[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/belarusian-collaboration-during-the-second-world-war-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/belarusian-collaboration-during-the-second-world-war-wikipedia\/","headline":"Belarusian collaboration during the Second World War – Wikipedia","name":"Belarusian collaboration during the Second World War – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 The Belarusian collaboration during the Second World War – In its Soviet and Russian historiographical sense, means political, economic","datePublished":"2018-04-01","dateModified":"2018-04-01","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8a\/Belorussian_SSR_in_1940_after_annexation_of_eastern_Poland.jpg\/220px-Belorussian_SSR_in_1940_after_annexation_of_eastern_Poland.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8a\/Belorussian_SSR_in_1940_after_annexation_of_eastern_Poland.jpg\/220px-Belorussian_SSR_in_1940_after_annexation_of_eastern_Poland.jpg","height":"166","width":"220"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/belarusian-collaboration-during-the-second-world-war-wikipedia\/","wordCount":9959,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4The Belarusian collaboration during the Second World War – In its Soviet and Russian historiographical sense, means political, economic and military collaboration with the German occupation forces during the Second World War in the territory of Belarus.  Eastern and Western Belarus in 1940  RZECZPOSPOLITA 1938 to the west and Russia in the East: Division of Belarus  Belarus-Carte since 1991   Like most European countries, Belarus has not escaped the problem of collaboration with the third Reich.The quest for a protected and respected national identity as well as the protection of its national language (Belarusian) contributed significantly in the choice of collaborating [ first ] . The hatred of the Bolshevik political system was added to that. The combination of these two factors must be analyzed. A work of memory has already been carried out by historians of the Eastern countries and especially by the Jewish community with regard to the Holocaust. He has been able to develop since the opening of the archives of the countries of the former USSR after the Perestroika. The Russian name of “Collaborationist” replaces the old communist terminology of “Traitor” (in Russian traitor ) [Ref. necessary] . This is not a detail, but one of the signs that times have changed since 1991 and the dislocation of the USSR. [evasive] Table of ContentsEastern Belarus [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Western Belarus [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Development of Belarusian nationalism after the First World War [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Attitude of the Jews [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Preparations for collaboration before the start of the Second World War [ modifier | Modifier and code ] At the time of the occupation of Belarus by the Germans [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Belarusian Battalion Schutzmannschaft [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Collaboration after the release of Belarus [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Eastern Belarus [ modifier | Modifier and code ] During the last quarter of the XIX It is century developed a Belarusian nationalist discourse around the idea of \u200b\u200blinguistic and national autonomy [ 2 ] . The transition from this discourse to acts of collaboration during the Second World War, 50 years later, results from the dissatisfaction of a part of the population compared to the Soviet power in the eastern part of the country since the October 1917 revolution.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Lenin had among its objectives the protection of cultures [ 3 ] and languages, including the Belarusian language in particular.However, a few years after Stalin’s arrival in power (in 1922), towards the late 1920s, the latter’s attitude was reversed and it forced Belarusses to give up their language and use only the Russian language. The dramatic and poetic work of Yanka Koupala (pseudonym of Ivan Louts\u00e9vitch) which was critical of both a way in relation to the Polish annexions that towards Russian chauvinism is more and more often prohibited by censorship [ 4 ] . Poles, to avoid any separatist hint, also adopt the same rules in the western part by imposing their Polish language [ 5 ] . The Belarusian language is no longer taught in schools: it may disappear in favor of the Russian language alone. In 1933, speaking Belarusian became a sign of “Bourgeois nationalism” , language reforms tend to bring it closer to Russian, but ban it from all institutions. In 1938, Russian was reintroduced in schools as a compulsory language [ first ] . Western Belarus [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Causes closer chronologically of the years of war have played an important role in the choice of collaboration: the reaction of populations against mass repression and forced Sovietization in Western Belarus this time, attached to the USSR since 1939 only. Other actors than Soviet leaders intervened in this choice of collaboration within the Belarusian population: the action of representatives of the Belarusian People’s Republic, and that of groups of Catholic opponents (especially in the western part of country) under the action in particular of a Catholic priest, Vincent Godlievski (in) , all very hostile to Bolshevism. But still the Germans themselves who managed to make the Belarusses believe that the third Reich reserved a more important role to them than that which he had assigned to them in reality. The Germans also practice a policy of supporting Belarusian separatists, in particular by the rehabilitation of the Belarusian language in schools [ 6 ] .        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4More general reasons also intervened: the great political instability of the country between 1918 and 1939, the lack of emergence of a strong national government, the intervention of powers outside the country or in the political visions And very divergent cultural cultural, the multiple sharing of territories and finally, the war itself which places Belarus between two great hostile powers. Alexandre Soljenitsyne, in The Gulag archipelago , insists, based on many concrete cases, on the hope, – short -lived – which the arrival of German troops are born in the hearts of many Soviets [ 7 ] . Many Soviets, the number of Belarusses, in 1941, were impatiently awaiting the fall of the Stalinist regime [ 8 ] . Development of Belarusian nationalism after the First World War [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The chaotic period that Belarus will know between the first and the Second World War probably explains the need of its population to find a political power to which to hang on; either inside the country or outside; to the east or west. The adventures of the history of the country at that time explain that the choice was not easy and that many were shared. In any case, these regions were invaded and the leak was practically impossible. This situation was not unique in its history since the country has always been coveted and placed between powerful political forces: Lithuania, Prussia, Poland, Germany, Russia. On the other hand, he has always kept his linguistic and cultural specificities: despite their reduced size, these regions have always experienced a linguistic sharing between several languages \u200b\u200b(Belarusian, Russian, Polish, Lithuanian), and several religions (Orthodox, Jewish, Catholic, Uniae) . In addition, numerous border rectifications have passed large cities, entire regions of one republic in another (this is the case, for example, of Smolensk, Vlabsk, Minsk, Bialystok). The Russian Revolution of October 1917 led to the installation of a “Leninist” regime in Petrograd. For Belarus, the consequences will follow itself politically, militarily and administratively at a very rapid rate:        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4On March 3, 1918, the Brest-Litovsk Treaty was signed which passed the western part of Belarus from the Russian administration to the German administration. This treaty represented important concessions from the Russians with a view to obtaining peace with Germany. Peace with Germany is one of the rare promises that the Bolsheviks had held, and it was this pacifist promise that had made the coup d’etat of Lenin possible [ 9 ] . The eastern and northern part (with the cities of Minsk, Vitebsk, Moguilev, Gomel, Mazyr) remains under Soviet control. On the other hand, the cities and provinces around Brest, Grodno (Hrodna), Pinsk or Baranavitchy go under German control. Since the 25 mars 1918 The Belarusian People’s Republic is proclaimed. This is the first independent state created in Belarus (we will have to wait for the July 27, 1990 so that the country again declares its national sovereignty). The November 17, 1918 , the Soviets invade the western part of Belarus and occupy it again.  Government of the Belarusian People’s Republic 1918 The Belarusian People’s Republic could never establish its sovereignty throughout the territory, the period was so short during which it could have done: 25 mars 1918 At November 17, 1918 7 months and 24 days. It should be noted that this Belarusian People’s Republic has never ceased to exist, but in exile until this day 2013 and in any case, in the eyes of its supporters: since 1997, the president of the Belarusian rada in exile is Ivonka Survilla (she lives in Toronto [ ten ] ). Once again occupied by the Russians (Soviets) at the end November 1918 , Belarus will be again Soviet until mars 1921 , or for a little more than two years, during which the following political entities will succeed: Soviet Federative Socialist Republic of Russia (eastern part) and Soviet Socialist Republic of Lithuania, which then formed the Soviet Socialist Lithuano Bi\u00e9lorusian Republic nicknamed Litbel, Then the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic. During this succession of regimes, the Belarusian People’s Republic still continued to exist.  Russian and German soldiers fraternize when sharing Belarus in September 1939 The first is September 1939, Hitler’s troops invaded Poland, including the Belarusian territories of the West which are part of it. However, under the secret clauses of the German-Soviet Pact of the August 23, 1939 , Poland is shared and the western area currently Belarusian goes under Soviet control. After 20 years of life under Polish diet, Belarusians see what many consider as the spectrum of Bolshevism. For only less than two years: the June 22, 1941 , Hitler attacks the Soviet Union, in defiance of the clauses of the Secret Pact signed with Stalin in 1939. The Belarusses of the Western part of the country were then released from the Soviets to fall under the yoke of the Germans.  Attitude of the Jews [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The Jewish population represented an important minority in Belarus in 1939: during the meeting of the Polish part to the USSR, the total population of the two parts of the country (Eastern and Western) represented around 9,050,000 inhabitants [ 11 ] . The Jewish populations represented for the western part around 550,000 inhabitants and for the eastern part 400,000 inhabitants [ twelfth ] . Jews therefore represented 10.5% of the total population or 950,000 inhabitants. Given the changes in the border layout, the problem of refugees from Poland, the leak from others to Russia, these figures are approximate. We must discuss the situation of the Jews in relation to collaboration, but in the opposite sense of that of other Belarusians. At the end of the German occupation, the Jewish population will have been practically completely exterminated by the occupants. From the invasion of Poland by the Germans, in September 1939, the fear of the Nazis will push the Jews to the Soviets: any other power than Nazism seemed better to them, but not anarchy [ 13 ] . It was an attitude of less harm, but it should not be overlooked that many of them were sincerely pro-bolshevic. The presence of great personalities of Jewish origin in the European revolutionary movement (Marx, Liebknecht, Rosa Luxemburg) and the political power of the time or in the past (Karl Radek, Trotsky, Grigori Zinoviev) gave them more psychological comfort and hope. A collaboration of the Jews with the Soviets established after the invasion of Poland and took various forms [ 14 ] . The Bolsheviks encouraged them in this direction. On the other hand, the Poles chased by the Germans took more than once all the Jews encountered on the path of retirement for Bolshevical collaborators and killed them immediately [ 15 ] . But Poland is above all the “witness country” of the genocide [ 16 ] . However, two years after the invasion must be noted, the case of the Jedwabne massacre in July 1941 , during which the Jewish population of a village was murdered according to certain sources by the Polish population, encouraged by the Germans, according to others by the German Einsatzgruppen themselves. The reason for the massacre would have been the Jewish collaboration with the Soviets during the years 1939 to 1941 to the detriment of the Poles. Since 2000, a public debate has been held and the official version today admits the responsibility of the Poles of Jedwabe [ 17 ] . In September 1939, thousands of inhabitants of Central and Western Poland flew to the Eastern Territories: the Jews constituted two thirds of this group, which had around 300,000 people. From the start of the occupation of Poland, the influx of refugees arriving from Central Poland to the is worried about Soviet power. A German-Soviet commission created to manage the question, and the enthusiasm of most refugees fell fairly quickly [ 18 ] . Two years later, in September 1941 began the Shoah in Belarus, with the creation of nearly 300 Jewish ghettos on the eastern and Western territory of occupied Belarus. Fleeing these ghettos was almost impossible: the Jews were not often accepted among the groups of resistance fighters, were hunted down by the Germans when they hid in the forests and were sometimes denounced by the inhabitants out of the ghetto. However, the Jews developed their own networks of Jewish supporters, such as the group of “Bielski supporters”. The Bund movement also played an important role in Jewish resistance against Nazism. Raul Hilberg, on the other hand, reports that in Belarus, the Operation group B Obviously observed that the population was simply not able to act on their own will against the Jews. There were many feelings of hatred and anger, but not of anti -Semitism declared [ 19 ] . Preparations for collaboration before the start of the Second World War [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The preparation of the Belarusian collaborators with the third Reich began towards the late 1930s, when at the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Third Reich was created a Belarusian representation – first in Berlin, and then, in other cities of the Third Reich. They took care of the dissemination and recruitment, wishing to show their support for the third Reich in solving the Belarusian problem. Thus, the third president of the Belarusian People’s People’s Republic (BNR) in exile, Vasiliy Ivanovitch Sakharka, wrote a report on the political, economic and cultural situation of Belarus, but also a memorandum to Hitler with the insurance of his support. In addition, a Belarusian Aid and Organization Committee actively recruited members from the Belarusians living in the third Reich in Germany. From the start of the Second World War, the German command created in Warsaw and Bia\u0142a Podlaska, Poland, bases to send Belarusian agents to the territory of the USSR. In Berlin, in the Camp de vystavy [Which ?] Among the members of the nationalist movements were organized propaganda and translation courses with a view to Belarusian actions after changes in powers. In 1940, under the direction of “Belarusian emigration on the right”, it was proposed to German power to organize the activity of the National Socialist Belarusses. This included the preparation of specialist sabotage executives, in the ranks of which were prisoners of war in the Polish army, in order to send them to act in the territories of the [ 20 ] . In the spring of 1941, the formation of small Belarusian units began. In the Polish workforce by the name of Panzergrenadier Division Brandenburg (Brandenburg 800), the first re assault section consisted of 50 men. At the same time, the Germans were preparing a section of paratroopers in a group Warsaw-Bi\u00e9lorussia, in the ranks of which were former Belarusian prisoners who had been part of the former Polish Army. Among the missions of the saboteurs, it is necessary to bring these units to the account: acts of sabotage at the back of the close Soviet troops, the physical liquidation of persons and command of the Red Army, the transmission of information recovered during recognition missions, sending information by radio, etc. At the time of the occupation of Belarus by the Germans [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  When the Barbarossa operation was triggered the June 22, 1941 , new actors in the Belarusian Nationalist Movement of Immigration appear: Fabian Akintchin, Wladislas Koslovskiy; Supporters of the Belarusian National Socialist Party, Ivan Yermatchenka (in) , Radoslav Ostrovski and still others. At the start of the war, the development of collaboration occurred slowly, which is explained by the successes of the Germans on the front and, consequently, the uselessness, at that time, for the Germans of a development of the structures collaboration. The German command believed in a rapid victory on the east front and, on the other hand, did not believe much in the possibility of the existence of a Belarusian people with a national government, due to the weakness of the feeling of ethnicity [ 21 ] . The action of employees during this period consisted in creating a non -political infrastructure, among which the “Bi\u00e9lorusian popular assistance”, created the October 22, 1941 , whose official object was to take care of the protection of health, teaching issues, culture and social problems in general. Taking advantage of the help of Belarusian collaborators, the Germans tried to use the educated executives located in the territories they occupied for their own purposes. In June 1942, these executives were grouped in the “Association of Belarusian scientists”. The honorary president was the general commissioner Wilhelm Kube. However, the Belarusian scientific world boycotted the work of this friendly, and it never existed only on paper [ 22 ] . Other non -political collaboration structures were created (“female league”, unions, etc.). At the same time, attempts were undertaken to create a Belarusian Defense Army, but they did not succeed due to the opposition of the German armed forces and the SS. The proclamation of its creation was made in June 1942; She included 3 divisions. However, around 20 battalions were created which, ultimately, were not equipped and which, in 1943, were dissolved. The attempt to create a Belarusian autocephalic church in order to separate it from Moscow patriarchy was also a failure. The situation, as it presented itself in 1943, forced the German command to review its attitude towards the collaborators’ movement. This occurred significantly thanks to the efforts of the Minister of East occupied territories, Alfred Rosenberg, supporter of the creation of a local administration entrusted to employees. THE June 22, 1943 , was formally created the Belarusian Youth Council (\u0441\u0431\u043c), established on the model of Hitler’s youth, but in Belarus (in fact it has existed since 1942). At the initiative of Wilhelm Kube, the June 27, 1943 was proclaimed the creation of a Belarusian rada near the Bi\u00e9lorusian general police station. This body itself presented its own administration, the single mission of which was to present to the occupation forces the wishes and projects of the Belarusian population. THE December 21, 1943 , in place of the Belarusian rada, on the initiative of Curt von Gottberg (appointed commissioner-general after the assassination of Wilhelm Kube by supporters), was created the Belarusian central rada (BCR-\u0446\u0440) under German domination, including Radoslav Ostrovski (in Belarusian: Astrowski) (1887\u20141976), head of the District Judicial of Minsk, became president. Quickly, the occupants deprived this body of all real power, contenting themselves with entrusting the Belarusses skills in terms of culture and teaching, but its members rely on general studies of point of view on the future of the Belarus and often did not know exactly the precise working conditions assigned to them. This is why, in the eyes of the population, he had no authority. Belarusian rada, indirectly, was linked to war crimes – in particular ethnic cleaning towards the Polish population [ 23 ] .  In occupied Belarus, a large number of newspapers and collaborators were published: Journal Bi\u00e9lorusse – Belarusian newspaper , Chasse – Chase , Belarusian voice – Bie\u0142aruski Ho\u0142as , Nouveau Chemin – New Way , etc. These newspapers disseminated anti -Semitism, antisovietism and fascist propaganda. An article specially devoted to the subject was published the September 25, 1943 , after the assassination of Wilhelm Kube, in the Belarusian newspaper By the editor -in -chief of the newspaper, Vladislav Koslovsky: “The heart tightens … Il (W. Kube) is no longer with us. Commissioner General Wilhelm Kube was one of the best friends, one of the most cordial …, who thought and spoke like each Belarusian nationalist … ” [ 24 ] . It should be noted that General Wilhelm Kube was the prime contractor of the Ghetto of Minsk who made around 100,000 victims. The February 23, 1944 , Curt von Gottberg, commissioner -general in occupied Belarus, enacted a notice of creation of the defense of the Belarusian territory (BKO – \u0431\u043a\u043e) – made up of military collaborators, at the head of which was appointed Franz Kouchel, who entrusted to the Belarus Rada the care to mobilize troops. The training, in the end of March, of 45 defense battalions of the Belarusian territory (BKO-\u0431\u043a\u043e) was realized, but the men were ill-armed. The discipline always left something to be desired and it lacked officers. When the occupation is coming to an end, the BKO-\u0431\u043a\u043e was used for the fight against supporters, the defense of various objectives and agricultural work. Among the most important actions of the Belarusian central rada in order to carry out the military program, it is necessary to count: the reorganization of part of the defense of the Belarusian territory (BKO-\u0431\u043a\u043e) and the completely of the Belarus forces by the recruitment of new soldiers; the creation of an auxiliary contingent intended to be integrated into the defense system of Germany; The organization of movements against Soviet supporters in the territory of Belarus. Initially, it was proposed to transform the defense of the Belarusian territory (BKO-\u0431\u043a\u043e) into a Belarusian legion. As part of the preparation for this reorganization in September 1944 in Berlin, the first framework battalion (422 people) was created under the command of Captain Piotr Kazatsky, who was of reserve at the school of officers. To follow the formation of the artillery-and-aerian school, were trained among the members of the “Belarusian Youth Union” of groups of 2 to 5,000 men as a “PVO-Oiar auxiliary”. At the end of their training, they were included in part of the Berlin air defense.  Defense parade of the Belarusian territory in front of the Maison du Government of the Belarusian Republic, Minsk, June 1944 The June 27, 1944 The second congress for all the Belarus was held in Minsk in which most of the collaborators took part in which Minsk was directly threatened by the Red Army, engaged in the release of the Belarusian territory within the framework of the operation Bagration . The following decisions were made at the Congress: the Belarusian central rada (BCR-\u0446\u0446) represented the only legal government in Belarus; The Congress expressed its total support for the third Reich. Plans of anti-Soviet sabotage and operations against supporters were studied in case the German troops come to withdraw from the Belarusian territory. Zianon Pazniak gave this appreciation about this event [ 25 ] : \u201cThe invincibility of Belarus and the Belarusian national idea was attested at this time of the Second World War. From 1941 to 1944, central Belarus (in which the German civil administration was active under the direction of Wilhelm Kube) experienced a powerful national strengthening. This is very surprised by Bolsheviques and makes Moscow raging. With the return of the Soviets to Belarus, hundreds of thousands of Belarusians aware of what they do, which will emigrate to the west. \u00bb\u00bb Belarusian Battalion Schutzmannschaft [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Protectories (abridge a whole stork: Schuma ; “Protective commando”) is a small unit initially intended to help order the police of the third Reich in the occupied territories of the Reich, punitive detachments, intended to act in emergency under German command in place and other German forces. They were made up of members of the local population and soldiers. Later, part of these was transferred to Sicherheitsdienst (SD) and Schutzstaffel (SS) units. Examination of life in the Jewish ghettos of Belarus (in the Ghetto of Moguilev, for example) allows to realize the tasks which were assigned to these collaborators [ 26 ] . It should be remembered that the number of Jewish victims rose to Belarus at nearly 800,000 dead. Collaboration after the release of Belarus [ modifier | Modifier and code ] At the end of June 1944, at the end of the congress, for the whole Belarus, began the evacuation of the managers and trainers of the collaborators of the third Reich abroad, from where they continued their actions. In July-August 1944, the Belarusian central rada (BCP-\u0446\u0446) ordered the movement of the Abwehr training center to Dalvits (ru) (In German: Dallwitz) In Prussia-East, which received great reinforcements of defense battalions of the Belarusian territory (BKO-\u0431\u043e) which evacuated. In the first days of April 1945 was the agreement of the representatives of the special services of the third Reich led by the Sturmbannf\u00fchrer SS Otto Skorzeny on the deployment in this dallwits base of a Belarusian battalion called the “Dallwitz” battalion, which counted from 700 to 800 men. In addition, on the orders of the Reichfh\u00fcrer SS Heinrich Himmler, the 30 It is SS grenadiers division also called SS assault brigade “Belarus”. Jazep Sazic played a big role in the formation of this unit (Jazep Sazic – \u0441\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0447, \u0438\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0444 – Et, from 1982 to 1997, president of the Belarusian People’s Republic in exile), transferring to this SS 101 Brigade of the School of young officers. On April 30, 1945, the division went to the American forces. After the end of the war, most of the managers of collaborators moved to the United States (among them, Radoslav Ostrovski), in the countries of Western Europe and in Australia, where they created Belarusian nationalist organizations. Some incorporated existing movements invested in the fight against the USSR. Other representatives of these Belarusian movements of employees worked with the CIA [ 27 ] , and participated in the clandestine operations carried out by it against the Soviets, Mikhal Vitouchka or Ivan Filistovitch. Philippe Marchesin , Belarus , Karthala, coll. \u201cMeridians, travel and discovery. “, 2006 , 160 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-84586-811-3 , OCLC\u00a0 coll , read online ) Raul Hilberg ( trad. Marie-France de Palom\u00e9ra, Andr\u00e9 Charpentier and Pierre-Emmanuel Dauzat), The destruction of European Jews , vol. 2, Paris, Gallimard, coll. “Folio\/History”, 2006 , 896 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-07-030984-9 , OCLC\u00a0 76879740 ) . Virginia Symaniec , Ideological construction Slavic Slavic Languages, races and nations in 19th century Russia , Paris, ed. Petra, coll. \u201cSocieties and post-Soviet cultures in motion. “, 2012 , 633 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-84743-045-5 , ISSN\u00a0 1954-8796 , OCLC\u00a0 778422047 ) . Christian Baechler , War and exterminations in the East: Hitler and the conquest of Vital Space 1933-1945 , Paris, Tallandier, coll. \u00a0\u00ab\u00a0Hors collection\u00a0\u00bb, 2016 , 523 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-84734-900-9 And 978-2-847-34906-1 , OCLC\u00a0 944886258 ) . Henry Bogdan , History of the peoples of the ex-USSR: from the ninth century to the present day , Paris, Perrin, 1993 , 442 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-262-00940-3 , OCLC\u00a0 469093336 ) Jacques Bathville , Russia and the eastern barrier , Editions of history and art, 1944 Virginia Symaniec and Alexandra Goujon, Let’s talk about Belarus: language and culture , Paris, L’Harmattan, coll. ” “Let’s talk.” “, 1997 , 380 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-7384-5844-5 , OCLC\u00a0 38162494 , read online ) Pascal Colored , Signs of Belarus , Paris, textual, 2002 (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-84597-052-6 , OCLC\u00a0 49865571 ) . Alexandra Stud ( you. ), Jean-Charles Lallemand ( you. ) and Virginie Symaniec ( you. ), Chronicles on contemporary Belarus , Paris Montreal (Quebec) Budapest, L’Harmattan, coll. “Belarus”, 2001 , 349 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-7475-0341-9 , OCLC\u00a0 51566708 , read online ) . Witt Handle , On the borders of Eastern Europe between nostalgia and revolt, between memory and hope , vol. first : Baltic shores at the foot of the carpathians , Paris, L’Harmattan, coll. “Sea Baltic\u00bb 2009 , 513 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-296-10883-7 , OCLC\u00a0 785636585 , read online ) Jean-Charles Szurek ( you. ) and Annette Wieviorka ( you. ), Jews and Polish 1939-2008 , Paris, Albin Michel, 2009 , 524 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-26-18705-5 , OCLC\u00a0 804781413 ) Harald Welzer ( trad. German by Bernard Lortholary), Executors: from normal men to mass murderers , Paris, Gallimard, coll. “NRF Essais”, 2007 , 354 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-07-077941-3 , OCLC\u00a0 182850992 ) (Be) Belarus in the Great Patriotic War, 1941-1945. Encyclopedia. – Mn.: 1990 (ru) Zalessky K. A.: Who was who in the VMV? (ru) Soloviev A. Belorussian Central Rada: creation, activity and collapse. – Mn.: 1995 (Le Rada Central Bi\u00e9lorusse) (ru) Romanko O. V. Legion under the sign of the chase. Belarusian collaborationist formations in the power structures of Nazi Germany (1941-1945). – Simferopol: Antique, 2008. – 304 p. (La Formation de la Collaboration En Bi\u00e9lorussie Dans Les Structures des Force Nazies Allemandes) (ru) Romanko O. V. Brown shadows in Polesie. Belarusian 1941-1945 \/ O.V. Romanko . – M.: Veche, 2008 .– 432 p .: Ill. – (military secrets of the XX century). (Les Secrets de Guerre Du XX It is century) \u2191 a et b Virginie Symaniec Alexandra Goujon.  \u2191 Virginie Symaniec 2012, p. 556.  \u2191 Henry Bogdan 1993, p. 187.  \u2191 Witt Raczka 2009, p. 200.  \u2191 Philippe Marchein, on. Cit. , p. 25  \u2191 Virginie Symaniec Alexandra Goujon, p. 31 and ss.  \u2191 A.Soljenitsyne, The Gulag archipelago . Paris, ed. Threshold, p. 25 and ss  \u2191 Henry Bogdan 1993, p. 250  \u2191 Jacques Bainville, “Russia and the eastern barrier”. Ed Pon 1943. p. 100 and ss.  \u2191 The current statutes of the rada in Toronto.  \u2191 Henry Bogdan 1993, p. 238.  \u2191 Virginie Symaniec Alexandra Goujon, p. 38  \u2191 Andrzej Zbikowski: The start of the Second World War in the testimony of Jewish refugees (Biezecy) of the East Poland (Kresy) in the collective work under the direction of Jean-Charles Szurek and Annette Wieviorka: Jews and Polish 1939-2008 ; publisher Albin Michel Library, History. January 2009. Page 96. (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-26-18705-5 )  \u2191 Andrzej Zbikowski: The beginning of the Second World War in the testimony of Jewish refugees (Biezecy) of the Eastern Poland (Kresy) In the collective work under the direction of Jean-Charles Szurek and Annette Wieviorka: Jews and Polish 1939-2008 ; publisher Albin Michel Library, History. January 2009. Page 96 and SS. (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-26-18705-5 ) .  \u2191 Witt Raczka, “on the borders of Eastern Europe”, L’Harmattan, 2009. p. 242-243  \u2191 Jean-Charles Szurek and Annette Wieviorka, “Jews and Polish”. Ed Albin Michel, Paris, 2009, p. ten  \u2191 Jean-Charles Szurek and Annette Wieviorka, Jews and Polish . Ed Albin Michel, Paris, 2009, p. 480  \u2191 Jean-Charles Szurek and Annette Wieviorka, Jews and Polish . Ed Albin Michel, Paris, 2009, p. 98-99  \u2191 Raul Hilberg\u00a0: The destruction of European Jews I . Gallimard editions. 2006. p. 557 And p. 558  \u2191 Smyslov O. S. “Fifth Column” of Hitler. From Kutepov to Vlasov. M.: Veche, 2004. – (ISBN\u00a0 5-9533-0322-X ) – Part 1. From the \u201cFifth Column\u201d to the \u201cVlasov movement\u201d Chapter 1. What is the \u201cfifth column\u201d … \u00a7 8. Intelligence and sabotage groups  \u2191 Website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Belarus – The link is non -working  \u2191 Military destinies: Employees of the Academy of Sciences of Belarus are participants in the Great Patriotic War. Comp. and aut. Predwell. Tokarev N. century.; Ed. Borisevich N.A. – Mn.: Navuka I Tekhnika, 1995. – 89 p.  \u2191 Rogachevsky A. L. Review of the book: Chiari B Alltag Hinter der Front. D\u00fcsseldorf, 1998 \/\/ Jurisprudence, 2000. No. 4.-P.255-259  \u2191 Tsanava L. “The popular party war in Belarus against the fascist invaders.” – Mn.: 1951  \u2191 Pozniak Z. Belarusian-Russian War  \u2191 Gerlach, Ch. Calculated murders. German economic and extermination policy in Belarus 1941 to 1944. – Hamburg, 1999. – p. 588 \u2014590.  \u2191 During the detention in 1953, the CIA, Ivan Filistovich, who was abandoned to Belarus, he found a certificate of the representative of the \u201cgovernment\u201d of the Belarusian People\u2019s Republic, signed by its \u201cpresident\u201d by Nikolai Abramchik.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/belarusian-collaboration-during-the-second-world-war-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Belarusian collaboration during the Second World War – Wikipedia"}}]}]