[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/char-dassaut-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/char-dassaut-wikipedia\/","headline":"Char d\u00b4Assaut – Wikipedia","name":"Char d\u00b4Assaut – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 The tank (in English : tank [ a ] , in German : Panzer ) is a mobile weapon","datePublished":"2020-01-01","dateModified":"2020-01-01","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/38\/Info_Simple.svg\/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/38\/Info_Simple.svg\/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png","height":"12","width":"12"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/char-dassaut-wikipedia\/","wordCount":14363,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4The tank (in English : tank [ a ] , in German : Panzer ) is a mobile weapon system made up of a barrel mounted on an armored car vehicle and most often made (there are also light wheel tanks) allowing both to evolve under protection and to shoot.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4   Legendary diagram of a tank. TURTERS TURPER\/TURTERS Operator Barrel mask Co -jet Smoke evacuator Canon Episcopes Driving compartment access component Glacier Chenille Machine gun Machine gun from chariot chief Toureaux component Turret Tourel-Ch\u00e2ssis interface Caisse or chassis Engine air intake Cash offense Side skirt Barbotin Caterpillar Rolling pebble A few months after the start of the First World War, in October 1914, Colonel Ernest Dunlop Swinton of the British Army, a military tactician, has the plan to design an armed, armored and caterpillar vehicle. A visit to the front has indeed convinced it that the combination of the war of the trenches and the machine gun required such a vehicle. This project lands on the office of Winston Churchill, then first Lord of the Admiralty, which included its interest and constituted in February 1915 a committee for the study of these prototypes of ‘ landships \u00bb (Literally earth ships), the lanship commtite. The chariot is thus born in London. A wooden model is presented to the committee September 15, 1915 and a prototype, called “mother” (mother), carried out her first tests February 2, 1916 Before the king and the high government authorities. The chariot is therefore ordered 100 copies under the name Mark I. Anxious to keep it secret, the British first propose to call them ” Water Carrier (Water carrier), proclaiming that they are intended for water supply of the British Mesopotamia army. Several other names are envisaged before Colonel Swinton uses the name of ‘ tank \u00bb (that is to say water tank) in December 1915 , in order to make believe that the United Kingdom produces self-tackled water tanks for the Mesopotamian front [ first ] .        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Char  assault : generic term, originally used to designate British tanks to create ruptures in German lines during the First World War. Char  infantry : chariot’s mission to accompany the infantry, slow, because having to evolve at the same speed as soldiers fighting on foot, he has thick shielding and a substantial armor. Example: Matilda II, B1, A22 Churchill. Cavalry tank : Also called “fast chariot”, the cavalry tank is a very mobile tank whose armament is optimized for anti -tank combat, it evolves independently of the infantry. Example: AMC 35, Somua S-35. Char  cruiser : British equivalent of the cavalry tank. Example: A13 MK II, A15 Crusader, A27M CROMWELL, A34 COMET I. Tank hunter : Char specialized in the destruction of armored vehicles, it is powerfully armed and generally quite mobile, it remains less versatile than an average tank but fills the capacity deficit of these. Example: M10, Valentine MK I Archer, M18, Jagdpanzer V, SU-100. Self -propelled barrel : used as a fire support vehicle in mechanized infantry units. Their armament, often mounted in the casemate, is varied; Blood, artillery cannon or anti -tank barrel. Example: Saux-40, Sturmgesch\u00fctz, SU-122, M7 Priest, ISU-152, ASU-85. Self -propelled artillery barrel : armed with an artillery barrel, to make long -range indirect fire. Example: M109, 2S1 GVOZDIKA, BANDKANON 1, AUF1, PZH 2000. Tank : Char of low tonnage, with reduced dimensions emphasizing mobility to the detriment of the armor. Its low cost and reduced mass facilitate its operational use. Example: Hotchkiss H35, M3 Stuart, AMX-13, P-76, M551 Sheridan, Type 15. Average tank : name initially used to designate lighter tanks than heavy tanks of the 1920s and 1930s. The term was re-employed by the Soviets and the Americans during the Second World War. Example: T-28, M4 Sherman, T-34, M26 Pershing, FV4101 Charioter, T-54. Heavy tank : heavily armored and armed char used to counter opposing tanks and fortifications. Their manufacturing cost and their mass limits their operational use. Example: KV-1, IS-2, AMX-50, M103, FV214 Conqueror. Battle tank : Char to operate jointly with the motorized infantry within fully mechanized unit, according to General Estienne. It represents the intermediary between the light FT tanks and the FM 2C fortress tanks. Term re-used during the 1960s to designate the AMX-30. Example: D2. Breaking tank : see fortress tank. Quit : concept of battle tank whose mission is to stop the enemy advance by attraction of his shot. Fortress tank : Also called “terrestrial fortress”, it is intended to break the armored lines and enemy fortifications. Example Mark V, Mark VIII, FCM 2C. Super heavy : generic term and used to designate very high tonnage tanks such as the Armored car VIII Maus or T28. Battle Tank : The combat tank appeared in the early 1960s, it succeeded both the average tank and the heavy tank. Example: M60, FV4201 Chieftain, AMX-30, STRV 103, T-64A, Leopard 2, Leclerc. Tank convenience store : also called troubleshooting tank, it is equipped with a winch and sometimes a crane, the latter allows the removal of a powertrain or a turret.  Replica of the tank of Leonardo da Vinci, one of the precursors of the contemporary tank. Table of ContentsFirst World War [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Between two wars [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Spanish War [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Poland campaign [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Second World War [ modifier | Modifier and code ] World armored park [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Military vehicle manufacturers [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Shooting [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Munitions [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Avoid detection [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Shielding [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Passive defense [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Countermeasures [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Crew exhibition [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Mobility characteristics [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Types of land [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Road performance [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Mobility in combat [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Mobility in water [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Deep passages [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Amphibious tanks [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Motorization [ modifier | Modifier and code ] “Multi-Foodful” diesel engines [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Gas turbines [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Internal communications [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Tactical communications [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Infantry [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Artillery [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Mines [ modifier | Modifier and code ] To aviation [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Heavy logistics [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Environment [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Climate [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Terrain [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Notes [ modifier | Modifier and code ] References [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Related articles [ modifier | Modifier and code ] external links [ modifier | Modifier and code ] First World War [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  British chariot “Mark II (of) Half buried on the battlefield in the north of France in 1918. The tank that we know today, that is to say an armored vehicle all terrain armed with a cannon, takes shape during the First World War [ 2 ] .        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4The first tanks date from 1915 and are English Mark I type with cannon or machine guns but, too heavy, tend to get on [ 3 ] .  France decides to launch the project of the Schneider CA1 chariot in 1915.  Production began during the year 1916. Produced by the mechanical tool and artillery machining company (SOMUA), it is the first chariot allied with French troops. This chariot is produced in 400 copies, it weighs 14 tonnes, measures 6.32 m de long, 2,05 m width and 2.30 m In height, and a total of 6 men are necessary to make it work. It is motorized by a 55hp engine, which allows it to reach a speed in all terrain of 3  km\/h And 6  km\/h On the road. He is armed with a cannon of 75 mm Blockhaus Schneider on the front right and two Hotchkiss Mle machine guns. The main defect of this tank is its mobility, making it vulnerable to artillery fire. Despite this, it will be produced until August 1918 and will serve until the end of the First World War, but also during the Spanish War (1921-1936).The second French project is that of Char Saint-Chamond. He came into production in 1916, it was produced by the Compagnie des Forges et Ac\u00e9ries de la Marine and Hom\u00e9court (FAMH). The Saint-Chamond is produced in 300 copies, it is heavier than its predecessor with total weight depending on the 22 T versions (for the “M1” version) and 24 T (for the “M2” version). It measures 8.7 m de long, 2,7 m wide and 2.4 m Height, and a necessary 9 men are necessary. It is motorized by a 90hp engine allowing it to reach a speed of 5  km\/h in all terrain and twelfth  km\/h On the road. He is armed with a cannon of 75 mm L12C TR in casemate for the M1 version, for the M2 version the chariot will be equipped with the famous cannon of 75 mm Mle 1897 in casemate. It is also equipped with 4 Hotchkiss Model 1914 machine gun, one on each face of the chariot. It will serve until 1918.  Two Renault FT Char, the first with a Hotchkiss machine gun, the second with a 37 mm barrel. This chariot mainly equipped the French army in 1918, but also the American army having bought copies from France. Germany also has a tank. The German tank project began in 1916. The Sturmpanzerwagen A7V was put into service in October 1917. This tank was produced by several German companies: Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft, Friedrich Krupp Ag, Carl R\u00f6chling AG. This chariot is produced in 21 copies, it weighs 33 tonnes, measures 7.35 m de long, 3,06 m In width, 3.35 m In height, and a total of 18 men are necessary to make it work. It is motorized by a 200ch engine, which allows it to reach a speed in all terrain of 6  km\/h And 16  km\/h On the road. He is armed with a cannon of 57 mm Maxim-Nordenfelt l\/26.3 in the casemate and five machine guns MG 08. It will serve until 1918. In France, Louis Renault designs the first light tank, the FT-17, used from 1918 in the support of the infantry; He will be nicknamed “the tank of victory” [ 3 ] . Between two wars [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Produced since 1930, Panzer I is from all battles committed by Germany [ 4 ] . Following the success of Renault tanks during the First World War, several light tanks are developed [ 5 ] . Spanish War [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The tanks of different nations clashed during this conflict (Germany, Italy, USSR), sometimes with charms of chariot [ 6 ] [Ref. to confirm] . Poland campaign [ modifier | Modifier and code ] In 1939, during the Poland campaign, Polish armored vehicles were exceeded, mainly by the number of Nazi armored vehicles, in particular thanks to the contribution of Czech tanks [ 7 ] . Second World War [ modifier | Modifier and code ] After the funny war, where each camp remains on the defensive, the Nazis use the flash war , which is based on the effect of surprise, during the passage through the Ardennes of German tanks, which seemed impossible for French strategists due to natural obstacles. For lack of time, the Allied armies have not destroyed certain bridges crossing the Meuse, which allowed the Germans to overcome this obstacle without too much difficulty [ 8 ] . Tank tank like the Autoblinda AB40 of 1940 know the war of the desert, the Balkans and, for some, the East Front. World armored park [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The total number of operational tanks in 2002 would be 106,000. Military vehicle manufacturers [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The price of a new combat tank is very variable, it depends on its sophistication and the number of copies to be produced. Indeed, the development costs being exorbitant, each manufacturer seeks to export its model to amortize it. In the 2010s, few nations can design and build a modern chariot in full autonomy, several others produced it under license or make their own models by drawing up the elements from other vehicles. In France, the unit price of the Leclerc tank, produced by Nexter (formerly Giat Industries), was estimated at 8.6 million dollars [ ten ] . In the United States, an Abrams tank, built by General Motors and Chrysler, would cost $ 5.3 million [ ten ] And a Russian T-90 would be estimated at around 3 million USD. The three traditional factors determining the effectiveness of a tank are its firepower, protection and mobility: Fire power is the capacity of a tank of identifying, engaging and destroying an objective. Protection is the tank’s ability to resist detection, neutralization or destruction by enemy fire. Mobility includes tactical mobility, on all terrains in the battlefield, but also strategic mobility, namely the ability to be transported (by road, train, sea or even aircraft) on the battlefield. The design of a tank is therefore traditionally resulting from a compromise between these three factors. For example, by strengthening shielding, we increase protection but also weight and therefore decrease maneuverability. A higher firepower, obtained using a larger caliber barrel, decreases maneuverability and protection. The psychological effect on soldiers (negative effect for enemies, positive for allies) of the imposing presence of a tank on a battlefield is also an important factor.  The cannon is the main weapon of the tank. On the battlefield, the tank crew must be able to identify, engage and quickly destroy many types of targets while keeping optimal mobility. For this purpose, it is equipped with very sophisticated detection and control tools. It has a main cannon capable of drawing explosive or perforating ammunition, it is generally shells, and machine gun (s) against infantry, light vehicles or helicopters. The main weapon of any combat tank is a large caliber cannon. Aside from a few artillery pieces, tank cannons are the largest calibers used on earth. These calibers have evolved a lot since the Second World War. The commonly used caliber is 120 mm For Western tanks and 125 mm For Russian and Chinese tanks. The tanks are able to draw a wide variety of ammunition, but those commonly used are kinetic energy ammunition and broken explosive ammunition. Today only British and Indian tanks use striped cannons, smooth canons being the dominant type. The cannons of modern tanks are generally equipped with a thermal coat to reduce the temperature difference on the main tube. When it rains or when it sells, the part exposed to wind and rain cools faster than the rest of the barrel. This difference in temperature, and therefore of dilation of the metal of the barrel, will slightly deform the barrel and have an influence on the precision of the long distance shooting. In general, the tanks also carry other armaments, which ensure them protection against the infantry in the face of the use of the main cannon is ineffective at short distance. Typically, it is a machine gun (7.62 to 12.7 mm ), mounted on the same axis as the main cannon. On some French fighting tanks such as the AMX-30 and the ex-Amx-40 have raised cannons of 20 mm Next to the main armament to be able to destroy slightly armored vehicles. In addition, on their roof or at the disposal of the chariot chief, many tanks have a machine gun to shoot very mobile, air or ground targets. 12.7 and 14.5 caliber machine guns mm commonly mounted on American or Russian tanks and the Leclerc tank are also able to destroy, at short distance, slightly armored vehicles. A few tanks have been adapted to more specific roles such as flame throwers or the detection of war toxic, even the anti-aircraft defense with rapid fire. These specialized weapons are often mounted on armored chassis transporters of troops. Shooting [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Historically, the aim for the shooting of the first tanks was carried out with simple optical targets, with an estimate of the speed and direction of the wind made by the shooter, or using simple tools. The distance to the target was estimated using the viewfinder (dashes lined up in the viewfinder framing the known size target). Consequently, the precision was limited for long -range shots, and ensuring a blow to the goal by shooting in motion was almost impossible. This time ended with the appearance of stereoscopic telemeters, and later laser telemers. In the armies of industrialized countries, most modern combat tanks use laser telemers, but optical and reticle telemers are still in service in older and less sophisticated vehicles. Modern tanks have a panoply of systems to make their shots more precise. Gyroscopes are used to stabilize the main weapon; computers calculate the appropriate altitude and the point of view; Subs measure the wind speed, air temperature, humidity, cannon temperature, deformation, target speed (calculated by taking at least two successive measurements with the rangefinder) and the tank movement . Infrared, light amplification, or thermal night vision equipment generally equip modern machines. Laser target indicators can also be used to illuminate targets for guided ammunition. As a result, modern tanks can fire with reasonable precision while moving. Munitions [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Munities the 120 it’s 105 mm. There are several types of ammunition designed to unravel an armor, such as crushing head shells (HESH: High explosive squash head , also called hep: high explosive plastic ), explosive hollow load shells (Heat: High explosive anti-tank ) and the under-calibrated pierin shelves with a detachable hoof (Apds: Armour-Piercing Discarding Sabot ). To increase the precision of the shots, these shells are put in rotation by grooves dug in the soul of the cannon, or by stabilizer finis. Some tanks, including the M551 Sheridan, T-72, T-64, T-80, T-84, T-90 and PT-91, can draw anti-tank guided missiles from their main armament. This functionality can greatly increase their combat possibilities beyond the useful scope of the usual combat of conventional shells. This also provides the tank with a useful weapon against slow air targets evolving at low altitude like helicopters. The United States has abandoned this concept, withdrawing the M551 and M60A2 from its forces, in favor of helicopters and the plane for anti-tank roles, but the countries of the community of independent states continue to use canon systems- Missile in their fighting tanks.  Evacuation exercise of a tank M-3 Lee in 1943. The protection of a tank is the combination of its ability to prevent detection to avoid being struck by enemy fire, and the ability of its shield to resist the effects of enemy fire and to take them in order to protect the crew and accomplish the mission. Avoid detection [ modifier | Modifier and code ] In the wooded areas, motionless tanks can be well camouflaged, making detection and air attack difficult. On the other hand, in an open area, it is very difficult to hide a tank. In both cases, a moving tank can be much more easily detected, thanks to the heat and noise released by its engine. The traces of the caterpillars of the tanks can be identified from an aircraft, and in the desert, their movements can create very important clouds of dust, also easily identifiable by the enemy. The high power of modern tanks engines (typically above 750 kW , either 1 000  ch ) that they produce a distinct thermal signature. The exceptionally compact mass of the metal of the tank hull concentrates heat in a very contrasting way compared to other objects in the countryside. It is therefore relatively easy to locate a tank in motion by good land or air infrared sweeping tools. One of the reasons for the night fight during the Gulf War was that the tanks like the M1 Abrams see almost four times better the infrared than the T-72 employees by the Iraqi army. Another factor in the Gulf War was that, at night, even camouflaged and not moving, the Iraqi tanks were cooling less quickly than their environment, facilitating thermal detection. An immobile chariot, but recently arrested after a period of activity, retains a considerable thermal signature. Thus, even if the chariot itself is hidden (for example behind a hill), it is still possible that a skilful operator detects it by the hot air column which it generates above it. This risk can be slightly reduced by the use of thermal covers which decrease the radiation of heat while the engine cools gently. Some camouflage nets are made up of a mixture of materials with different thermal properties. The tanks are powered by diesel engines or turbines of power comparable to a diesel locomotive. So, from the outside, a diesel tank gives off the same smell and makes the same noise as a diesel locomotive. The deep rumble can be heard at a long distance in calm weather, and the smell of diesel, strong, can be carried away by the wind. When a motionless chariot keeps its engine on, the floor is shaking around it, but when it moves, the vibrations are even greater. The acoustic and seismic signatures of polycarbug engines are comparable. The acoustic signature of a turbine engine is much greater: its sharp moan can be much more easily distinguished from other background noises, regardless of its distance. Shielding [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The combat tank is the best armored vehicle in modern armies. Its armor is designed to protect the vehicle and its crew from a wide variety of threats. Generally, protection against kinetic energy penetrators (balls, missiles, shells, etc.) pulled by other tanks is considered to be the most important. The tanks are also vulnerable to anti -tank guided missiles, anti -tank mines, large bombs, and artillery fire, which can neutralize them or even destroy them. The tanks are particularly vulnerable to air threats.  The chassis (in red) is also called “box”. The weight due to the amount of shielding necessary to protect it from all the threats imaginable from all angles would be too large to be realistic; Design a tank is therefore always a matter of compromise between shielding and weight. In this area, we finance and follow the research on new alloys and materials very closely. Most armored combat vehicles are made of steel plates, in some cases of aluminum, hardened, in English: hardened steel plate . The relative efficiency of shielding is expressed compared to a homogeneous armor sheet obtained by rolling. Most armored vehicles are better protected at the front, and the crew always tries to maintain the most likely enemy’s device. The thickest and most inclined shielding is on the glacis, at the front of the turret. The sides are less armored, and the back, the belly and the roof are the least protected. Before the Second World War, several tanks of tanks tried to tilt the armor plates on experimental tanks. When these are inclined, the efficiency of the shielding increases considerably, by increasing their thickness perpendicular to the projectile trajectories, and by increasing the chance that these projectiles ricoche. The first tank of tilted armor produced on a large scale which could achieve it in a satisfactory manner was the famous average t-34 tank. Its frontal armor of 45 mm is tilted at 60 \u00b0 compared to the vertical (or 30 \u00b0 compared to the horizontal). This double incidence the effective thickness of the shielding which goes from 45 mm at 90 mm . The inclination reduces internal volume and saves steel, which makes it possible to produce more tanks and lighten their weight so that they gain mobility. The German crews were horrified by sometimes noting that the projectiles fired horizontally on the T-34 ricochaient. [source?] During the Second World War, the rockets drawn since the planes won a reputation for a formidable anti-tank weapon, especially after the Normandy landing (see Operation Neptune); The post-war analysts report that many targets have been missed, but by little. The piercing anti-pile shells drawn from planes, like those of Hurribber (40 mm ) ou Stuka (37 mm ), could also be effective. A simple Molotov cocktail on the engine cover could also neutralize most tanks. Today, tanks are particularly vulnerable to missiles “attacking above” and air attacks, as well as specialized mines. Even light infantry anti-tank weapons (such as rocket launchers) can immobilize a tank by damaging its suspension or caterpillars. Many military vehicles therefore have side skirts to protect the suspension. The hollow dependent ammunition, implemented the first time in weapons like the Bazooka, were a new threat during the Second World War. These weapons carry an warhead with an explosive load, which focuses the strength of the explosion on a narrow and penetrating flow. The shields made up of thin spaced plates or steel meshes, rubber skirts, as well as reactive shielding tiles (causing an explosion on the surface of the chariot) proved to be able to considerably reduce the penetrating power of hollow loads by dispersing their gas jets. Reactive shielding tiles, or active shielding, have been a concept developed by the Israeli army for almost two decades, consisting of a set of boxes the size of a shoe box containing explosive loads neutralizing the effect of An enemy projectile by exploding in contact. The crushing head shells (HESH or HEP) use flexible explosives, which stick to the armor of the enemy vehicle and create dangerous bursts inside the tank when the load breaks out. These can kill the crew without penetrating or damaging the shielding, neutralizing the tank in this way. As a defense, some vehicles have an anti-buzzing layer (in English: anti-spall ) fixed inside. Since the late 1970s, Western combat tanks have been equipped with a British design chobham shield offering both protection against hollow loads and flexible shells. The first industrial applications of nanotechnology in the field of shielding means that carbon nanotubes composites with metal matrix are used, among others, by the Japanese tank type 10 manufactured since 2010. The Israeli Merkava chariot pushes the idea of \u200b\u200bhigh protection systems to the extreme, using the engine and its fuel tanks as secondary protection. When the shielding is destroyed, the capacity of the crew to escape from the machine becomes essential [incomprehensible] , a basic question of survival. The escape hatch, for example, at the bottom of the hull as in the T-34 or on the side, as in the Churchill, constitute potential but necessary weaknesses in armor. Passive defense [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Most armored vehicles have smoke launchers that can quickly deploy a smoke screen to hide and make a retreat when they are victims of an ambush or a direct attack and the situation required. The smoke screen is very rarely used offensively, this would blind the attacker himself and give the enemy a first indication of the origin of the attack. Modern smoke grenades make it possible to obscure the optical systems operating in the infrared spectrum as well as in the visible spectrum of light. Certain smoke grenades are designed to create a very dense cloud capable of blocking lasers of enemy target indicators and also reducing visibility, which reduces the precision of enemy fire, particularly with regard to low speed weapons, such as Anti-tank missiles, because these require a maintenance of the visual chart for the operator for a relatively long period. On many tanks, such as the French chariot Leclerc, the smoke grenade launchers are also designed to launch tear gas grenades and anti-personnel fragmentation grenades. Many Israeli tanks have small mortars that can be activated from inside the tank, increasing anti -personnel potential and allowing to attack objectives located behind obstacles. There have been attempts to equip tanks with launchers with smoked\/fragmentation grenade grenades that can be recharged from the inside. Before the arrival of thermal imaging systems, the basic smoke pomegranate of combat vehicles was a white phosphorus grenade which created a smoke screen very quickly with a very useful incendiary effect against the infantry. Some tanks also have fixed smoke generators that can produce smoke continuously. Generally, these smoke generators work by injecting fuel oil into the exhaust where it only partially burns, creating a dense smoke screen. Modern tanks are equipped more and more passive defensive systems such as laser beam detection devices, which activate an alarm if the tank “is swept” by a rangefinder or a laser indicator. Other passive defenses include wave detection devices, which warn if the tank is targeted by radar systems which are generally used to guide anti -tank weapons, such as very short wave radars, such as radars millimeter. Countermeasures [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Passive countermeasures, such as the Russian Shtora system, try to blur the guidance systems of missiles. Explosive reactive armor ( explosive reactive armour or ERA) is another main type of protection against anti -tank weapons with high explosive potential. The different parts of the armor explode to absorb the overall explosive force at a controlled point of the overall armor of the tank. A reactive armor is attached outside the tank using replaceable tiles. Active protection systems ( active protection system or APS) go even further than reactive shields. An APS uses a radar (or other detection technologies) to dynamically react to hostile projectiles: when the system detects one, it decides measures to be taken, as the launch of an explosive counter-projectile to stop or disturb the race Projectile a few meters from the chariot only. Crew exhibition [ modifier | Modifier and code ] When the tank moves, the chariot commander and the driver at the front, if they take out their heads by their disabilities, are relatively exposed to enemy shots. That said, this provision remains the safest for the tank in little hostile terrain because it gives the crew the best visibility on the ground in order to judge the dangerousness of the environment. When the chariot engages in a fight with forces likely to jeopardize it, the listening is locked and the crew uses optical equipment.  The charms of the tank allow him to move with ease on damaged terrains. Mobility characteristics [ modifier | Modifier and code ] There are three essential aspects to consider concerning the mobility of a tank: The basic tank displacement capacities as its speed through the rugged lands, the ability to overcome obstacles (slopes, etc.), the overall mobility of the tank on a battlefield; Let us quote for example:What bridges can it go through? (taking into account his mass) What transport vehicles can move them? What is its rotation? Mobility is what tanks call for the agility . The mobility of a chariot is classified by category: Mobility on battlefield , function of the capabilities of its engine, its transmission, and other technical elements; It is determined by indicators such as acceleration, speed, crossing vertical obstacles; Tactical mobility , corresponding to the possibility of moving the tank more or less easily to an operating theater; Strategic mobility , corresponding to the capacity of the tank to be transported from one operating theater to another, function of its mass, the ease of transport by air, etc. Types of land [ modifier | Modifier and code ] An assault tank is designed to be very mobile and approach most types of terrain. Its large caterpillars distribute the weight of the machine over a large area, resulting in ground pressure which is sometimes lower than that of a human foot. The types of terrain that pose problems are usually extremely soft soil, as in the marshes, or the land with large rocks. In “normal” lands, a tank is designed to move between 30 And 50  km\/h . Its speed on the road can go as far as the surroundings of 70  km\/h . Road performance [ modifier | Modifier and code ] On paper, as well as for any test of a few hours, any tank offers all-terrain performance much higher than all the gear without caterpillars. But on the road, the tanks are slow and the top speed displayed on performance tables absolutely cannot be considered as cruising speed, but rather as a maximum speed of movement in combat.  Char M1 American in Frankfurt in Germany. Indeed, with its caterpillars and its high mass, a tank circulating at high speed would destroy the fragile road it takes, it is obviously not designed for this. In addition, the risk of engine breakage would be far too big if this speed was maintained for a day (for example, to get quickly to a battlefield). It is the same for all-terrain speed, with the possible exception of plains and sand deserts. In addition, a chariot on tracks making a turn produces a large torsion effort on the ground and, in the event of a too dry turn, the ground is torn off. This same problem is observed on the vehicles of excavators mounted on track, especially since they are often led to carry out on -site rotations. One of the solutions implemented is the use of rubber caterpillars which amortize the torsion effort. This solution is also used on tanks to make maneuvers, such as the parade of July 14th in Paris. Mobility in combat [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Since a immobilized chariot is an easy target for mortars, artillery, and units specialized in anti -tank control, speed is normally kept at a minimum, and all means are used to move tanks on other carriers (trucks, trains, etc.). The tanks inevitably end up on trains in all countries with sufficient rail infrastructure, because this means remains the best for a movement of such masses over a long distance. Planning the loading and unloading of trains well is a crucial work, and railway and road bridges are the main targets of enemy forces wishing to slow down an advance of tanks. For more punctual maneuvers, trucks tag are used. When they move to a country or region without rail infrastructure and with few good roads, the average daily speed of progression of a tan unit is comparable to that of a man on horseback or bicycle. Frequent stops should be provided for preventive interviews and checks in order to avoid breakdowns during the fight. Another side of mobility is to bring the tank to the theater of operations. The tanks, particularly the battle tanks, are extremely heavy, which makes them very difficult, if not impossible, to transport by plane. The use of maritime and terrestrial transport is done at the price of speed, which means that the heavy tank is not a means often used by rapid intervention forces. Some armored vehicles use wheels instead of caterpillars in order to increase the speed on the road and reduce maintenance efforts. These vehicles of course suffer from a lack of mobility on rugged terrains, but are considered by strategists as being more suitable for rapid intervention forces thanks to their reduced cost and their increased strategic mobility. Mobility in water [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  For most tanks, the passage in a stream is limited to crossing a ford. The crossable depth of a ford is limited to the height above the floor of the engine inlet and, to a lesser degree, to the driver’s position. The crossable depth of a typical ford for a tank is 90 to 120 centimeters. Deep passages [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Two Leopard 2 of the HEER demonstrating with a smoothing. However, with an appropriate preparation, a few tanks can cross a considerably deeper stream. Some tanks, such as the leopard I and Leopard II West German or the Russian T-90 can cross a ford at a depth of several meters, once equipped with an adequate air intake called Schornchel. This air intake is actually made up of a series of rings that can be stacked to create a long tube. This tube is then adapted to the commander’s hatch and serves to provide air and a possible emergency exit for the crew. The size of the tube is limited to about three meters. Amphibious tanks [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Sherman DD (Duplex Drive, Surnommn Donald Dick [ 11 ] ), an amphibious tank with his retractable flotation skirt in 1944. Once erected, the latter allowed him to move in the water. Some light tanks such as PT-76 are amphibious. They are propelled into water generally by hydrojets or their caterpillars. Often, a sheet-oriented sheet, the palette, is set up to divert the water which would pass over the tank, thereby reducing the risk for the vehicle to be flooded by the driver’s hatch. During the Second World War, the Middle Sherman M4 tank was made amphibious with the addition of a rubbed canvas to obtain buoyancy. It progressed thanks to propellants driven by the main engine. The Sherman DD (Duplex Drive) was used during D -Day to provide support during close combat on the beaches, during the first waves of the landing. The Sherman DD could not shoot in the water because its buoyancy screen rose higher than the barrel, and due to excessive instability. Many of these DDs sank once put in the water and were destroyed during the operation. Due to the capricious climate of the Channel, some were released too far from the beach. Because of the current, some tanks turned in the direction of the current allowing the waves to pass over it and fill the chariot. Nevertheless, those who touched earth provided essential support in the first critical hours of the landing. Motorization [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The main engine of the tank provides it with the power necessary to move and for many other uses, such as rotating the turret or simply providing electric current and hydraulic energy. The tanks of the First World War usually used petrol engines, with the exception of the American chariot Holt (in) which was powered by a petrol engine and an electric motor. During the Second World War, there were not really rules. All types of engines coexisted. Many tanks were suitable plane engines. From the Cold War, the tanks were almost all oriented towards diesel engines, with improved polycarburant versions still relevant. Towards the late 1970s, turbomotors began to appear. The weight and type of engines, without forgetting the transmission and the gearbox, largely determine the speed and mobility of the tank. In addition, the terrain strongly limits the maximum speed of all the tanks by the constraints it exerts on the suspension and on the crew. Regarding the engine, an Abrams tank is currently capable of developing 1,500 horsepower, or 21.6 horsepower per tonne; A coefficient between 20 and 25 means that the chariot has a good power-power ratio. An overly heavy or too powerful chariot has a coefficient less than 20 Horses\/ton . At first, the engines operated on petrol, which favored fires. Comparison of the power of the motorization of a tank: “Multi-Foodful” diesel engines [ modifier | Modifier and code ] All modern tanks work thanks to a gas turbine or a diesel engine (diesel being less flammable and more economical than petrol. Some Soviet tanks have even used opaque smoke from a badly adjusted diesel engine as a camouflage technique. They could thus make an incomplete fuel combustion to create opaque smoke in order to create a cover. The fuel tanks are generally placed at the rear of the tank. On a few models, such as the Israeli Merkava, these tanks are placed Around the crew sector to provide additional protection. The emergency fuel has often been stored in auxiliary jets outside the machine, or by other means such as a small trailer that it is possible to detach before a commitment. Modern tanks of tanks are polycar populars, they can use diesel, petrol or similar fuels [What ?] . The tanks of the Warsaw Pact were equipped with pumping systems compatible with the domestic oil tanks of western Germany dwellings so that they can refuel. Gas turbines [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Longitudinal cut of a turbomotor – main organs. Turbomotors are used as a power group of power on certain combat tanks, and are the main source of propulsion on Soviet T-80 tanks and American M1 Abrams. They are compared lighter and smaller than diesel engines for the same level of prolonged power (the T-80 has even been nicknamed the flying tank because of its speed). However, they are much less efficient in fuel, particularly at low engine speed, requiring larger fuel tanks to reach the same levels of autonomy in combat. Different models of the Char M1 Abrams have solved this problem with batteries or secondary generators to activate its systems when it is in stationary mode, thus saving fuel by reducing the need to turn the main turbine to slow down. T-80 tanks are generally equipped with large external fuel tanks intended to increase their autonomy. Russia has replaced the production of the T-80 with the least powerful Char T-90 (based on T-72), while Ukraine has developed the T-80 UD and the T-84 with diesel engine with power Very close to gas turbines. Due to its slightest yield, the thermal signature of a gas turbine is higher than that of a diesel engine with equal power. On the other hand, a tank with a turbomotor is generally quieter than those powered by piston engines. The M1A2 was nicknamed the “whispering death” (” Whispering Death ) Because of its low noise level [ twelfth ] . A turbine is theoretically more reliable and easier to maintain than a piston engine, since it has a simpler construction with few mobile parts. In practice, however, its parts experience greater wear due to their higher operating speed. The turbine dawns are, moreover, very sensitive to dust and fine sand so that, in operations taking place in the desert, special filters must be carefully mounted and changed several times a day. A poorly mounted filter, or a single ball or piece of radiance can make the filter unnecessary, which is strongly harmful to the engine. Piston engines also need well -maintained filters, but they are less endangered if the filter has a hitch. Like most modern diesel engines used in tanks, gas turbines are also polycarbug engines. Order and coordinate the organization of tanks on the battlefield has always been subject to specific problems. The noise of the engine, the dust, the smoke, the armor, the vagaries of the terrain and the need to be operational “open” as “closed” severely complicate communication. Internal communications [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Each action of a tank, movement or shooting, is ordered by the chief of chariot. In some old tanks, the commander had to charge or shoot with the main barrel, sometimes both, greatly reducing his command capacities. In many small armored combat vehicles, even late in the twentieth century, the commander would transmit his orders to the driver by tapes on his shoulders or his back. Today most are equipped with intercom, allowing all members of the crew to express hearing. Some tanks are even equipped with an external intercom on the back, to allow the support infantry to speak to the crew. Tactical communications [ modifier | Modifier and code ] During the first uses of tanks, communications between members of an armored unit were made via manual signals or via semaphores. Sometimes, in certain situations, the crew members came out and walked to another tank. During the First World War, operations reports were transported by hidden pigeons passed through vision interstices. Enlightening rockets, smoke, movements and shots are all means to communicate for the most experienced units to coordinate. Between the 1930s and 1950s, most countries with armored units equipped them with radios, but visual signals are still used to reduce the saturation of the channels. A modern tank is generally equipped with radios allowing its crew to communicate on the battalion or company network, but sometimes to manage a larger level of communication to agree with the other branches of the service [ 13 ] . The company or battalion command is generally equipped with an additional radio. Communications on a busy network are subject to formalized language rules called in English ” radio voice procedures \u00bb. Most tanks are maneuvered by the commander, other crew members observe the battlefield via the roof hatch, the objective being to have a better perception of the possible danger. When shots sound, or when the climate becomes dangerous, the crew members close the hatch considerably reducing their capacities to find the targets and detect the danger. Since the 1960s, chariots have gradually sophisticated their equipment to detect targets. In a modern tank, the chef has his own panoramic vision (with night vision or infrared), allowing him to designate one or more new targets even though the shooter targets another. More advanced systems even allow the commander to take control of the turret and shoot with the main barrel in an emergency.  Char heavy tiger I put out of combat in Italy, June 1944. Despite its power and its impressive appearance on the battlefield, the tank is by no means invulnerable. The fear of the efficiency of tanks even led to the massive development of tactics and anti -tightly effective anti -tank weapons. It is also a heavy, expensive and capricious machine. Infantry [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Despite the firepower of a tank and its long -range shock action against the inexperienced infantry, tanks without support are vulnerable to infantry when they combat defense positions in an open or urban environment . Charges of the Char cannot cover the whole environment at short distance, and the suspension and the rear and upper shielding parts, relatively thin, are vulnerable to attacks closely or from the upper floors of the buildings of a city. The tanks generally operate with closely coordinated infantry support to protect them from enemy infantry. The infantry anti-tank weapons include rustic weapons, such as petrol bombs (Molotov cocktail and others), anti-tank rifles, anti-tank grenades, sticky and various modern portable bombs, rocket launchers and anti-tank missiles . Artillery [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Since the Second World War, tanks are sufficiently armored to be protected from artillery shell fragments. However, artillery batteries usually have in reserve of some anti -tank ammunition for their defense against tanks. In the event of direct fire, they can prove to be formidable efficiency, as shown by the 88 mm barrel of the Second World War. Since the 1970s, several types of artillery ammunition have been developed to destroy armored vehicles. These include projectiles guided by a laser beam directed on the target. There are also submunition bombs, which saturate an area with explosive projectiles that can damage the upper shielding or create a minefield, and even automated submunitions that can identify and attack the tanks located within range. In the arsenal of certain countries, we also find, halfway between artillery and infantry weapons, anti-tank rifles or specialized cannons (SPG-9 type). Mines [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Two anti-tank mines in Iraq. The fields of anti -tank mines are sector prohibition weapons in English: area-denial , helping to defend a sector, or channel enemy movements to areas where they will be destroyed. Fields of non -defended mines or mines planted on the roads are also used to delay the movements of armored companies and act as a discomfort, but they are not considered by the military as a strongly effective weapon – although their effect on morale is important. The soil mines damaging the relatively fragile suspensions of a vehicle and the lower lower shielding, many armored vehicles are designed to reduce their effects [ 13 ] . In most cases, an anti-tank mine only immobilizes it and most tanks can be equipped with anti-mines (plows, rolls, or anti-mines). There are also mines that use health warheads to attack on the side. Guerrillas who do not have anti -tank mines at their disposal can improvise for the harassment of armored forces. But these improvised explosive devices, even the heaviest, will be able to really destroy a modern tank only in the event that it is placed just above. To aviation [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Char type 69 Iraqi in flames, April 2, 2003. Since the Second World War, ground attack planes have been capable of destroying tanks using heavy machine guns (targeting the slim shielding layer above the chariot), cannons and rockets. Today, such planes also use guided missiles or guided bombs. In most cases, only low -altitude support planes are effective against tanks. At high altitude, and even today, it is very difficult to detect a tank once camouflaged and it is easy to thwart the enemy plane using lures. The bombs, even those with precision guidance are only effective against stationary tanks. During the Allied Kosovo operations, only thirteen Serbian tanks were destroyed despite massive air attacks. Since the 1960s, another threat has been the attack helicopter, exploiting its high mobility and the use of the land for its protection, equipped with control and guidance of shooting and carrying powerful sophisticated missiles. A helicopter can make a surprise attack from behind, the time when it is exposed dependent on the type of missile used. A helicopter, attacking with a filoguid or laser guidance missile, must be exposed until the missile strikes the target, which makes it very vulnerable to the enemy response. Helicopters attacking with self-guide-type missiles can return to their coverage after launch. Most modern tanks are able to reply to slow air targets with their main cannon and many have defensive countermeasures methods such as laser detection systems (which warn the crew of the use of a laser Targeting the chariot), the smoke generators blocking the IR (infrared radiation) and even, in some cases, the missile missile systems. On the other hand, the classic anti-aircraft machine guns, often mounted on the tanks of the Second World War, were abandoned due to the speed of the attacks of modern aircraft. Active missile destruction systems are being studied and in testing. Heavy logistics [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  The tanks have very heavy logistical needs. They require large quantities of fuel, ammunition, maintenance, and spare parts to continue working, even when they are not engaged in combat. Armored forces cannot effectively fight if all their requirements are not fulfilled due to failure in the supply, poor planning or the action of the enemy. Historically, many armored offensives failed in this way, such as the Ardennes offensive of the German army during the Second World War. For more details on logistical aspects, see above: aspects of mobility  Environment [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Climate [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The tanks can also be neutralized by time: starter batteries and lubricants, and even engines may not start in the extreme cold. During the Second World War in the Russian winter, it was often necessary to let the engines of the tanks to stop to prevent start -up problems (to avoid freezing of engine oil and fuel oil) [ b ] . Motors and crew can also suffer from overheating in hot weather (tanks have all been equipped with air conditioning since the 1980s), or dust can obstruct conduits. Terrain [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The tanks are also in an unfavorable position in wooded terrains and urban environments, which cancel the advantage of long -range shooting, limit the capacity of the crew to detect potential threats, and even the turn turret capacity . Some of these problems are now taken into account by special changes, particularly for urban combat (note that urban fights create additional risks for almost all types of units) with a survival of tanks that has improved considerably (particularly Against improvised and portable weapons) simply by virtue of their powerful armor.  Concept of American light tank under study in the 2000s. Current research seeks to make tanks lighter and mobile [ 14 ] , but also more discreet by adapting camouflage technologies developed originally for aviation. Research is also continuous in shielding systems and new propulsion units. A clear trend is the growing number of electrical systems and communication [ 13 ] , such as thermal detectors and more powerful long -range radios. We can also see that tanks are becoming more and more automatic, especially for loading ammunition. Notes [ modifier | Modifier and code ] \u2191 Meaning reservoir in order to make the Germans of the First World War believe that it was not a combat machine.  \u2191 Faced with Russian winter, the crews of German panzers sometimes used large metal plates with curved edges, which they placed under the engines, filled with fuel before setting fire to try to thaw them.  References [ modifier | Modifier and code ] \u2191 (in) Brian Terence White, Tanks and other armored fighting vehicles, 1900 to 1918 , Macmillan Company, 1970 , p. 158 .  \u2191 Assault tanks in the Great War , .Centenaire.org, accessed 23 but 2021.  \u2191 a et b First World War: Mark 1 , wixsite.com, accessed May 23, 2021  \u2191 Panzer I special number and its variants , militarytrainz.com, accessed May 25, 2021  \u2191 The light tanks of France in the interwar period , Topwar.ru of June 7, 2019, accessed May 23, 2021  \u2191 2. The Soviet army made the first line attack with a tank , Russia Beyond , July 19, 2018 (accessed May 25, 2021).  \u2191 The evolution of the German armored weapon , secondguerre.net (accessed June 11, 2021), section I. 2. c. (“The Czech War Machine”).  \u2191 See the Sedan pierced article.  \u2191 (in) In Smith, The Atlas of War and Peace .  \u2191 a et b In March 2006 according to Forecast International  \u2191 (in)  M4A2 Sherman III Duplex Drive “Donald Duck” tank – dday-everlord.com  \u2191 (in)  ‘Whispering Death’ Strikes -Mark Perry, The Winnipeg Sun , 24 mars 2003  \u2191 A B and C ‘ A late Leclerc tank cry for the army \u00bb , on FIGARO , 12 mars 2015 (consulted the October 8, 2019 )  \u2191 Guerric Poncet , ‘ The Pentagon imagines the armored vehicle of the future \u00bb , on Point , September 8, 2014 (consulted the October 8, 2019 )  On other Wikimedia projects: Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ] (in) G. Forty, The World Encyclopedia of Tanks , \u00c9ditions Lorenz Books, 2006 Marc Chassillan, Modern combat encyclopedia , History and collections, volume 1 (2011) and 2 (2012) Related articles [ modifier | Modifier and code ] external links [ modifier | Modifier and code ]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/char-dassaut-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Char d\u00b4Assaut – Wikipedia"}}]}]