[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/cathedral-of-saint-basile-le-bienheureux-de-moscow-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/cathedral-of-saint-basile-le-bienheureux-de-moscow-wikipedia\/","headline":"Cathedral of Saint-Basile-le-Bienheureux de Moscow-Wikipedia","name":"Cathedral of Saint-Basile-le-Bienheureux de Moscow-Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 The Cathedral of the intercession of the Most Holy Mother of God (in Russian : Cathedral of the Protection","datePublished":"2017-05-01","dateModified":"2017-05-01","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/ea\/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.jpg\/300px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/ea\/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.jpg\/300px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.jpg","height":"200","width":"300"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/cathedral-of-saint-basile-le-bienheureux-de-moscow-wikipedia\/","wordCount":3835,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4The Cathedral of the intercession of the Most Holy Mother of God (in Russian : Cathedral of the Protection of the Blessed Virgin Mary, which is on the moat ), called from the tsar Feder I is  Basile-le-Bieneuux Cathedral or Saint-Basil (in Russian : St. Basil’s Cathedral ), is a cathedral in Moscow, Russia. Its construction began in 1555 and its inauguration took place in 1561. It was in the Red Square of Moscow. Today, it is the symbol of traditional Russian architecture.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4   Basile-le-Bieneuux de Moscow cathedral.  East of the Savior Tower [ first ] (Tour Spasska\u00efa  – Spasskaya Tower ), on the way that descends to Moskova ( Moscow-Reka ), on an oval artificial terrace, stands one of the masterpieces of Moscow architecture: the church of the intercession of the Most Holy Mother of God on the gap, better known as saint -Basile-le-Bienheureux. It is also commonly called Saint-Basil since it houses the tomb of Basile the Blessed in an assistant side chapel by Postnik Yakovlev in 1588.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4It is to celebrate Kazan’s capture by Russian troops that the tsar Ivan\u00a0 IV ordered the construction of a building which, originally, was to be surrounded by seven chapels consecrated, each at the saint, the celebration of which corresponded to the most significant events of the siege. After the victory of 1552, a wooden church was raised on the market square, near the Kremlin ( Kremlin ) and, in 1555-1560, it was replaced by a brick church built by an architect from Pskov, Postnik Yakovlev, nicknamed “The City Made”, and Jacques Baram. As the brief chronicle says [ 2 ] , “Unlike the orders received” , they conceived the Church according to their own conception of symmetry. The works lasted one hundred and twenty-five years and the building experienced many reshuffles: the stairs were covered, the levels surmounted by pointed roofs, the bulbs decorated with protruding patterns. A ninth oratory was raised on the grave of Fol-en-Christ the Blessed Basil and whose name ends up imposing itself on the whole Church. A 1680, sour order you tsar Feder III And of the Patriarch Joachim, we destroyed all the old dilapidated wooden churches which were on the Red Square but there were new chapels (up to twenty) around the intercession church. It was then that she was painted and covered with iron decorations and tiles as we see them today. Over time, a large part of the chapels disappeared and, in 1783, only eleven left. In September 1918 , the dean of the church was shot, the goods confiscated, all the bells reconditioned and the church closed. In the 1930s, Lazare Kaganovitch proposed to demolish the intercession church to clear the place to facilitate car traffic on the Red Square. The intercession church is known today as Saint-Basile-le-Bienheureux (\u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438oes \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0435agerors). The latter was a fol-en-Christ born, according to tradition, in 1469. He rallied around the age of sixteen to this form of Christian life. All his life, he lived naked or chichement dressed and alms. After his death, which occurred in 1557, he was buried next to the intercession church and in 1588 was built on his grave an oratory where all those who asked for the protection of the deceased.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Over time, his glory and his holiness eclipsed the memory of the capture of Kazan, and the intercession church was therefore more and more often designated under the name of Basile-le-Bienheureux. The Tsar Feder I is ( Fedor I Ioannovich ) Placed, above the relics of the body of the saint, a pure silver shrine, covered with gilding and silks, on which Saint Basile was represented, in a embroidery of precious stones and pearls. The Poles stood the shrine at the start of the XVII It is century. Only subjected to only a shroud that still covers its relics today. In 1929, the church was closed, its bells confiscated, and it became a museum. Religious offices only resumed in 1991. Today, the church is still a museum, but a religious office is celebrated there every Sunday and each year, the October 14 , according to the old calendar, the first is october In the new calendar, in memory of the Kazan taking by Ivan the Terrible. Table of ContentsConstruction hypotheses [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Renovations [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Basement [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The bell tower [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Related articles [ modifier | Modifier and code ] external links [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Construction hypotheses [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The construction of the cathedral extended between 1555 and 1561, under the reign of Ivan\u00a0 IV ,, that Ivan is terrible In memory of the Kazan capture and the victory over the Tatars of the Kazan Khanat. Several hypotheses exist as to which was the architect. The most common version assigns the work to the architect Postnik Yakovlev from Pskov, nicknamed Bare . Another widely used hypothesis says that Postnik and Barma would be two distinct architects but having worked together. But according to the review of Soviet architecture, this hypothesis is currently exceeded [ 3 ] . Finally, it is possible that the architect of the cathedral is a Westerner whose name is lost (perhaps an Italian, since Italians built a large number of buildings in the Kremlin), which would explain the unique style combining traditions Russian and European architectural of the Renaissance. But this version is not confirmed by any precise documentary source. According to legend, faced with such beauty, the Tsar ordered that the eyes of the architects Barma and Postnik are burst, so that they cannot reproduce such a building. However, if Postnik was one of the authors of the cathedral, he was probably not blinded since he participated in the work of Kazan Kremlin a few years later [ 4 ] .  Renovations [ modifier | Modifier and code ] As in many cities at that time, the structures of Moscow buildings were made of wood. Therefore, fires were frequent and harmed the cathedral. This is why at the end of XVI It is century renovation work has been undertaken. On the extent of more than four centuries of history of the monument, many similar works have been done, and inevitably changed its appearance, each time adapting to the aesthetic ideals of the moment. For example, it was in 1583, following a fire, that the domes were replaced by the bulbs that we know today. However, they were only painted in several colors in 1670. In 1737, the name of the architect Ivan Mitchourine was mentioned for the first time in the cathedral documents. This managed the work of the renovation of the architecture and interiors of the cathedral after the fire “of the Trinity” (Tro\u00eftski) which occurred in 1737. The following major repair work was carried out in the cathedral between 1784 and 1786 under the direction of the architect Ivan Iakovlev and ordered by Catherine II. Between 1900 and 1912, the restoration of the building was carried out by the architect Sergei Soloviov. In the 1920s, restoration and renovation work was led by architects Nicolai Koudrioukov and A. Jeliaboujski.  Close view of Saint-Basile cathedral.  Interior plan of the cathedral, with the different churches and chapels. The highest point of the building amounts to 65 m . The cathedral is decorated with nine main domes (in accordance with the number of chapels) as well as another on the Campanile, each distinguished from others by a form, ornaments and colors clean and lively. The building itself is mainly built in red brick, often apparent. Originally the church was entirely white and its golden domes, but the reconstruction work at XVI It is And XVII It is centuries have completely changed and embellished its appearance. The cathedral is oriented at right angles compared to the axis of the red square, which gives it an asymmetrical, even chaotic appearance in the photos. View from the west, we note, however, the symmetry of construction, which is also found inside. The main church, square in shape, is surmounted by an octagon narrowing upwards and crowned by a golden dome. Four average octagonal shapes surround the main church in the direction of the four cardinal points. The four small towers are square and intercomed between the medium towers, giving the building a star shape with eight branches. The cathedral is in fact made up of eight separate churches, each decorated with a tower. The eight annexed chapels symbolize eight battles when taking Kazan Khanat. Each of the chapels therefore honors the holy day or the Russian saint representing the day of these victories: Each of these eight chapels (four axial and four smaller ones between each of the axes) is crowned with a bulb bell tower, surrounding a ninth, bigger, which overlooks them. The latter adorns the central church, erected in praise to the intercession of the Mother of God. All of the nine churches are united by the foundations, the side gallery (formerly not covered) as well as by vaulted interior passages. In 1588, northeast of the cathedral, a tenth chapel consecrated in honor of Basile Le Blessed (1469-1552) was built, which gave the second name of the cathedral. To this chapel is attached to another honoring the Nativity of Mary, in which was buried, in 1589, Saint John of Moscow (in Russian: John Moscow ), a Fol-en-Christ (at the start, the chapel was devoted in honor of the Russian festival of the Disposition of her dress in Blachernes , but it was reconciled in 1680). It was in the 1670s that the campanile was built surmounted by a pyramidal roof. The cathedral has been restored many times. At XVII It is century has been carried out a monumental work on the decoration of the cathedral. While the church was entirely white and its golden domes, begins the ingenious elaboration of the multicolored decoration of bulbs as well as the interior and exterior ornamental painting. In addition, the asymmetrical annexes were added to it and the tents on the roof of the side peron. The archpriest Ivan Vostorgov, the last dean of the cathedral (before the October 1917 revolution), was shot the August 23, 1919 . The church was then made available to renovationist communities. Basement [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  The \u201cNotre-Dame du Sign\u201d icon in the cathedral basements. The churches and the galleries blend into a common infrastructure, the base, which forms several rooms. The solid brick walls of the base (up to 3 meters the thickness) are covered by imposing vaults. The ceiling height amounts to almost 6.5 meters. The northern structure of the subsoil is unique for a construction of XVI It is century. Indeed, its vault in basket handle, extended over a long length, is not supported by any column. The walls are pierced with narrow openings serving as air vents. The so -called “breathable” building material, which is brick, ensures a privileged microclimate in the room at any season of the year. In the past, the basements were not accessible to the parishioners, and the deep niches were used as deposits. They were closed by doors of which only the hinges remain today. Until 1595, the cathedral’s basements protected the Tsar treasure and the wealthy Muscovites also brought their property to it. It was accessed by a small interior staircase in white stones located in the central church of Notre-Dame. Only men of Church knew its existence. This close access was sentenced later. This secret staircase was only rediscovered during a restoration in 1930. In the basement of the basement are exposed the cathedral icons. The oldest of them is the icon “Saint-Basile-le-Bienheureux” dating from the end of XVI It is century and made specially for this church. Two icons dating from XVII It is century are also exhibited there, “intercession of the Mother of God” and “Notre-Dame du Signe”. The latter is a replica of the icon present on the western facade of the cathedral. The bell tower [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  The current campanile was built in place of an old bell tower. Towards the second half of the XVII It is A century, the old bell tower will dilapate and were then out of use. It was in 1680 that he was replaced by the Campanile which is still there today. The Campanile is made up of a massive cubic building, serving as a foundation for the building, on which an octagonal structure stands, dug with a full-narrow arc opening on each of its faces. Finally, the upper part of the campanile is an eight -sided arrow. Each roof ridge is decorated with white, yellow, blue and brown multicolored tiles. The slopes are covered with green cut tiles. On each of these slopes there are three openings intended, it is said, for the amplification of the bell sound. At the top of the arrow, on a small octagonal pedestal, there is a bulb surmounted by an eight -pointed cross. Inside the arcs and the opening of the bell tower is the belfry to which the bells flowed by eminent Russian masters are suspended between the XVII It is And XIX It is centuries. In 1990, after a long period of silence, the bells resound again. On other Wikimedia projects: Related articles [ modifier | Modifier and code ] external links [ modifier | Modifier and code ]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/cathedral-of-saint-basile-le-bienheureux-de-moscow-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Cathedral of Saint-Basile-le-Bienheureux de Moscow-Wikipedia"}}]}]