Automotive construction in the United States-Wikipedia

after-content-x4 Automobile assembly factories in the United States in 2004: Circle: American company Square: foreign company Triangle: joint venture

The automotive construction in the United States , traditionally dominated by Big Three (General Motors (GM), Ford and Chrysler), was in 2009 on the verge of bankruptcy ^{[ first ]} . This sector has been described as “Vertebral column of American industry” par barack obama ^{[ first ]} . The important role of the automobile in American culture is explained, among other things, by the urban provision of the country, which tends to promote residential suburbs at the expense of the city center, connected by different roads to shopping centers. Other forms of passenger transport (train, bus, etc.) are, in comparison with the automobile, only marginal. Thus, in 1960, there were 74,431,800 vehicles on the roads of which was 61,671 390 passenger cars and 272,129 bus, and, in 2008, 255,917,664 vehicles including 137,079,843 private cars and 843 308 bus ^{[ 2 ]} .

The DU DURYEA MOTOR WAGON Company formalized in September 1895 was the first American company to build cars.

In 1903, France produced 30,204 cars, or 48.77% of world production, compared to 11,235 in the United States. The rare automobiles of American origin are the conception of the Duryea brothers or the Aperson brothers ^{[ 3 ]} . In the United States, there were fifty brands in 1898 and 291 in 1908.

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Ford T in 1909; The automobile goes from the status of motorized carriage to a consumer product.

Quickly, the automobile is industrializing. If France can be considered a pioneer in the design of cars, it is in the United States that it takes on its full extent. The American automotive industry, like Ford and General Motors, is experiencing rapid growth ^{[ 4 ]} . Standardization, the economy of labor and the concentration of companies are all factors of this American prosperity ^{[ 5 ]} .

In 1901, an American manufacturer, the “Olds Motor Vehicle Company”, sold in three years nearly 12,500 cars of a unique model ^{[ 6 ]} . The very famous “T model T” is the first model to fully benefit from this system of “chain work” based on Taylorism, which makes it the best -selling car in the world at the time ^{[ Note 1 ]} . It is also the first real “popular car”, the idea of ​​which had already been mentioned at the beginning of the century by Dion-Bouton with its “popular” or even Jules Solomon with the cars. Consequently, the United States exceeds France in terms of vehicles produced ^{[ 7 ]} .

Between 1905 and 1924 the Haynes Automobile Company company produced more than 50,000 car cars ^{[ 8 ]} .

While in 1907, France and the United States produced approximately 25,000 cars, Great Britain only 2,500 and that two-thirds of exported cars were French, the work in the chain multiplied production. In 1914, 485,000 cars, including 250,000 Ford T, were produced in the United States against 45,000 in France, 34,000 in Great Britain and 23,000 in Germany. Some specialists consider that this dazzling progression is also explained by the American mentality, the Americans considering that work allows them to rise socially ^{[ 9 ]} . The automobile is raising more interest, especially since the success of the Ford T.

Several major American manufacturers were born in the years 1920-1930: Chrysler in 1925, Pontiac in 1926, Lasalle in 1927, Plymouth in 1928 ^{[ ten ]} .

The great scandal of American tramways, involving General Motors, the Standard Oil, Firestone draws and Phillips Petroleum Company, broke out in the 1970s, for facts dating back to the 1940s. We accused these societies to have, through a common holding company, The National City Lines, bought more than 100 electric tram systems in 45 cities ^{[ 11 ]} (including Detroit, New York, Oakland, Philadelphia, Phoenix, St. Louis, Salt Lake City, Tulsa, Baltimore, Minneapolis, and Los Angeles, replaced by bus transport.)

In 1986, the self-industrial complex, which included manufacturing, services and construction, had one in six US employees ^{[ twelfth ]} .

Between 1990 and 2007, national production in the United States fell by 26%, to fall to 3.9 million passenger cars ^{[ first ]} . In 2000, production on American soil were 12,799,857 vehicles ( first ^is world rank) including 5,542,217 passenger cars ( 3 ^{It is} world rank) and 7,257,640 commercial vehicles ( first ^is world rank) and in 2010, the provisional statistics of the international organization of car manufacturers provide for a total production of 7,761,443 vehicles ( 3 ^{It is} world rank) including 2,731,105 personal cars ( 7 ^{It is} world rank) and 5,030,338 commercial vehicles ( first ^is world rank) ^{[ 13 ]} . Since the late 2000s, China has been the world’s leading car producer.

The Alena area (United States, Mexico and Canada) is the only one to have seen its production drop from 1997 to 2007. Since the arrival, in 2000, of Rick Wagoner at the head of GM, the First automakers in the United States lost in 2009, in 2009, $ 86 billion, while the title lost more than 90% of its value ^{[ 14 ]} . Wagoner resigned at the end of March 2009 at the request of the Obama administration, as part of the negotiations with the group concerning the terms of their crisis ^{[ 15 ]} .

Production figures from 1899 to 2000 by manufacturers [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Sale of vehicles in the United States since 1975.

The American market has recovered after being touched by the 2008 crisis.

It was in 2012 the second world car market behind China (15.5 million units in 2012).

Sales of Big Three in comparison with foreign groups [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

The headquarters of General Motors in Detroit

The place of Big Three On the American market, however, continues to drop in proportion to foreign firms (notably Japanese groups, including Toyota), which are increasingly produced on site (17 factories employing 65,000 employees) ^{[ first ]} . If they produced 296,000 vehicles in the United States in 1985, this figure rose to 3.3 million in 2007 ^{[ first ]} . 63% of Japanese cars sold in the United States were produced on site in 2007 ^{[ first ]} , in particular in the States of Black Belt in the Southeast (Tennessee, Kentucky, Alabama, Carolines of the South and the North, Georgia, etc. ^{[ first ]} ). These southeast states in 2007 represent 15% of American production in 2007 ^{[ first ]} .

Market share of the main players on the American market ^{[ 17 ] , [ 16 ]}

	Manufacturer	2012	First half of 2010	2007
UNITED STATES	General Motors	17.9%	18.9%	23.5%
UNITED STATES	Ford	15.5%	17.2%	15.6%
Japan	Toyota	14.4%	14.9%	15.9%
UNITED STATES	Chrysler	11.4%	9.2%	12.6%
Japan	Honda’s motobike	9.8%	10.4%	9.4%
South Korea	Hyundai	8.7%	7.5%	4.7%
Japan	Nissan	7.9%	7.7%	6.5%
Germany	Volkswagen	4.0%

So, if the Big Three represented 65% of sales in American territory in 2000, they only represent 46.5% in December 2008 ^{[ first ]} and 44.8% in 2012. At the same time, in Japanese groups represent in 2008 45% of sales and European groups 9% ^{[ first ]} . Volkswagen exceeded in 2012 its 1970 record and 570,000 sales of ladybugs.

The 2008 crisis and Big Three [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Following the 2008 economic crisis, General Motors puts an end to its marks Pontiac, Saturn and Hummer and only retains the Chevrolet, Buick, GMC and Cadillac brands on the American market ^{[ 22 ]} . Likewise, Ford ends his Mercury brand to keep only Ford and Lincoln ^{[ 23 ]} . Fiat goes up 58.5% to the capital of Chrysler in 2012 and 100% on January 14, 2014. Chrysler is integrated into Fiat Auto Spa which will be renowned FCA – Fiat Chrysler Automobiles ^{[ 24 ]} .

Economic importance [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Selon le Center for Automotive Research, les Big Three In 2009 represent three million direct and indirect jobs in the United States, more than $ 150 billion in wages and social contributions, and 60.1 billion dollars in tax revenue for the State ^{[ first ]} . Ten states (including California, Texas, New York or Florida) would concentrate 2/3 of the three million jobs threatened by the crisis in this sector ^{[ first ]} .

Half of the automotive jobs are in the ” Manufacturing Belt “(Having become” Rust Belt Since the deindustrialisation of the Northeast REAGAN years (Michigan, Ohio, Indiana), where 80% of the factories of large American manufacturers are also located ^{[ first ]} . Japanese manufacturers have nevertheless established themselves in the Southeast, a zone whose production now represents 15% at the national level ^{[ first ]} . Salaries are lower, the rate of unionization lower, and omnipresent tax dumping ^{[ first ]} . The strong presence of the United Auto Workers (UAW), founded in 1935, had indeed enabled salaries raised in the Manufacturing Belt ^{[ first ]} .

Moreover, the Big Three directly ensure the social coverage (health and retirement) of two million employees or retirees ^{[ first ]} .

Despite the aid granted to the financial sector following the subprime crisis, the Republicans have repeatedly rejected assistance plans for Big Three ^{[ first ] , [ 25 ]} . An exceptional loan, of $ 13.4 billion, was however granted by George W. Bush in December 2008, levied from the rescue of the banking system (the Paulson plan) ^{[ first ] , [ 26 ]} . In addition, the Department of Energy has put $ 25 billion in a program to develop electric vehicles, and should receive 2 billion more in the context of support for American manufacturers ^{[ 27 ]} .

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