Arabic grammar – Wikipedia

The Arab grammar is a branch of contemporary linguistics that studies morphology, the formation of words, and syntax, the composition of words in sentences, the Arabic language.

The Diglossia of the Arabic language has two registers of language, literary Arabic and dialect Arabic. Classical Arabic and modern standard Arabic together constitute literary Arabic. Classical Arabic evolves over time in pre-coranic Arabic, Koranic Arabic, and post-coranic Arabic to which is sometimes reserved for the “classic Arabic” appellation. Dialectal Arabic is a generic term which brings together a wide variety of dialects derived from the Arabic language.

This article describes some aspects of the grammar of modern standard Arabic, the specificities of the grammar of classical Arabic are mentioned in the article which concerns this register of the Arabic language. The article relating to dialect Arabic and those who describe each of the modern standard dials separately is properly to that of classical Arabic on the one hand, that of the Arab dialects on the other hand ^{[ first ]} .

Arabic, like Hebrew, is a semitic language. Its morphology operates essentially on the crossing of roots (generally made up of three consonants, called tritil roots) with a number of forms determined to produce its range of vocabulary. Added to this is a very limited set of suffixes, nevertheless productive (©ي, ishesية, ishes).

Arabic argues this matrix of forms and roots not only for the concepts present during the advent of classical Arabic but also to translate the new social or technical concepts. For example, for polarisation Arabic deploys the root q/T/b ( pole ) in the tenth form; the Arabic equivalent of computer is taken from the root H/s/b ( calculate ); and the translation of interactive cross the sixth form (having a sense of acting together) with the current root F/p/l ( TO DO ).

In general there are triconsonantic or trilitère roots. However, there are also two -letters roots (often linked to an elementary meaning: luxurious , mother ) and other grids (from foreign loans or that imitate the sound or movement of nature).

Three -letters roots are qualified as strong or healthy If all their consonants are real. On the other hand, they are named deficient or sick In the following cases:

• If one (or more) of the three consonants is a hamza [‘], as found in [q/r/’] or [‘/m/r].
• If one of the consonants is a semi-vowel wâw [w] or yâ [y], for example, the consequences [b/q/y] or [s/w/t].
• If the last two consonants are identical, for example [M/R/R].

To obtain a complete word, you must apply to the consonants of the root what is called schemes. These patterns are essentially constituted by a series of vowels and, often, other consonants which will come to be placed before, after and between the consonants of the root in order to form the different forms of verbal and nominal flexions. These patterns form real groups which are always the same and which, according to the type of letters which compose them and the position they take in the root, will transform it into a verb, an adjective, an object name, An agent name, patient name, place name etc. There are several thousand roots and about a hundred schemes. In addition, all the patterns cannot apply on a given root.

Added to the inflectional (and sometimes introflexible) character of the language, it is not easy to quickly recognize a radical without knowing grammar well. And yet research in root dictionaries requires first to determine the consonants that constitute the root of the word. This is why there are also purely alphabetical dictionaries and which do not take into account the roots. Of course, all words cannot be attached to a root. Words of foreign origin such as مOUدالية (midalya, medal) and many names (like دَبony Dabba, bear) are not formed from a root and must be sought as in a dictionary, whatever it is.

In addition, the Arabic language has a system of nominal, adjectival or verbal affixs which make it possible to decline the names and to express the grammatical cases of the verbs.

Finally, Arabic has two types of sentences: nominal sentence and verbal sentence.
In the first case it consists of a subject ( mubtada ) and an attribute ( news , ” information “). It expresses an observation or a definition and the verb is implied. The attribute agrees in gender and number if the subject is singular, duel and if it is a plural relating to human beings:

• An-Nasu Kathiruuna : “People are numerous”.

On the other hand, the attribute takes the brand of the singular feminine if it is a plural of animals or inanimate things or if it relates to a unit name or a collective name.

• Al-repentance Kathiira ^h : There are many books.

The term nah ( Toward [NeḥW], grammar ) designates the grammar of literary Arabic from the Koran ^{[Ref. necessary]} .

The learned Arabic language was built with the Koran for base. At the beginning of Islam, grammar has therefore become an issue for the explanation of the Koranic text. Two main grammar schools existed at VIII ^{It is} century, one in Koufa, the other in Bassora.

At XIII ^{It is} century, this concern of rigor in language is completely forgotten. Thus Ibn Battûta, a Maghreb far removed from the sources of the Arabic language, surprised to hear the preacher of the Mosque of Bassora making grammar mistakes was heard:

There is no one left in the city who knows grammar. Ibn Khaldun also underlines that at XIII ^{It is} A century, the best Arabic grammarians were in Spain.

Ibn beaten Voyages .

Ibn Khaldoun stresses that the study of grammar is a prerequisite for the study of the Koran and the tradition.

It is essential that the study of the Koran and the tradition is preceded by that of the linguistic sciences.

Ibn khaldoun, La muqaddi vi .

Arabic syntax studies the composition of words in sentences.

Sources [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

• Boutros Hallaq, Associate of the University, professor at the University of the Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris III, Forty lessons to speak Arabic , see bibliography.
• Régis Blachère and Maurice Gaudefroy-Demombones, Classic Arabic grammar , see bibliography.
• Toufic Fahd, Arab history and civilization studies , see bibliography.

Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Classification by date of publishing of the works:

• T. F. Mitchell, Professor of English language and general linguistics at the University of Leeds, Colloquial Arabic , collection « Teach Yourself Books », Hodder and Stoughton Ltd, London 1962, dixième impression 1980, (ISBN  0-340-26519-1 )
• Boutros Hallaq, university associate, Arabic for all , collection “Languages ​​pour tous”, Pocket Pocket, 1984, (ISBN  978-2-266-01340-6 )
• Michel neyreneuf that ghalib al-Hakkak, Active grammar of Arabic , Collection “Les Langues Modernes”, Le Livre de Poche, Paris 1996.
• Thomas Bauer, Arabic Writing , article published in The World’s Writing Systems , Collective work under the direction of Peter T. Daniels and William Bright, Oxford University Press, 1996.
• Toufic Fahd, Arab history and civilization studies , Éditions Isis, 1997, (ISBN  975-428-106-8 ) Online version
• Mathieu Guidère, Arabic grammatically correct! Arabic alphabetical grammar , Ellipses editions, Paris 2001, (ISBN  2-72980923-6 )
• Ghani Alani, Writing writing: Arab-Muslim calligraphy treaty , ed. Dervy, 2002.
• Régis Blachère and Maurice Gaudefroy-Demombones, Classic Arabic grammar , Maisonneuve and Larose, fifth edition, 2004.
• Cestsse bruta, Mahmoud Al-battaal, Abbas, Abbas A Textbook for Arabic: Part Two . Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 2005 (ISBN  978-1589010963 ) , first ^re 1997 edition, (ISBN  0-87840-350-7 )
• Boutros Hallaq, Associate of the University, professor at the University of the Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris III, Forty lessons to speak Arabic , collection “Languages ​​pour tous”, Univers Pocket, Pocket, Paris 2009, (ISBN  978-2-266-18910-1 )
• Pocket Mounged Dictionary (Arabic French ─ French Arab ) , Dar El-Machreq editions, tenth edition, Beirut.
• Do computer scientists deeply understand traditional Arabic morphology?

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