Camping of the Network — Wikipedia

The Red River campaign (or Red River Shipping ) is a series of military maneuvers and fights delivered from 10 mars At May 22, 1864 Along the Red River (Louisiana) during the Civil War. The campaign, engaged on the initiative of the Union, involved some 30,000 Union soldiers, under the command of Major-General Nathaniel Prentice Banks, opposed to the men of the Army of Confederate States commanded by the Lieutenant-General Richard Taylor, the number of which oscillated between 6,000 and 15,000.

The campaign plan had been designed by Henry Wager Halleck, the general-in-chief of the Union, as a diversion from the offensive against the Confederates led by Lieutenant-General Ulysses S. Grant, using to do this ‘Gulf army commanded by Banks to seize mobile in Alabama. Characterized by failing planning and questionable decisions, the Red River campaign ends with a failure of the Union which fully reaches none of its objectives. Taylor managed to defend the Red River Valley with a reduced workforce. However, Taylor’s immediate superior, General Edmund Kirby Smith by deciding to send half his forces to the North and Arkansas, instead of ordering him to continue Banks to the south after the battle of Mansfield and that of Pleasant Hill, created a lasting enmity between him and Taylor.

The Union army set four objectives at the start of the campaign:

• destroy the Confederate units commanded by Taylor;
• Churning Shreveport, general district of the Confederate Department Trans-Mississippi, controlling the Red River to the north and occupying east of Texas;
• Confiscate one hundred thousand cotton balls stored in the plantations bordering the Red River;
• Set up authorities favorable to the Union in the region.

Washington’s strategists thought that the occupation of eastern Texas and the control of the Red River would detach Texas from the rest of the Confederation. This state was also an important source of supplies, weapons and food for the Confederate troops ^{[ first ]} .

Other historians add that the campaign was also motivated by the concerns that the 25,000 French soldiers sent to Mexico by Napoleon III aroused, in Washington and placed under the command of the Emperor Maximilian. The Confederates had indeed offered to recognize the government of Maximilien, in exchange for recognition of the Confederation by France. They also hoped to have access, through this recognition, to the goods which were lacking ^{[ 2 ]} .

Finally, President Abraham Lincoln nevertheless declared himself satisfied with the campaign led by Banks on the Côte du Texas, between November and December 1863, writing to him: “All my thanks for your useful and successful campaign in Texas ^{[ 3 ]} ».

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Edmund Kirby Smith. The direct superior of Richard Taylor. His decision to take three infantry divisions on Taylor’s workforce, during the campaign, forever poisoned relations between the two men.

Sterling Price, head of the Arkansas department.

Confederates [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Confederate forces came from the Trans-Mississippi department, commanded by E. Kirby Smith ^{[ 4 ]} .

1. District of Western Louisiana, commanded by Richard Taylor, with around 10,000 men and composed of two infantry divisions, two cavalry brigades and the garrison of Shreveport.
2. Arkansas district, commanded by Sterling Price, with around 11,000 men and made up of three infantry divisions and a cavalry division. At the beginning of the campaign, Smith ordered two divisions belonging to the Price infantry to join Louisiana.
3. Indian territory district ( Indian Territory , today Oklahoma), commanded by Samuel Maxey, with some 4,000 men divided into three cavalry brigades.
4. Texas district, commanded by John Magruder, with 15,000 men, most of the riders. At the beginning of the campaign, Smith ordered Magruder to send him as many men as possible. During the campaign, nearly 8,000 riders arrived from Texas to support Taylor in Louisiana; The units arrived, however, slowly, and not all together.

Union [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

The Union forces consisted of four elements, the first three of which cooperate ^{[ 5 ]} :

1. The troops of the Gulf department, commanded by Banks, with two infantry divisions of XIII ^{It is} Body, two infantry divisions of XIX ^{It is} Corps, a cavalry division and a brigade of African-Americans,, in total, some 20,000 men.
2. 10,000 men from XVI ^{It is} And XVII ^{It is} Corps of the northern army of Tennessee commanded by A. J. Smith.
3. 7,000 men commissioned by General Steele and attached to the department of Arkansas.

Naval Forces [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Federal forces [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

David Dixon Porter commanded the federal river fleet during the Red River campaign.

The river battleship USS Eastport who will be scuttled during the expedition.

For this expedition along the Red River, the Mississippi squadron will detach a large number of buildings, under the command of the Counter-Advid D. Porter. There are ten river battleships, 3 monitors, 11 “Tinclads” ^{[ note 1 ]} , a “timbarclad” ^{[ note 2 ]} , a ram ^{[ note 3 ]} and a good number of support ships ^{[ 6 ]} .

Confederate Forces [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

In Shreveport, southerners have a river battleship, Css Missouri , a gunboat CSS Cotton and a ram CSS Webb ^{[ 7 ]} .

Preparations [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Halleck plans for the Red River campaign.

The Halleck plan, finalized in January 1864, provided that Banks took 20,000 men from New Orleans to Alexandria (Louisiana), passing by Bayou Teche ^{[ 8 ]} , where they would join the 15,000 soldiers taken from the staff of Major-General William Tecumseh Sherman and descended from Vicksburg (Mississippi) under the command of Brigadier-General A.J. Smith. Smith units would only be available to Banks until the end of April. They should then go east where they were expected. Banks would take command of a combined workforce of 35,000 men who would receive, going up the Red River to Shreveport, the support of vice-admiral David Dixon Porter and his gunboats. At the same time, 7,000 northerners from the Arkansas department led by Major-General Frederick Steele would descend from Arkansas to join Banks when he launched the assault against Shreveport, and would serve as a garrison in the city after its capture ^{[ 9 ]} .

In the first days of March 1864, this plan was ready to be implemented, after having taken a little delay in communications confirming to Sherman and carry their respective roles in the strategy defined by Halleck. Banks sent to Sherman, Halleck and bring a report prepared by Major David Houston who demonstrated unequivocally that it would be almost impossible to hold Sherveport and the East of Texas without having important resources. The bulk of Banks’s workforce, accompanied by numerous, but ill -trained cavalry units, would go north towards the average river course and banks would authorize speculators from the cotton industry to accompany it, while Porter would provide barges capable of storing the requisitioned cotton.

The Confederates set out time to grasp the real objective of the campaign: was it the Red River, Mobile (Alabama) or the Côte du Texas? General Edmund Kirby Smith, who commanded the Trans-Mississippi department, nevertheless moved most of his men in the vicinity of Shrevesport.

Combats [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Red River campaign card.

The 10 mars , Major-General William Buel Franklin started, leaving southern Louisiana at the head of the Gulf Army’s avant-garde (under Banks). Meanwhile, A. J. Smith and his two army corps descended the river to get from Vicksburg (Mississippi) to Simsport (Louisiana). THE 14 mars , after having walked all night, Smith’s men took by surprise the garrison of Fort de Russy, on the Red River, made 317 Confederate prisoners there and seized the only heavy artillery piece of the rebels. This action marked the start of the campaign. Admiral wear the river course, obstructed by a gigantic train of floating trunks. Taylor must have retired, abandoning Alexandria (Louisiana), and leaving the south and the center of Louisiana in the hands of the Union ^{[ ten ]} .

The 20 mars 1864 , the federals of A. J. Smith arrived in Alexandria, with the project to find the forces of Banks placed under the direct command of Franklin. However, Franklin only arrived on site 25 mars and Banks, who had made the trip independently of his men, the 26 . These setbacks were the first of a long list of logistical concerns that poisoned relations between Banks and his subordinates throughout the campaign ^{[ 11 ]} . While he was waiting for the arrival of Banks, Smith dispatched Brigadier-General Joseph Anthony Mower against the Taylor cavalry and advanced post located in Henderson’s Hill, upstream of Alexandria, a mission of which Mower successfully paid ( 21 mars ). Next to 250 Confederates and a battery of four guns were captured without a shot being exchanged ^{[ twelfth ]} .

Arriving in Alexandria, Banks found an important message awaiting him. Two weeks before, the 12 mars 1864 , General Ulysses S. Grant had been appointed chief general of the Union’s armies, replacing Halleck. In his message, Grant confirmed that he was “Important to take Shreveport as soon as possible” , because the units of A. J. Smith were to be returned to Sherman for mid-April “Even if it should lead you to abandon the main objective of your shipment ^{[ 13 ]} . »

Kirby Smith could raise nearly 80,000 men, but he could not decide where to go to face the three northern contingents who then advanced on Shreveport. At no time during the campaign, Taylor was no longer involved in 18,500 soldiers ^{[ 14 ]} .

At the end of March, Banks’ men had reached Natchitoches, just a hundred kilometers south of Shreveport. Franklin’s men had been delayed at least a week by the rain, but that didn’t matter because the Admiral Porter was also delayed: the river having not reached his season level, He had had difficulty passing his gunboat the falls of Alexandria, dotted with mines. Porter had also lost time trying to collect cotton in the interior. Taylor establishes his troops about forty kilometers northeast, at Pleasant Hill, with less than 20,000 men. A week later, when Banks had assembled more refueling, he resumed his progress ^{[ 15 ]} .

Since 21 mars , the skirmishes between the Cavalleries and the belligerent river squadrons had not stopped. THE April 2 , a division of the northern cavalry, led by the Brigadier-General Albert Lindley Lee, came to come up against 1,500 Texan rebel riders who arrived at the scene. These Confederates opposed the progress of the Union’s troops. These had been informed that the men of Taylor and the cavalry, other rebel units were on their way. The northern officers did not think that the Confederates would oppose them serious resistance, except for the river flotilla.

Banks’ army followed Taylor and his cavalry under the dense cover of a pine forest away from the river. Pleasant Hill’s approach was particularly slow for northerners, while Taylor continued to back down to Shreveport ^{[ 16 ]} .

Battle of Mansfield [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

The April 7 Cavalry fights, often dismantled, had raged at Wilson’s Farm and Tenmile Bayou. THE April 8 , the northerners of Lee charged a small detachment from the Confederate cavalry at the Moss plantation, five kilometers south of Mansfield, Louisiana, and chased them from Honeyycutt Hill. Taylor had parked an infantry division (sheep) in the woods along a clearing north of HoneyCutt Hill and east of the road. Seeing the enemy staff grow, Lee asked for the support of the infantry. The Landram division (2,400 men, XIII ^{It is} Body) was sent in reinforcement and deployed against Mouton. Banks arrived on the front to assess the situation. Meanwhile, Taylor positioned a second infantry division (Walker) in the woods on the other side of the road. His arrival gave Taylor the digital advantage – 9,000 men, against 5,000 for Banks – and the union line was deployed on his right, facing Mouton, with a simple cavalry brigade to hold the left wing ^{[ 17 ]} .

Taylor had tabled an attack launched by Banks, but an artillery duel convinced him that the Northerners were in difficulty and would not take the initiative. Around 4 p.m., he ordered his men to attack ^{[ 18 ]} . Brigadier-General Alfred Mouton, causing his infantrymen through a 700-meter-wide field, attacked the right of the Union, tidy behind a fence. While the assault of Mouton was repelled by the infantrymen of Landram, Taylor advanced all the rest of his line, with the division of Walker, against the left of the Union. Walker’s men swept the cavalry division and led behind the rest of the northern forces. Banks had asked for reinforcement, but they were late. The line of the federals collapsed and many soldiers belonging to the Landram division were captured. A few hundred meters below, on the road, the reinforcements (the Cameron division) established a second line, but it was also broken by the men of Taylor, superiors in number. The crew train of the Union cavalry obstructed the road and artillery, unable to get out of the fray, was captured. The Confederates stopped to plunder the vans abandoned by the Northerners, which gave Banks’ troops the time they needed to fall back ^{[ 19 ]} .

While the Confederate command reorganized to launch the pursuit, the rebels collided with a third force of the Union, the 5,800 men of General William Emory, installed on both sides of a dominant crest Chatman’s Bayou. The rebels pressed their enemies, but the division of Emory resisted them. But the federals, lacking in water, had to withdraw towards Pleasant Hill to find the men of A. J. Smith ^{[ 20 ]} .

The Battle of Mansfield was over. The federals had lost 2,400 men, half of whom belonged to the division of Landram (two of his eight regiments were taken prisoner and his two brigades commanders were injured and captured. For their part, the Confederates deplored the loss of a thousand of men, including Mouton, killed as he led his men during the first charge ^{[ 21 ]} .

Battle of Pleasant Hill [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Taylor did not notice Banks’ retirement until the next morning. He then ordered the Green riders to immediately launch himself in pursuit. When they arrived near the Banks battle line, next to the locality of Pleasant Hill, Taylor made the cavalry back down a kilometer and a half while waiting for the arrival of the infantry. This appeared shortly afternoon, after covering 72 km in thirty-six hours. Taylor let them rest two hours before attacking ^{[ 22 ]} .

The confederate infantrymen of Brigadier-General Thomas J. Churchill opened hostilities against the Northerners, thinking of hitting their wing, while they were attacking their center. The rebellious cavalry committed the same error was harshly struck by a flank shot. The men of Churchill managed to bend the center of the Union, but they were in the middle of a U -shaped line, the reserve divisions of A. J. Smith’s forming the base of the U. Part of the Advanced right Union had also fallen, but the units of Smith and those of Mower launched a counterattack and, with the help of the neighboring regiments, put in the troops of Taylor who had to abandon Pleasant Hill. Some artillery pieces were thus taken up ^{[ 23 ]} .

Short of water and fodder for horses, unable to locate his supply boats and torn between the contradictory opinions of his subordinates, Banks ordered a quick retreat to downstream, towards Natchitoches and Grand Ecore. During the Battle of Pleasant Hill, the belligerents each lost approximately 1,600 men. It was a tactical victory for the federals, but a strategic success for the Confederates, because the Union army had fought after the battle ^{[ 24 ]} .

On the river, the Confederates had widened a derivation in order to drop the already low level of the Red River. When the Admiral Porter, who slowly went up the current, learned that Banks withdrew, he imitated him. THE April 12 , there was a brief commitment next to the Blair’s Landing pier, during which the general of the southern cavalry Thomas Green was beheaded by a marine shell ^{[ 25 ]} .

In Grand Ecore next to Natchitoches, Banks received confidential orders from Grant asking him to move his army to New Orleans. The level of the river continued to decrease and supply transport had to come down downstream. Banks soon had to face the resentment of A. J. Smith, the Navy and the other generals, all disappointed to be associated with what was perceived as a defeat ^{[ 26 ]} .

Despite the protests of Taylor, General Kirby Smith decided to take three infantry divisions on Taylor’s workforce and lead them to the north to Arkansas to crush the Steele army. The latter never joined Shrevesport, due to supply difficulties and clashes with the Confederates. Camden’s expedition ended with Steele’s retreat to Little Rock. Smith left Taylor an infantry division and the cavalry, so that he could continue to harass Banks. Having learned that some of Taylor’s 5,000 men had come south of his position and that the fleet had set sail for Alexandria, Banks ordered her men to withdraw from Grand Ecore. At the Battle of Monett’s Ferry, the April 23 , part of the forces of Banks crossed the River Cane, on the wing of the Confederates and brought together a division of the southern cavalry commanded by General Hamilton P. Bee. The rest of the walk to Alexandria took place without incident, but was caught at the mouth of Cane River after he dwelled to blow up the USS Eastport who clogged the channel ^{[ 27 ] , [ 28 ]} .

Engraving published in the press of the time, showing the fleet to bring to the passage of Bailey’s Dam.

In Alexandria, relations between Banks and his entourage deteriorated. Each party spanned and spread its version of the facts in the newspapers. General John Alexander McClernand arrived with reinforcements from Texas, bringing with him the bad relations he already had with A. J. Smith and Porter. Smith only obeyed the orders that suited him.

Porter could not cross Alexandria’s falls to most of her battleships. Colonel Joseph Bailey conceived the project of a dam (Bailey’s Dam), to which Banks then devoted all his attention. Several boats managed to pass before the partial collapse of the dam. An additional dam, installed upstream, made it possible to raise the water level and resume navigation. While the federals left Alexandria, the city and its cotton stocks were – for reasons which are always debated – the prey of the flames, to the chagrin of speculators ^{[ 29 ]} .

Taylor tried to deceive the command of the Union by making him believe that his troops were more numerous, but he did not try to prevent the construction of the dam. He closed the lower lesson of the river by attacking the ships, but, when he had promised to cut the fold of withdraws to the federals, he could not prevent the latter from escaping him. He accused Kirby Smith of not having assisted him. On the Mississippi road, the May 16 , fights took place in Mansura, with very few victims. The last fight of the campaign took place the May 18 , in a fire forest, in Yellow Bayou, with significant losses. Troop transport boats were linked together to allow federal troops to cross the course of the Atchafalaya river. General Banks, arriving on the banks of the Mississippi, found General Edward Canby, who had just been appointed, above Banks, at the head of a new regional military department ^{[ 30 ]} .

The Red River campaign was a failure for the Union, but its outcome did not have a decisive impact on the course of the war. Conversely, it is possible that it has contributed to prolonging the conflict of several months, by diverting the federal troops from much greater objectives, such as the capture of mobile (Alabama), which was not acquired until 1865, while ‘She could undoubtedly have happened in June 1864 without the mobilization of the Red River campaign ^{[ thirty first ]}

The failure of the campaign marked the end of Banks’ military career. His campaigns to be elected to Congress, after the war, were polluted by controversies concerning his retirement, the intervention of speculators, the use of the fleet to transport cotton. Admiral Porter made big profits during the campaign thanks to the sale of cotton, considered to be war ^{[ 32 ]} .

The Confederates had lost two leading officers: Mouton and Green, and they had undergone a level of losses that they could not afford. What’s more, the relationships between Taylor (the intrepid) and Smith (prudent) had definitively deteriorated due to Smith’s decision to take half of Taylor’s workforce after Pleasant Hill ^{[ 33 ]} . Until his death, Taylor regretted not having seized the opportunity that presented herself to him to seize the Union fleet while she was within his reach and defenseless, upstream of the falls of ‘Alexandria. He was convinced that Smith had made him lose the opportunity to paralyze the troops of the Union. The dispute between the two generals forced the southern command to transfer Taylor, shortly after the campaign, at the head of the department of Orientale Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama ^{[ 34 ]} .

Notes [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

References [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

: document used as a source for writing this article.

General works [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

• In French
  • James McPherson ( trad. from English), The Civil War: 1861-1865 , Paris, R. Laffont, coll. “Bouquins”, 1991 , 1004 p. (ISBN  2-222-06742-8 )
  • John Keegan ( trad. from English), American Civil War , Paris, Perrin, February 2011 , 504 p. (ISBN  978-2-262-03249-4 )
• in English
  • (in) David J. Eicher , The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War , New York, Simon & Schuster, 2001 (ISBN  978-0-684-84944-7 ) .
  • (in) Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative , Vol. 3, Red River to Appomattox , New York, Random House, 1974, (ISBN  0-394-74622-8 )
  • (in) Hattaway, Herman, Archer Jones, How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War , Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1983, (ISBN  0-252-00918-5 )
  • (in) Mark M. Boatner III, The Civil War Dictionary , 1959, reissue 1988, Vintage Books, (ISBN  0-679-73392-2 )

Specialized works (in English) [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

• Thomas Ayres , Dark and Bloody Ground : The Battle of Mansfield and the Forgotten Civil War in Louisiana , Cooper Square Press, 2001 (ISBN  978-0-87833-180-2 ) .
• Raymond H. Banks, ‘ The King of Louisiana, 1862-1865, and Other Government Work: A Biography of Major General Nathaniel Prentice Banks » (consulted the 4 mars 2014 ) . Las Vegas, NV: R. H. Banks, 2005. p. 918-1143 . (OCLC 63270945 ) .
• Steve Bounds et Curtis Milbourn, «  The Battle of Pleasant Hill », North & South – The Official Magazine of the Civil War Society , vol. 8, n ^O 6, November 2005 , p. 70-88 .
• William Riley Brooksher , War Along the Bayous : The 1864 Red River Campaign in Louisiana , Brassey’s, 1998 (ISBN  978-1-57488-139-4 ) .
• Jefferson Davis , A Short History of the Confederate States of America , New York, Belford Company, 1890 ( read online ) , « LXVI. The Red River Campaign », p. 414-415 .
• James G. Hollandsworth , Pretense of Glory : The Life of General Nathaniel P. Banks , LSU Press, 1998 .
• Richard B. Irwin et al. (édition : Robert Underwood Johnson, Clarence Clough Buel), Battles and Leaders of the Civil War , Century Co., 1888 ( read online ) , « The Red River Campaign », p. 345-373 . Includes numerous illustrations.
• Gary Dillard Joiner , One Damn Blunder from Beginning to End : the Red River Campaign of 1864 , Wilmington, Delaware, Scholarly Resources, 2002 , 198 p. (ISBN  978-0-8420-2937-7 , read online ) .
• Gary Dillard Joiner , Through the Howling Wilderness : The 1864 Red River Campaign and Union Failure in the West , Knoxville, Tennessee, University of Tennessee Press, 2006 (ISBN  1-57233-544-0 ) .
• Ludwell H. Johnson , Red River Campaign : Politics and Cotton in the Civil War , Johns Hopkins University Press, 1958 , 317 p. (ISBN  978-0-87338-486-5 , read online ) .
• Alvin M. Josephy, Jr. , The Civil War in the American West , Alfred A. Knopf, 1991 (ISBN  978-0-394-56482-1 ) .
• Curtis Milbourn et Steve Bounds, «  The Battle of Mansfield », North & South – The Official Magazine of the Civil War Society , vol. 6, n ^O 2, February 2003 , p. 26-40 .
• Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion , vol. 26, Naval Forces on Western Waters (March 1, 1864 – December 31, 1864). GPO, Washington, 1914.
• William Rattle Plum , The Military Telegraph During the Civil War in the United States : With an Exposition of Ancient and Modern Means of Communication, and of the Federal and Confederate Cipher Systems; Also a Running Account of the War Between the States , Chicago, Jansen, McClurg & Company, 1882 ( read online ) , « III. The Telegraph in the Department of the Gulf – Port Hudson, Red River, and Other Campaigns », p. 37-50 .
• Edward Albert Pollard , Lee and His Lieutenants : Comprising the Early Life, Public Services, and Campaigns of General Robert E. Lee and His Companions in Arms , New York, E. B. Treat & Co., 1867 ( read online ) , « LXXI. Lieut.-Gen. Edmond Kirby Smith », p. 765-773 .
• The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies , vol. XXXIV, Operations in Louisiana and the Trans-Mississippi States and Territories. January 1 – June 30, 1864. GPO, Washington, 1891.
• John D. Winters , The Civil War in Louisiana , Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press, 1963 (ISBN  978-0-8071-0834-5 ) .

Regimental historical and memories of participants (in English) [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

• Byron Cloyd Purchase , Bugle echoes : The Story of Illinois 47th , Phillips Bros., 1905 ( read online ) , « XXII through XXVI », p. 97-118 .
• Samuel Hawkins Marshall Byers , Iowa in War Times , Of the monks, W.D. Condit & Co., 1888 ( read online ) , « XXIII. Iowa in the Red River Campaign, Spring of 1864 through XXIV. Steele’s March on Camden – Battles of the Campaign », p. 274-300 .
• Orton S., Captain, 116th Regiment, New York Volunteers Clark , History of the 114th Regiment, New York State Volunteers : Containing a Perfect Record of Its Services, Embracing All Its Marches, Campaigns, Battles, Sieges and Sea-voyages , Buffalo, NY, Matthews & Warren, 1868 ( read online ) , « XIV through XVII », p. 145-184 .
• William H. Chenery , The Fourteenth Regiment Rhode Island Heavy Artillery (Colored) in the War to Preserve the Union, 1861-1865 , Providence, RA, Snow & Farnham, 1898 ( read online ) , “We”, p. 51-62 .
• William G. Donnan et Samuel Storrs Howe ( you. ), « A Reminiscence of the Last Battle of the Red River Expedition », Annals of Iowa , Iowa State Historical Department, Division of Historical Museum and Archives, vol. WE, n ^O 4, 1903 , p. 241-247 ( read online , consulted the May 21, 2009 )
• James Kendall Ewer , The Third Massachusetts Cavalry in the War for the Union , Maplewood, MA, Wm. G. J. Perry Press, 1903 ( read online ) , « V. The Teche Campaign through XII. The Red River Campaign – Concluded », p. 67-186 .
• Frank M. Flinn , Campaigning with Banks in Louisiana, ’63 and ’64, and with Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley in ’64 and ’65 (2nd Ed.) , Boston, W. B. Clarke & Co., 1889 ( read online ) , « XIII », p. 93-101 .
• John, Surgeon, U.S. Army Homans et Charles Carleton Coffin ( The Boston Journal , collaborater), Stories of Our Soldiers : War Reminiscences , Boston, The Journal Newspaper Company, 1893 ( read online ) , « Red River Expedition », p. 246-258 .
• Lurton Dunham Ingersoll , Iowa and the Rebellion : A history of the troops furnished by the state of Iowa to the volunteer armies of the Union, which conquered the great southern rebellion of 1861-5 (3rd Ed.) , Philadelphia, J. B. Lippencott and Co., 1866 ( read online ) , « XXXVI. Thirty-Second Infantry », p. 603-612 . Includes Battle of Pleasant Hill map showing placement of “Shaw’s ‘Iron Brigade'”
• Irwin, Richard B. History of The 19th Army Corps. G. P. Putam’s Sons, NY, 1893, p. 282-355 .
• James P. Jones et Keuchel, Edward F., Civil War Marine : A Diary of the Red River Expedition, 1864 , Washington, United States Marine Corps Historical Division, 1975 ( read online ) .
• Governor Morris , The History of a Volunteer Regiment : Being a Succinct Account of the Organization, Services, and Adventures of the Sixth Regiment New York Volunteers Infantry Known as Wilson Zouaves , New York, Veteran Volunteer Pub. Co., 1891 ( read online ) , « VIII. First Red River Campaign through Chapter X. Vermillion Bay, Alexandria », p. 91-112 . Includes a map of the Sixth Regiment’s maneuvers in Louisiana.
• George Haven Putnam , Memories of My Youth, 1844-1865 , G.P. Putnam & Sons, 1914 ( read online ) , « XIV: The Red River Campaign », p. 299-330 .
• Taylor, Richard. Destruction and Reconstruction: Personal Experiences of the Late War. D. Appleton & Co., NY, 1879, p. 148-96 .
• E. Cort., Ensign, U.S. Navy Williams and Robert Hunter (edition), Sketches of War History, 1861-1865 : Papers Read Before the Ohio Commandery , R. Clark & Co., 1888 ( read online ) , « Recollections of the Red River Campaign », p. 96 .
• James Grant, Brevet Brigadier-General, U.S.V. Wilson and James Grant Wilson (edition), Personal Recollections of the War of the Rebellion , G. P. Putnam & Sons, 1891 ( read online ) , « The Red River Dam: With Comments on the Red River Campaign », p. 78-95 . Includes numerous illustrations.

Campaign’s naval aspects [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

• (in) Spencer C. Tucker, Blue & Gray Navies : the Civil War Afloat , Naval Institute Press, 2006 , 426 p. (ISBN  978-1-59114-882-1 ) , “Chapter 12” , p. 297-332 .
• (in) Angus Konstam & Tony Bryan, Mississippi River Gunboats of the American Civil War, 1861-65 , 2002, Osprey Publishing Ltd, New Vanguard 49, (ISBN  978-1841764139 ) .
• (in) H. Allen Gosnell, Guns on the Western Waters, The Story of River Gunboats in the Civil War , 1949, reissued 1993, Louisiana State University Press, (ISBN  978-0807118900 ) , Chapter 18, pages 246-266.
• (in) Bern Anderson, By Sea and By River, The Naval History of the Civil War , 1962, from Capo Press, (ISBN  978-0306803673 ) , chapter 15, pages 256-262.
• (in) Gary D. Joiner, Mr. Lincoln’s Brown Water Navy, The Mississippi Squadron , 2007, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, (ISBN  978-0742550988 ) , Chapter 8, pages 143-170.

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