Carposinidae – Wikipedia

I Carposinidi ( Carposinidae Walsingham, 1897 ) ^[first] They are a family of lepidoptera widespread on all continents with almost 300 species. ^{[2] [3] [4] [5]}

The name of the family is formed by that of the genre type, Carposina Herrich-Schäffer, 1853 , ^[6] which in turn originates from the Greek term fruit (Carpós = fruit), with reference to the fact that these moths at the larval stadium attack some fruit plants. ^[7]

The members of this family are hetero-in-law belonging to the dittory, with a small size to media (10-40 mm, exceptionally 50 mm) and mainly nocturnal habits. ^{[4] [5] [8]}

According to Mincet (1986), ^[9] The main autapomorphic characteristics of the family (as well as for Copromorphidae) would be basically two: 1) front wing with “tufts” of flakes raised on the upper page; 2) Rear wing with a cubital “comb” (a sort of fringe of peiliform flakes arranged near the base of the cubit). In some genres, the second character is present only in females or even absent in both sexes. ^{[4] [5]}

A possible distinctive character between the two families of the carposinoid is represented by the presence of an almost complete wing coming in the Copromorphidae, while in the Carposinidae, which probably evolved later, is often more reduced. ^{[4] [8]}

The anterolateral process on the II Sternite is often elongated and curved, ^[ten] And its almost complete absence in certain genres is to be considered a secondary evolution. Edeago is equipped with a cecum penis . In the larva, the stigmas are usually slightly protrusted, and those on the VIII Abominal Somiite appear a little larger and moved to the dorsal surface. ^[8] These anatomical details could also be considered autapomorphic for the two carpientid families. ^[4]

Adult [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

Boss [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

The garment has small front flakes, not very raised and all facing downwards, as well as tufts of flakes more or less raised on the sides of the summit. ^{[4] [5]}

The ocelli can be present, but the chaetosemata . ^{[4] [5] [8]}

In the mug system, the jaws jaw have one to three articles from one. The spirotromba is present and without flakes. The labial lips are developed and right or facing upwards. ^{[4] [5] [8]}

The antennas are variable in shape, but with the scapo without a pecten . ^{[4] [5]}

Chest [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

In the legs, the epiphysis is present and the formula of the Tibial Sperone is 0-2-4; Metatibia can be smooth or equipped with long peiliform flakes somewhat ruffled. ^{[4] [5] [8]}

In the anterior wing, the pteroostigma is more or less developed according to the group. There backs It is always present. In the female, the frenulum It consists of a rule of two or three bristles. In some cases all ribs are separated, but sometimes, on the contrary, the confluence between RS is observed ₂ ed Rs ₃ , or between RS ₃ ed Rs ₄ , or even between m ₃ e crab _first . Cup can be robust and free or strongly reduced, while 1st+2a has a short basal bifurcation. The characteristic “tufts” of raised flakes are well distinguishable. ^{[4] [5] [8] [11] [twelfth] [13]}

In the rear wing it is usually absent m ₂ and often also m _first . M ₃ e crab _first They can be completely united or only partially, or run separate for all their length. Cup is always present and well defined. Close to the Cua base, there is a sort of “comb”, consisting of a fringe of peiliform flakes. 1A+2A can show a short basal bifurcation, while 3A is present. ^{[4] [5] [8] [11] [twelfth] [13]}

Abdomen [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

In the abdomen of males a couple of coremate , placed near the rear margin, sometimes also located in the front. ^[4]

In the male genital system the hook It is well developed, but not bifida as in some copomorphidae. THE partners they are absent, while it gnathos It can be present and have a complex and notched structure. The valves can be simple or somewhat elongated and curved. The bond is devoid of sack . L’deago presents a cecum penis , more elongated here than in the Copromorphidae, and one or more cuckold . ^{[4] [8]}

In the female genital, the ovoposter can be somewhat elongated. The rear apophysis are longer than the front ones. The leadership of Bursae is membranous and the Body Bursae and equipped with a sign . ^{[5] [11] [twelfth] [13]}

Egg [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

The egg can be spherical and yellowish, as in the case of Carposina sasakii . ^{[5] [twelfth]}

Larva [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

The larvae normally have a threaded cuticle covered with blended spinules, but the presence of secondary bristles is not observed. With complete ripening they do not exceed 12 mm, but in some tropical genres they can reach 30 mm. ^{[5] [8] [14]}

Boss [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

The boss is ipognate or semi -progamed. ^{[4] [5] [8] [14]} The frontoclipeo appears more elongated than wide. There are six stemmata on the side, of which the first five on a semicircle and the sixth a little more distant. Front bristles A1, A2 and A3 are arranged in an obtuse triangle, with A2 further away from stemmata . Sitols straight from tubercoli may be present, as well as well -developed and divided processes on the sub -elaborate (of a simpler structure than what can be seen in the Copromorphidae). ^{[4] [8] [14]} The aforementioned processes vary considerably depending on the group taken into consideration, from simple not branched protuberances, up to real appendices with a function not yet clarified; A more detailed analysis revealed, in some of these structures, the presence of muscle tissue, although they could also have a sensory or glandular function; The hypothesis that can be in functional relationship with the activity of the supply chain remains valid; Probably only the observation of the behavior of the specimens in life can resolve the question. ^[14]

Chest [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

In the protorace, somewhat developed, lateral bristles are two and are always found on the same pine . The protoracic spiracoli are a little more enlarged. ^{[4] [8] [14]}

As in the Copromorphidae, the SVI-SV SIMULA is single on the Meso- and the Metitarace. ^[8]

Abdomen [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

In the abdomen, in the first eight segments, the L2 lateral bristle is arranged anterodoreally compared to L1, but not very far from the latter. The SD1 subtle bristle is placed dorsally compared to the spiracles. The dorsal bristle D1 is present on the IX segment, unlike what is observed in the Copromorphidae. The SV Group is single briefly in segments in VIII and IX segments, with double briefs in segments I and VII, with triple briefs in segment II and quadruple bristle in the segments from the III to the VI. The VIII segment can have more developed spiracles. ^{[8] [14]}

The pseudozampes are not very robust and appear a little more short than those of the Copromorphidae; They are present on the III-VI and X segments, with Uncini arranged on a single order. ^{[4] [5] [8] [14]}

Red [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

The pupa is relatively squat and of the Obtecto type, with fused appendages and with the rest of the body, but has a fragile and translucent tires, from which you can see the profiles of the head and the chest. An epicranial suture is present on the head. The lip It is well developed and flanked by piliferous triangular lobes or more generally by jaws. The jaws are reduced, while the labial ones are exposed, as well as the profers. The protorac is short. The V-VII abdominal segments (in the male) and V-VI (in the female) are mobile. There are no spinules on the surface of abdominal tergites. The cremaster It is represented by groups of bristles from the hooked end. ^{[4] [5] [8] [14]}

Biological cycle [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

The biology of several species is little known, however, in general, adults mainly have nocturnal habits and during the day they remain in rest position, on the cortex of plants or on the stones. ^{[4] [8]}

The eggs are laid individually on the nurse plant. ^[5]

The larvae are mostly foliage miners or in any case feed in hidden areas, sheltered from potential predators, in the midst of leaves combined with each other, or above or inside a fruit. Some species cause the formation of cecidi. ^{[4] [5] [8] [14]}

The imputation can take place inside the tunnel dug by the larva, or far from the nurse plant, in a cocoon usually covered with fragments of the debrite, on the ground or inside a crack. You do not escape the pupa from the cocoon or shelter, before the adult is noted. ^{[4] [5] [8] [14]}

Diet [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

The larvae belonging to this taxon feed on a large number of nourishing plants; It should be considered that in some cases a species can be markedly polyphaga and attack the various members of a single vegetable genre, or even different genres. The list reported below has no claims of completeness. Among the guest plants, we remember, by way of example: ^{[4] [5] [8] [14] [15]}

• Berberidaceae Juss., 1789
• Campanulaceae Juss., 1789
• Casuarinaceae R. Br., 1814
• Celastraceae R. Br., 1814
• Cornaceae Belted. Ex J. Presl, 1825
• Cunoniaceae R. Br., 1814
• Elaeocarpaceae Juss. ex DC, 1824
• Ericaceae Juss., 1789
• Euphorbiaceae Juss., 1789
• Fabaceae Lindl., 1836
• Fagaceae Dumort., 1829
• Gesneriande Rich. & Juss., 1816
• Goodeniaceae R.Br., 1810
• Grossulariaceae DC., 1805
• Malvaceae Juss., 1789
• Melastomataceae Juss., 1789
• Myrsinaceae R. Br., 1819
• Myrtaceae Juss., 1789
• Ochnaceae DC., 1811
• Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link, 1809
• Phyllanthaceae Martinov, 1820
• Pinaceae Sprang. From Rudolph, 1830
• Poaceae Barnhart, 1895
• Podocarpaceae Endl., 1847
• Proteaceae Juss., 1789
• Rhamnaceae Juss., 1789
• Rosaceae Juss., 1789
• Rubiaceae Juss., 1789
• Rutaceae Juss., 1789
• Sapotaceae Juss., 1789

Parasitoidism [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

They are known parasitoid phenomena on the larvae of the carposinidae, carried out by different species of hymenoptera belonging to the chalcidoid and ichneumonoid surfaces; Among these we mention: ^{[16] [17]}

The species Carposina sasakii It represents a serious adversity for apple trees and fish in Japan, China and the United States of America. ^{[5] [13] [14]} In the biological struggle, in addition to some of the aforementioned parasitoids (see paragraph), in the already mentioned paragraph), including entomopatogenic nematodes such as Steinernema carpocapsae It is Steinernema fieldiae , already used for the control of other adversities of fruit and ornamental plants. ^[18]

Sporadically, damage to the mandor crops was also reported by Bondia Comona ; In this case, the countermeasures have seen the use of insecticides belonging to the carbacammati group, such as Carbaryl (1-naftil-Metylcarbamate). ^{[twelfth] [14] [19] [20]}

The taxon is cosmopolitan, with a wealth in species much more consistent in the Edomalese and Australasian ecozone; It is absent only in the northwestern Paleartic (Scandinavia and British Isles); In continental Europe it is present with a single genre. ^{[4] [5] [8]}

The habitat is represented by green areas, woods and forests, starting from the temperate bands to the tropical bands. ^[5]

Carposinidae Walsingham, 1897 – Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1897 (first): 59 (indicated as “Carposinae”) ^[first] – type type: Carposina Herrich-Schäffer, 1853 – Syst. Ed. Schmett. 5 : ten . ^[6]

This is referred to the genre type Carposina , determined by Fletcher & Nye in 1991. ^[21] Previously, in 1897, Walsingham had improperly indicated the genre Autogriphus . ^[first]

Genres [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

The family has 290 species, gathered in 31 genres widespread on all continents, excluding Antarctica; Of these, 18 are present in Oceania, 15 in Asia, 5 in Africa, 3 in North America, 2 in South America and 2 in Europe (only one in Italy): ^{[3] [4] [5] [22] [23] [24] [25]}

• Acthenoptila Diakonoff, 1954 – Verh. Akad. Fat. Amst. (Department Natuurk.) (2) 49 (4): 145 (3 species; New Guinea)
• Alexotypa Diakonoff, 1989 – Sole. Verh. To lead 251 : 35 (3 species; China, Japan and India) ^[13]
• Anomoeosis Diakonoff, 1954 – Verh. Akad. Fat. Amst. (Department Natuurk.) (2) 49 (4): 139 (4 species; New Guinea)
• Archostola Diakonoff, 1949 – Treubia 20 : 40 (6 species; China and Indonesia)
• Atopose Davis, 1969 – Bull. U. S. NATT. Mus. 289 : 39 (1 specie; Colombia)
• Blipta Diakonoff, 1954 – Verh. Akad. Fat. Amst. (Department Natuurk.) (2) 49 (4): 156 (2 species; New Guinea)
• Bondia Newman, 1856 – Trans Ent. Soc. Lond. (2) 3 : 289 (12 species; Australia, Canada and the United States of America)
• Camacostoma Diakonoff, 1954 – Verh. Akad. Fat. Amst. (Department Natuurk.) (2) 49 (4): 136 (1 species; New Guinea)
• Campylarchis Diakonoff, 1968 – Bull. U. S. NATT. Mus. 257 : 100 (1 species; Philippines)
• Carposina Herrich-Schäffer, 1853 – Schmett. EUR. 5 : ten (136 species; cosmopolitan) (genre type)
• Commatarch Meyrick, 1935 – Exotic. Micr. 4 : 594 (8 species; Pakistan, India, China, Japan, North Macedonia and Romania)
• Coscinoptycha Meyrick, 1881 – Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales 6 (3): 700 (1 species; Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia)
• Desiarchis Diakonoff, 1951 – Ark. Zool. (N. S.) 3 : 69 (1 species; Burma)
• Epicopistis Turner, 1933 – Trans. roy. Soc. S. Austr. 57 : 179 (1 species; Australia)
• Glaphyrarcha Meyrick, 1938 – Trans. roy. Soc. N. Zeal. sixty seven : 428 (1 species; New Zealand)
• Heterogymna Meyrick, 1913 – Exotic. Micr. first : seventy three (18 species; India, Bhutan, China, Japan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Filippine, New Guinea and Vanuatu)
• Hystrichomorpha Diakonoff, 1954 – Verh. Akad. Fat. Amst. (Department Natuurk.) (2) 49 (4): 159 (1 species; New Guinea)
• Meridarchis Zeller, 1867 – Stett. ent. Zeit. 28 : 407 (51 species; Africa, Asia and Oceania)
• Mesodica Diakonoff, 1949 – Treubia 20 : 41 (3 species; India and Indonesia)
• Metacosmesis Diakonoff, 1949 – Treubia 20 : 48 (5 species; Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Indonesia and Philippines)
• Metrogenes Meyrick, 1926 – Sarawak Mus. J. 3 (9): 161 (1 species; Malaysia)
• Nos tphidia Diakonoff, 1982 – Sole. Verh. To lead 193 : 104 (1 species; Sri Lanka)
• Paramorpha Meyrick, 1881 – Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales 6 : 696 (12 species; Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Australia and New Zealand)
• PERAGRARCHIS Diakonoff, 1959 – Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Ent. 8 (3): 124 (6 species; meeting, India, China, Japan, New Guinea, Australia, Vanuatu)
• Peritrichocera Diakonoff, 1961 – Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 130 : 74 (2 species; meeting)
• Picrorrhyncha Meyrick, 1922 – Exotic. Micr. 2 : 550 (3 species; India and Papua New Guinea)
• Scopalostoma Diakonoff, 1957 – Meme. Inst. sci. Madag. (E) 8 : 279 (2 species; meeting)
• Sosineura Meyrick, 1910 – Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales 35 : 157 (1 species; Australia)
• Spartoneura Diakonoff, 1954 – Verh. Akad. Fat. Amst. (Department Natuurk.) (2) 49 (4): 134 (1 species; New Guinea)
• Tesuquea Cloth, 1936 – AMER. Mush. Nov. 867 : 4 (1 species; United States of America)
• Xyloides Diakonoff, 1954 – Verh. Akad. Fat. Amst. (Department Natuurk.) (2) 49 (4): 158 (1 species; New Guinea)

Synonyms [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

No synonyms have been reported. ^{[2] [23]}

Below is a phylogenetic tree obtained from that proposed by Kristensen in 1999 (the name used for the superfamille is still Copromorphoid): ^[4]

A phylogenetic tree obtained from Heikkila study is reported below et al. (2015), ^[26] following the change of name established by Van Nieukerken et al. (2011): ^[2]

DELIVERY	Altre superfamiglie

No species belonging to this family has been included in the IUCN red list. ^[27]

Publications [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

Texts [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]