European school, developed by Ferdinand de Saussure and Louis Trolle Hjelmslev, and the US linguistics. I will consider phonology as a functional phonetics, later applying the same principles to syntax ( General syntax , 1985) [first] .

The theory of the articulated division of language and the principle of economics are due to him. His theory enuncies that [ without source ] Language can be divided into two joints. The first articulation refers to the fact that each message can be dismissed in a series of minimum elements with meaning – called “money”. These, in turn, are of two types: Lessemi and Morfemi. The first are the minimum elements with lexical meaning, while the latter are minimal units with grammar meaning. For example, in the word “Gatt-in-o”: gatt- = Lessema, -in- = Morfema suffix diminutive, -O = Morfema that defines the grammatical value, in this case singular male. The second articulation provides for the division of the word not in its minimum elements that give meaning, but in distinctive elements under which the meaning of the word is lost (for example, p eye/ b eye).

The principle of economics concerns the fact that language needs an economic need, therefore a lower articulated effort, against greater functional performance. Martinet supported [ without source ] That all languages ​​had the same fate, that is, that in the long run they would become without ending or even without grammar.

Comparative and Indo -European linguistic [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

In Ocean steppes (1986) Martinet organically exposed its Indo -European positions, supporting the Kurganic theory to explain the process of Indo -Europeanization of Aurasia.

In the reconstruction of the phonology of the Protindoe European language, Martinet brought to the extreme the research line which, moving from the intuitions of Ferdinand de Saussure, tended to reduce the number of vowels to be attributed to the Indo -European [2] . Indeed, it was precisely Martinet who defined ‘component analysis’ the method followed by De Saussure, according to which it is possible to at least partially reconstruct the characteristics of a lost phoneme through the analysis of the influences which – through its presence before, through the process of the his disappearance then – he had on the surrounding ones [3] . Further developing the proposals of Francisco Rodríguez Adrados and Jerzy Kuryłowicz, who had suggested to reduce the Indo -European vocalic system to the only two members /and /or /or /, Martinet I considered these two phonemes as alleaks that alternated in roots and suffixes (together with zero degree) without altering its meaning; He therefore proposed a formulation of vocalism to a single member. The French linguist therefore replied to the objections of those who believed such vocalism, both for typological rarity and for functional impossibility. Martinet recalled the existence of two Caucasian languages ​​with a single vowel (although later the linguistics would have revised the evaluation of those cases, classifying them rather among the three vowels), and above all argued that the poverty of the vocalic system could not represent necessarily an obstacle to the functionality of a language, if this had had a number of consonants high enough to allow the formation of an adequate number of syllables. Concretely, for the Indo -European Martinet, he came to postulate about thirty members, without however being able to collect significant consents to his hypothesis [2] .

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In the context of consonantism, the system attributed by Martinet to the common ado -European therefore stands out for the wealth of members. Hypothesized the presence of various prenasalized occlusive ( m ph, n t, n th, n tʔ) and provided a particular formulation of the ten elements laryndal theory, often labiabled: χ, ʁ, χ In , ʁ In , ḳ, ʕ, ʕ In , ʕ In , ʔ, h [2] . This is the richest inventory among those proposed in the field of laryngeals [4] . By adhering to the theory of glottal, Martinet also proposed in this case an original inventory of the phonemes to be attributed to the Indo -European. By sharing with all the other glottalists the need to eliminate, for comparative reasons, the IV series (the one defined by the neogrammatic aspirated deaf: */th/), proposed to redefine the three remaining series (the deaf */t/, the sound * /d/and the sound aspirated */dh/of the neogrammatic reconstruction) as a deaf glottized/deaf/deaf aspirated: t ʔ /T/Th. This reconstruction, typologically inappunable as present in numerous real languages, has however not found many consensus among the Indo -Europeanists, more likely to welcome the glottized/deaf/sound deaf reconstruction (t ʔ /t/d), which appears comparatively better founded [5] . Both on laryngeals and on glottal the debate inside Indo -European, however, remains open.

Essay [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

  • ( FR ) The pronunciation of contemporary French. Testimonies collected in 1941 in a prison camp , Parigi, Droz, 1945
  • ( FR ) Practical initiation to English , Lione, James, 1947
  • ( FR ) “The double linguistic joint”, Copenhagen linguistic circle work , 5, 1949, pp. 30-37
  • Economy of phonetic changes. Diachronoque phonology Treaty , Bern, Francke, 1955. Now in: Economy of phonetic changes. Diachronoque phonology Treaty , Parigi, Maisonneuve & Larose, 2005 ISBN 2706817887; trad. it.: Economy of phonetic changes. Treaty of diachronic phonology , Turin, Einaudi, 1968
  • ( FR ) The phonological description with application to the Francoprovençal speaking of Hauteville (Savoie) , GeeNevra, Droz, 1956
  • General linguistics elements , Paris, Armand Colin, 1960; New updated edition 1980. Trad. It.: General linguistics elements , Rome-Bari, Laterza, 1966
  • A functional view of language. Being the Waynflete lectures delivered in the College of St. Mary Magdalen, Oxford, 1961 , Oxford, Clarendon, 1962. Trad. it.: The functional consideration of language [1965], Bologna, Il Mulino, 1984 ISBN 88-15-00559-5; trad. Fr.: Language and function , Parigi, Gonthier/Denoël, 1969
  • ( FR ) Synchronic linguistics. Studies and research , Parigi, Presses Universitaires de France, 1965
  • ( FR ) German practical manual , Paris, Picard, 1965
  • Steppes with oceans. Indo-European and “Indo-Eutopéens” , parin yug, pay him, 1986 22008. eat.: The Indo -European: languages, peoples and cultures , Rome-Bari, Laterza, 1989 ISBN 88-420-2937-8
  • ( FR ) French without eyeshadow , Parigi, Presses Universitaires de France, 1969
  • ( FR ) Evolution of languages ​​and reconstruction , Parigi, Presses Universitaires de France, 1975 ISBN 21303359777
  • General syntax , parinus, Revin, Revin, 1985 22113. eat.: General syntax , Rome-Bari, Laterza, 1988 ISBN 88-420-3268-9
  • ( FR ) Language function and dynamics , Paris, Armand Colin, 19009 Isbn 2200312482
  • ( FR ) Memoirs of a linguist, living languages , Paris, quai voltaire, 1993

Miscellanee [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

  • ( IN ) Phonology as functional phonetics (“Three lectures delivered before the University of London in 1946”), Londra, Oxford University Press, 1950
  • ( FR ) The problems of evolutionary phonetics (conferenza al 5th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences di Münster), Basilea-New York, Karger, 1964
  • ( FR ) Linguistic science and human sciences (Conference at the Higher School of Modern Languages ​​for Interpreters and Translators of Trieste), Trieste, University of Studies, 1982
  • ( FR ) Indo-European (U.E.R. of General Linguistics and Applied, Linguistic Research Center, Sorbonne-Université René Descartes), Parigi, Academie de Paris, 1983
  • ( FR ) Science and linguistics, languages ​​and double articulation , in Oeuvres , flight. 1, Cortil-Wodon, Editions Modulates Europeennes, 2008 ISBN 9782930481661

Curil [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

  • ( IN ) Linguistics today (Con Uriel Weinreich), New York, Linguistic Circle of New York,
  • ( FR ) Language , in Encnyclothes of the Pleiade , vol. 25, Paris, Gallimard, 1968
  • ( FR ) Linguistics. Alphabetical guide (Edit Mararth Betinte), Pais, Socue, Austria, 1969 traditions. IT .: Linguistics. Alphabetical guide , Milan, Rizzoli, 1972
  • ( FR ) Dictionary of French pronunciation in its real use (con Henriette Walter), Parigi, France-expansion, 1973
  • ( FR ) Functional grammar of French , Paris, Credif, 1979
  1. ^ a b André Martinet , in TRECCANI.IT – encyclopedia online , Rome, Institute of the Italian Encyclopedia. URL consulted on December 5, 2009 . Modifica su Wikidata
  2. ^ a b c Francisco Villar, The Indo -European and the origins of Europe , pp. 225-226.
  3. ^ Villar, p. 245.
  4. ^ Villar, p. 248.
  5. ^ Villar, p. 258.
  • ( FR ) Henriette Walter, Gerard Walter, Bibliography of André Martinet and reports of his works , Lovanio-Paris, Peeters, 1988.
  • ( IS ) Francisco Villar, Indo -European and origin from Europe: Language and History , Madrid, Greed, 1991, ISBN 84-249-1471-6 Trad. it.: Francisco Villar, The Indo -European and the origins of Europe , Bologna, Il Mulino, 1997, ISBN 88-15-05708-0.

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