Blue Chanter — Wikipedia

Polyozellus multiplex

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Blue chanterelle

Genre

Species

Synonyms

Cantharellus multiplex Underw.
Craterellus multiplex (Underw.) Shope
Phyllocarbon yasudai Lloyd
Thelephora multiplex (Underw.) S. Kawam.

Polyozellus multiplex , in French Blue chanterelle , is a Basidiomycete fungus of the family of Thelephoraceae . It is the only species of the monotypic genus Polyozellus .

The hat of this species resembles funnels or blue, purple, blackish -colored fans with wrinkles on the underside which descend to the foot.

Polyozellus Has a taxonomic hectic story and has been reclassified several times both in the family and gender level.

It is found in North America, East Asia and Europe in the Franco-Swiss Jura most often on the ground in conifers forests, generally under spruces and fir trees. It is a edible species, which is collected for commercial purposes. Polyozellus multiplex Contains a bioactive compound polyozellin which would have different physiological and drug properties, especially on stomach cancer ^{[Ref. necessary]} .

The first published description of the species was made by botanist Lucien Marcus Underwood in 1899, based on a specimen found the previous year in the Bois de Mount Desert, in Maine in the United States. Although he ranked it in the genre Cantharellus , he had noted that “his remarkable aspect could well have him classified in a separate genre, because he has few points in common with others Cantharellus , apart from its strips. »» ^{[ first ]} . In 1910, he was transferred to the new genre Polyozellus by William Murrill who thought that its structure was a fairly unique characteristic to justify a separation of cantharellus species which have simpler structures ^{[ 2 ]} . In 1920, specimens from a Japanese collection compiled by A. Yasuda were sent to the mycologist Curtis Gates Lloyd who believed that the fungus was a new species and named it Phyllocarbon yasudai ^{[ 3 ]} .

Gomphus clipatus , a species of which Polyozellus multiplex was formerly considered a particular form

No other report of this fungus was made until 1937, when it was found in Quebec, Canada. [4] The following year, Paul Shope estimated the genre Polyozellus superfluous and pointed out that compound fruits and pleated hymenium were compatible with genre Craterellus . [5] In 1939, the American mycologist Lee Overholts, in a letter to the newspaper Mycology , is of the opinion that these two authors neglected a publication in 1925 by Calvin Kauffman, who took notes and photos of species collected in the rocky mountains in Wyoming and Colorado, and in the chain of waterfalls in the State of Washington and Oregon. Kauffman [6] believed that the species was simply a “state of extreme growth” of Cantharellus clavatus (now known as Gomphus clipatus ) and suggested that there was no reason for the transfer of the species in the genus Craterellus [7]. Mycologists Alexander H. Smith and Elizabeth Morse, in their 1947 publication on species Cantharellus in the United States, placed the species in a new section Polyozellus , but did not separate it from the genre Cantharellus ; They defined the distinctive characteristics of polyozellus as the small rough and hyaline spores and the change in color of the flesh in a solution of potassium hydroxide, adding “the spores are unusual by their appearance, but in our opinion do not justify exclusion of species. “[8]

In 1953, Rokuya Imazeki took into account the differences in the characteristics of the spores: the species of the genus Cantharellus are not known to have globular (almost spherical) and tubercular spores (covered with growths resembling warts) like polyozellus; However, this type of spore is common in the species of the Thelephoraceae family ( Cantharellus belongs to a different family, the cantharellaceae). Other characteristics link blue chanterelle with Thelephoraceae: the dark color, the strong smell (especially for dried specimens), and the presence of thelephoric acid, a pigment of the fungi common in the family. Taken together, these factors have led Imazeki to propose to classify it in a new family: the phylacteriaceae [9] This change of surname was not accepted by other authors. For example, in 1954, Seiichi Kawamura renamed it Thelephora multiplex [10] From 2009, the two databases Index of Mushrooms [11] and MycoBank [12] classified Polyozellus within the Thelephoraceae family. [13] The name of gender is derived from the meaningful Greek poly many, and oz , branches. [14] The name “multiplex” means “in many pieces”, referring to the complex nature of the fruit organism [15]. In Alaska, when specimens generally have very dark fruits, they are called black chanterelle [17], although this name is shared with certain species of Craterellus [18].

Macroscopic appearance [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Polyozellus multiplex is part of the group of mushrooms known as cantharelloid mushrooms (which includes the genres cantharellus, craterellus, gomphus and polyozellus) because of the similarities of the structures of the fruit apparatus and the morphology of the region producing spores (Hymenophore ) on the underside of the hat. [14] Polyozellus multiplex Pushes into packages on the ground, often in large numbers which can form a circle which can reach up to 1 meter in diameter), [5] [8], but which generally do only around 30 centimeters [19] .

The hats reach 3 to 5 cm in diameter and almost as much high, are purple to black to black, with edges which are first whitish, and a priered surface due to the accumulation of white pulverous spores. [1] The upper surface can be shared with regard to several concentric texture zones caused by areas of fine hair and the edges of the hat, which also have a layer of very fine hair, are lobed and wavy. The underside bears hymenium, the fabric where spores are formed, which generally has wrinkles or shallow veins which have roughly the same color or are paler than the upper surface. [20] Certain color variations have been observed depending on the collection point. For example, specimens found in Alaska are more often black with a dark gray below [18].

Sporophores can reach up to 15 cm Height (with the foot) and 10 cm in diameter. The foot is dark purple to black with a smooth and dry surface. The feet are often welded at the base. They generally measure 1.5 to 2 cm in diameter and reach up to 5 cm in length. The flesh is dark purple, flexible but is easily broken. The sporner is white [21].

Microscopic characteristics [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Spores are significantly spherical to largely elliptical. They are covered with small growths resembling warts and measure from 6 to 8.5 µm on 5.5 to 8 µm [21]. Viewed under a microscope, they are hyalines, translucent or colorless. Chemical tests can also be used to distinguish spores: in the presence of potassium hydroxide (KOH), spores become slightly green; The spores are not amyloids, which means that they do not fix iodine when they are treated by the reactive of Melzer; The spores are acyanophiles, which means that they do not easily absorb methylene blue. Cystids that constitute hymenium are filamentous and measure 3-4 µm wide by 28 to 40 µm long. The exterior coating of the hat-the cuticle or pileipellis-is made up of intertwined hyphae, and green-solid spots in koh. Anastomosis handles are present, but not to all cell partitions. [22] Basids, spore carrier cells are 5 to 6 µm out of 32 to 38 µm and have four spores [8].