Astrazeneca – Wikipedia

AstraZeneca
Creation	June 17, 1992 [ first ]
Key dates	1999: Fusion Astra et Zeneca
Key	Pascal Soriot (PDG)
Legal status	Public limited company ( d )
Action	New York Stock Exchange (AZN) [ 2 ] , Bourse de londres (AZN) et Bourse de Stockholm (AZN)
The head office	London, England United Kingdom
Direction	Pascal Soriot (Since 2006 ) [ 3 ]
Shareholders	BlackRock (7 %) Of land (4%) Legal&General IM (2 %) Investor AB (3,9 %)
Activity	pharmaceutical industry
Products	Medication
Subsidiaries	AstraZeneca Canada ( d ) , Astrazeneca Pty ( d ) , Astrazeneca Korea ( d ) , AstraZeneca ( d ) , AstraZeneca India ( d ) , AstraZeneca ( d ) , AstraZeneca ( d ) , Pharmaceutical astrazeneca spain ( d ) , AstraZeneca Czech Republic ( d ) , Cambridge Antibody Technology ( in ) , Medimmune ( in ) , Amylin Pharmaceuticals et Acerta Pharma ( d )
Effective	About 83,000
Companies House	02723534
Site web	www.astrazeneca.com
Capitalisation	124,788 million USD in December 2019
Equity	14,596,000,000 US dollars ( December 31, 2019 ) [ 5 ]
Turnover	24 384 201 BCE and 2019
Accounting assessment	61,377,000,000 US dollars ( December 31, 2019 ) [ 5 ]
Net profit	135 Remiss 20119 [ 4 ]
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AstraZeneca is a Swedish-British pharmaceutical group, born from the merger in April 1999 of the Swedish Astra and the British Zeneca and led by the French Pascal Soriot since 2012.

Creation [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

The takeover of Zeneca in 1999, previously belonging to the Imperial Chemical Industries Pharma (here Pharma) group, by Astra was possible thanks to the success of Omeprazole, indicated mainly in the treatment of gastric ulcer.

Evolution of the company [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

In 2000, Astrazeneca merged its activities into chemistry and the food industry with those of Novartis, creating Syngenta.

In 2007, Astrazeneca bought Medimmune , an American biotechnology company, for $ 15.6 billion ^{[ 6 ]} .

In June 2011, DetonPly acquired for $ 1.8 billion Astra Tech, an astrazeneca division specializing in medical equipment, notably dental, but also surgical and urological, but which is especially present in dental implants ^{[ 7 ]} .

In October 2013, Astrazeneca acquired Spirogen , a biotechnology company on cancer, for $ 440 million ^{[ 6 ]} .

In November 2014, Astrazeneca acquired Definians, a company specializing in cancer detection, for $ 150 million. In parallel, he signed partnerships with Pharmacyclics and Johnson & Johnson in oncology ^{[ 8 ]} .

In July 2015, Astrazeneca sold Sanofi for 300 million dollars, Caprelsa, a drug against a rare form of cancer ^{[ 9 ]} . In November 2015, Astrazeneca acquired ZS Pharma, an American pharmaceutical company, for 2.7 billion dollars ^{[ ten ]} . The same month, Astrazeneca sells licenses on certain drugs concerning Crohn’s disease in Perrigo for $ 380 million ^{[ 11 ]} . In December 2015, Astrazeneca announced the acquisition of 55% of Acerta Pharma, a company specializing in oncology, for $ 4 billion ^{[ twelfth ]} . The same month, Astrazeneca announces the acquisition of Takeda Pharmaceutical respiratory activities for $ 575 million ^{[ 13 ]} .

On August 24, 2016, Astrazeneca announced that it had reached an agreement with the American Pfizer to sell him part of his activities in antibiotics outside the United States for a value of around 1.5 billion dollars ^{[ 14 ] , [ 15 ]} .

In November 2018, Astrazeneca announced the sale of treatment concerning children’s pulmonary infections at Swedish Orphan Biovitrum for 1.5 billion dollars ^{[ 16 ]} .

On February 14, 2019, Medimmune, LLC which was a subsidiary in exclusive property in Astrazeneca, was announced that the name and the Medimmune brand would be abandoned for the benefit of Astrazeneca.

In December 2020, Astrazeneca announced the sale of Crestor (whose active ingredient is Rosuvastatin), its former flagship product against cholesterol, in Grunenthal, for 320 million dollars, while keeping the distribution of this drug in some countries ^{[ 17 ]} . Also in December 2020, Astrazeneca announced the Pharmaceutical Alexion Acquisition Project, for $ 39 billion ^{[ 18 ]} . In July 2022, Astrazeneca announced the acquisition of Teneotwo, specializing in lymphoma, for $ 1.27 billion ^{[ 19 ]} .

Vaccin Contre La Covid-19 [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Development [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

From mid-January 2020 ^{[ 20 ]} , the Jenner Institute’s Laboratory of the University of Oxford is starting to develop a SARS-COV-2 vaccine with its two researchers Adrian V. S. Hill (in) it sarah gilbert ^{[ 21 ]} . The vaccine is called Azd 1222 , and uses the so -called “viral vector” technique ^{[ 21 ]} . He uses a chimpanzee adenovirus as a vector ^{[ 22 ]} . During phase I tests, the vaccine shows a strong immune response ^{[ 22 ]} . However, according to Bruno Pitard ^{[ 23 ]} , it causes headaches and muscle pain in a third of vaccinated people, as well as low fevers ^{[ 22 ]} .

On September 8, 2020, Astrazeneca announced a serious incident in phase III of vaccine tests. A patient has been suffering from a potentially unexplained disease, which could be a transverse myelitis ^{[ 22 ] , [ 24 ]} . The clinical trials resume soon after, when it has been found that the patient received a dose of placebo ^{[ 25 ]} .

The Oxford University and the British Laboratory Astrazeneca are released on Monday, November 23, the intermediate results of the clinical trials of their coronavirus vaccine carried out on a large scale in Brazil and the United Kingdom. The vaccine has an efficiency rate of 70% on average. The Moderna vaccine has a rate of 94.5% and that of Pfizer/BionTech by 95%, but these different vaccines use different technologies. In addition, the clinical tests of the latter two took place earlier, and essentially in the United States, at a period when the number of COVID-19 cases was lower in the general population and the variants of the COVVI-19 were little present. The conditions of the populations tested are therefore different. In the case of variants of the COVVI-19 virus, the PFIZER vaccine has efficiency rates close to other vaccines like that of Astra/Zeneca. The rate of efficiency of a vaccine is calculated by comparing the number of patients tested positive for the covid between a vaccinated group and a group that received a placebo. But the role of a vaccine is not to completely prevent vaccinated people from getting sick, but to strengthen their immune defenses to reduce the number of fatal cases or requiring heavy hospitalization.

According to a pre-published study at the University of Oxford, the Asrezneca vaccine, a month after the second dose, is 67% effective to prevent symptomatic infections caused by the Delta variant, against an efficiency of 90% for the Pfizer vaccine. According to the study, the effectiveness of the Astrazenaca vaccine decreases over time as follows: 65% after two months and 61% after three months. For the PFIZER, efficiency is 85% after two months, then 78% after three months. After four to five months, the efficiency for Astrazenca and Pfizer are the same ^{[ 26 ] , [ 27 ]} .

Marketing [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

The June 13, 2020 , the Italian Minister of Health Roberto Speranza announces that his country as well as Germany, France and the Netherlands order 400 million vaccines against the disease in Coronavirus 2019 at Astrazeneca. This contract relates to the delivery of a vaccine currently developed by the University of Oxford ^{[ 28 ]} .

According to an interview with Pascal Soriot ^{[ 29 ]} mid-August 2020, the production of the vaccine started in August 2020 ^{[ 22 ]} .

This vaccine, drawn up from the technique of the “viral vector”, will be sold at cost price for the duration of the pandemic at the rate of 2.50 euros per dose in France ^{[ 30 ]} .

The European Union has planned to source from four Astrazeneca factories, including two located in the EU and two located in the United Kingdom, however Astrazeneca wishes to deliver vaccines to the United Kingdom before delivering them to the Union ^{[ thirty first ]} .

In France, the HAS (High Authority for Health) recommends that those under 55 having received a dose before April 9, 2021 receive a second dose from another vaccine (Pfizer or Moderna) ^{[ 32 ]} . Margaret Harris, WHO spokesperson explains during the regular UN briefing in Geneva that “the interchangeability of vaccines is not something to recommend at this stage” ^{[ 32 ]} .

Suspension in several countries [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

On March 11, 2021, Denmark suspended the use of the vaccine as a precaution following a death due to vaccination ^{[ 33 ]} . Danish authorities, however, recall that ” The present time, one cannot conclude that the vaccine and blood clots ». On May 20, 2021, the country lightened this suspension by authorizing volunteers to receive a dose of Astrazeneca. They subsequently ask the health authority to re -examine its decision following delays in delivery of other vaccines ^{[ 34 ]} .

On March 15, 2021, France preventively suspended the use of the vaccine according to the example of Denmark ^{[ 35 ] , [ 36 ]} , from Norway, Austria, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Luxembourg ^{[ 37 ]} , Iceland, Bulgaria, Ireland, the Netherlands, Germany ^{[ 38 ]} , Sweden ^{[ 39 ]} . The use of the vaccine in France, in Austria ^{[ 40 ]} , in Lithuania ^{[ 41 ]} , AU LUXEMBOURG ^{[ 42 ]} , in Bulgaria ^{[ 43 ] , [ 44 ]} , the Netherlands ^{[ 45 ]} , Germany ^{[ forty six ]} and in Sweden ^{[ 47 ]} has since resumed, limiting the use of the vaccine to certain categories of people according to their ages.

Name change [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

On March 28, Astrazeneca changed the trade name of its vaccine. On the name “COVVI-19 Vaccine Astrazeneca” is substituted the name “VAXZEVRIA” ^{[ 48 ]} .

Astrazeneca has approximately 83,000 employees worldwide, in research, development, manufacturing, sale of pharmaceutical products and in the supply of medical care services.

Astrazeneca is present in eight major therapeutic areas: diabetology, anesthesiology, cardiology, infectiology, gastroenterology, oncology, neurology, pneumology and immunology.

Agoria Health [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

In June 2021, Astrazeneca solidified its presence on the digital health data market by collaborating with impact Healthcare and Docaposte to launch Agoria Health, a platform open to all of health data analysis ^{[ 49 ] , [ 50 ] , [ 51 ]} .

Lobbying activity [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

According to Center for Responsive Politics , Astrazeneca lobbying expenses in the United States amounted to 2,390,000 dollars in 2017. ^{[ 52 ]} .

Astrazeneca has been registered since 2011 in the transparency register of interest representatives to the European Commission. In 2017, it declared for this activity of annual expenses in an amount between 700,000 and 800,000 euros ^{[ 53 ]} .

For the year 2019, Astrazeneca declared to the High Authority for the transparency of public life exercise lobbying activities in France for an amount between 200 and 300,000 euros ^{[ 54 ]} .

To March 29, 2021 ^{[ 55 ]} :

Wellington Management Company	5.22%
Capital Research & Management (World Investors)	4.27%
BlackRock Investment Management (UK)	4.16%
Investor AB	3.93%
The Vanguard Group	2.70%
Norges Bank Investment Management	2.37%
BlackRock Fund Advisors	1.88%
BlackRock Advisors (UK)	1.28%
Fidelity Management & Research	1.15%
SSgA Funds Management	1.06%

In France 1,450 employees work throughout the territory, in particular at its headquarters in Paris La Défense, its industrial site in Dunkirk and its reims packaging and distribution site ^{[ 56 ]} .

Omeprazole and esomeprazole are very largely, for the whole world, made in France in Petite-Synthe by the ASP subsidiary, in the agglomeration of Dunkirk, for the historic reason that France has created a “zone urban frank ”tax exempt after the fall of metallurgy ^{[Ref. necessary]} . The drugs contained in the small device called Turbuhaler are also manufactured there, that is, BRICANYL, PULMICORT and SYMBICORT. The large khaki factories are on the edge of the highway connecting Belgium to Calais.

Extensions and investments [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

This industrial production site employs more than 400 people. In 2019, Astrazeneca France inaugurated an extension of this industrial site, following an investment of $ 135 million ^{[ 57 ]} . These new infrastructures have new assembly and packaging channels, as well as new storage spaces.

On January 20, 2020, in the presence of Emmanuel Macron, Pascal Soriot announced a new multi -year investment of $ 500 million, including 230 million intended for the modernization of existing equipment and infrastructure.

In 2013, Astrazeneca was heard during the investigation relating to the GSK affair in China, where pharmaceutical laboratories used travel agencies to corrupt doctors and Chinese managers by offering them tourist trips, presented as university conferences ^{[ 58 ]} . On this occasion, one of the firm executives was detained ^{[ 59 ] , [ 60 ]} .

In 2016, the firm was sentenced by the Securities and Exchange Commission to pay a fine of six million dollars, for corruption acts in China and Russia, which occurred between 2005 and 2010 ^{[ sixty one ] , [ 62 ] , [ 63 ]} . The Securities and Exchange Commission said that in China, the employees of a subsidiary of Astrazeneca corrupted health officials to encourage them to buy their products or reduce the financial sanctions that were already reaching the company ^{[ sixty four ]} .

In 2018, the Serious Fraud Office suspects Astrazeneca and other pharmaceutical laboratories such as Glaxosmithkline and Eli Lilly and Company, corruption in Iraq, having provided free to the Iraqi government and pharmaceutical equipment, knowing that they would then be sold to the market black to finance terrorist attacks ^{[ 65 ] , [ 66 ] , [ sixty seven ]} . This investigation is linked, at least partially, to legal action in the United States started in October before a Washington court in the name of American veterans killed or injured in Iraq between 2005 and 2009. This legal action leads to a request for compensation amounting to a billion dollars, which Astrazeneca rejects ^{[ 68 ]} .

In 2020, the choice of society Shenzhen Kangtai Biological Products As a partner of Astrazeneca in the manufacture of a COVVI-19 vaccine, asked questions, this company having been mixed with a health scandal ^{[ 69 ] , [ 70 ] , [ 71 ]} .

external links [ modifier | Modifier and code ]