[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/charles-henri-desting-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/charles-henri-desting-wikipedia\/","headline":"Charles Henri d’esting \u2014 Wikipedia","name":"Charles Henri d’esting \u2014 Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 Jean Baptiste Charles Henri Hector, count of estaing , born in the castle of Ravel [ Note 1 ]","datePublished":"2019-03-01","dateModified":"2019-03-01","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/20\/Prise_du_vaisseau_le_Mery_dans_le_port_de_Mascatte_en_octobre_1759.jpeg\/220px-Prise_du_vaisseau_le_Mery_dans_le_port_de_Mascatte_en_octobre_1759.jpeg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/20\/Prise_du_vaisseau_le_Mery_dans_le_port_de_Mascatte_en_octobre_1759.jpeg\/220px-Prise_du_vaisseau_le_Mery_dans_le_port_de_Mascatte_en_octobre_1759.jpeg","height":"157","width":"220"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/charles-henri-desting-wikipedia\/","wordCount":9835,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4Jean Baptiste Charles Henri Hector, count of estaing , born in the castle of Ravel [ Note 1 ] (Puy-de-D\u00f4me) the November 24, 1729 and death guillotined in Paris the April 28, 1794 , is a French aristocrat and military.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Infantry officer, he reached the rank of colonel during the Austrian Succession War and he was injured before Maastricht. Promoted to brigadier infantry at the start of the seven years war, he went to fight in the Indies. Wounded again and taken prisoner by the English, he was released and – interpreting the clauses of his release in a very questionable way – takes up arms to lead a successful campaign in the Indian Ocean at sea. Again captured by the English when he returned to France, he nevertheless managed to be released and repatriated. Good soldier – who has become a sailor for a campaign – and skillful courtier, he was quickly promoted to lieutenant general of the royal armies in the army but also lieutenant general of the naval armies in the navy for an expedition to colonial Brazil (with with provisions [ first ] , [ Note 2 ] of Viceroy of Brazil, which the end of the war renders without object). These rapid and multiple promotions earned him the sustainable enmity of his subordinates, especially in the navy.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4He was appointed, in 1764, governor in Santo Domingo but the mission entrusted to him Choiseul made him unpopular to local notables who obtained his dismissal after only two years (1766). Six years after his return (1772), he was appointed inspector and commander of the Navy in Brest, functions he cumulates with that of governor. Difficult management, given the multiplicity of interlocutors, he must, to consolidate the role of the Intendant Ruis-Embito, prescribe by a service order to the Port of Port of “Respect, like himself, this king of the king” . Promoted vice-admiral during the American war of independence, in 1778 he received the command of a fleet sent to the American insurgents. On June 28, 1779 arrived in Fort-de-France a convoy providing supplies and reinforcements. Among these ships Fier Roderigue , armed by Beaumarchais; An ancient warship that seduces from Estaing which allows itself to integrate it into its squadron. He fails in front of Rhode Island and New York, won a half-frenades, where the commander of Fier Roderigue Loses life, and where the boat becomes unusable. He still fails in front of Savannah, where he is injured again. He returned to France in 1780. Popular-and always well in court-despite mixed results, he is employed in Spain and in the Atlantic at the head of a Franco-Spanish combined squadron, which does not however play an important role. Two years after the end of the American War of Independence, he obtained the general government of Touraine. He remains in France during the French Revolution of 1789, directed the National Guard of Versailles, where he played an ambiguous role during the days of October 1789 [ 2 ] Before resigning. It without success without success the dignity of Marshal of France, and he was finally promoted admiral in 1793. However, his role during the days of October 1789 and some of his subsequent positions – but especially in fact his status and his origins – He earned him to be sentenced to death and guillotined under terror.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4  Table of ContentsOrigins and family [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The beginnings during the warning wars of Austria and seven years [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Campaign in the Indian Ocean [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Governor General of Wind Islands [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Return to France [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The American War of Independence [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Under the French Revolution [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Sources and bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Notes [ modifier | Modifier and code ] References [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Origins and family [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Jean Baptiste Charles Henri Hector estaing , Marquis de Saillans, lord of Ravel, is the son of Charles-Fran\u00e7ois d’Estaing, Marquis de Saillans (1683-1746), and his first wife, Marie-Henriette Colbert de Maul\u00e9vrier (1703-1737), descendant of A younger brother of the Grand Colbert [ 3 ] . His father is a lieutenant general of the king’s armies, and he descends from a family which has a large number of officers who served the crown of France [ 4 ] . He became the heir to the elder branch of the Estaing family, count of Estaing and owner of the castle of Estaing, after the death in 1729 of his cousin Fran\u00e7ois d’Estaing [ 3 ] . The youngster of Estaing studied alongside Louis, the dolphin (the father of the future king Louis XVI), who was born almost at the same time [ 5 ] . D’Estaing thus becomes one of the close friends of the dolphin and served in his suite [ 6 ] . In May 1738, he joined the musketeers and climbed the levels of the military hierarchy. Thus, he was promoted to lieutenant in the Rouergue regiment in 1746. The same year, he married Sophie Rousselet de Crozon (1727-1792), a little daughter of the vice-admiral Le Marquis de Ch\u00e2teaurenault (1637-1716), who gives him a son unique, accidentally died at the age of six [ 7 ] or twelve years [Ref. necessary] , falling from the balcony of the Ravel castle music show [ Note 3 ] . Having no children, he had his Bastarde half-sister legitimized in 1768, Lucie Madeleine d’Estaing (1743-1826), former mistress of King Louis XV, of which he made his heiress (notably the viscounty of Ravel). It was also, by proxy, the godfather of Lucie-Madeleine d’Estaing de R\u00e9quistat Dubuisson [ 8 ] , wife of the Count of the Fondue et Anceuule Tour, including the Giscard d’Estaing family, obtained the name in 1922 and 1923. The beginnings during the warning wars of Austria and seven years [ modifier | Modifier and code ] His regiment served during the Austrian Succession War, he participated very young in the battles of Rocourt and Lauffeld in 1746 and 1747. He then served as a camp help from the Mar\u00e9chal de Saxe and follows the latter in his campaign in Flanders (1746-1748). From that time dates its promotion to the rank of colonel of the Rouergue regiment, and he was injured at the headquarters of Maastricht (April-May 1748) [ 9 ] . The war ended, Louis XV undertakes a program to modernize his army, like what Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric le Grand had done with the Prussian army. D’Estaing is one of the main reformers and, after a few years, the Rouergue regiment is seen as “an infantry model” [ ten ] . Seeking to gain experience in diplomacy, he accompanies the French ambassador to London for a time [ 11 ] . When hostilities resume between the English and French colonies in North America, Estaing plans to engage in the forces which, under Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, were sent to reinforce in 1755, but his family dissuaded [ 11 ] . When a shipping to the East Indies is organized, he volunteers without consulting his family this time. His participation is ensured by the fact that he is offered an anti -dated promotion to the rank of infantry brigadier, provided that he transfers the command of his regiment to someone else, which he manages to do [ twelfth ] . At the beginning of January 1757, shortly before boarding, D’Estaing was made Knight of Saint-Louis [ 13 ] . After a long trip, the Fleet of the Count of Ach\u00e9, transporting the expeditionary force commanded by the Count of Lally-Tollendal, arrived off Cuddalore in the south of India on April 28, 1758 [ 14 ] . Cuddalore is then in the hands of the British. Lally-Tollendal landed her troops, establishes a blockade around the city, and goes to Pondicherry to organize the delivery of the equipment intended for the headquarters. On May 4, the French forces occupied the city and posted around Fort Saint-David [ 15 ] . The arrival of the seat equipment is delayed, but the British garrison in place is forced to go after 17 days of siege. D’Estaing then commands the left wing of the forces of Lally-Tollendal, directing the attacks and the positioning of the batteries [ 16 ] . He continues to serve under Lally-Tollendal during his campaign against the British in southern India. He opposes the decision of his superior to lift the siege of Tanjore (he is the only one to oppose it during the war council held on this occasion) following the taking of Karikal by the British. When Lally-Tollendal began to besiege Madras in December 1758, the D’Estaing regiment was positioned in the center of the French line. When the British decide an outing against this sector, Estaing had advanced alone to recognize their movements. Surrounded, without horse, he was injured twice by enemy bayonets before surrendering [ 17 ] . D’Estaing is taken prisoner and brought back to Madras where he is detained by order of the Governor of the City George Pigot. PIGOT offers him to free him, what D’Estaing refuses, preferring to wait to be exchanged for British prisoners, in order to be able to continue to fight [ 18 ] . The arrival of a British fleet off Madras in February 1759 convinces of Estaing to accept the speech release offer, which was conditioned to the fact that it no longer took up arms against the British in the East Indies [ 19 ] . Campaign in the Indian Ocean [ modifier | Modifier and code ] In May 1759, he embarked for the Isle de France (current Mauritius) [ 20 ] . During her stay on the island, the new one reaches that an agreement concerning an exchange of prisoners between France and Great Britain is about to be signed. However, having been released before this date, from Estaing is excluded from the agreement. While a request is sent to India to negotiate his inclusion in the agreement, he decides to arm a naval expedition which employs two ships from the French Eastern India Company which pass to the service of the King, an expedition which he finances in Part of equity.  Take the English vessel Le Mery by D’Estaing in Mascate in 1759. At the head of his two ships, the ship Cond\u00e9 (50) and the frigate shipping , D’Estaing begins a brilliant Corsair campaign. D’Estaing then thinks of a way to get around the word given, declaring himself “spectator” in case he comes to face a British fleet or his allies, allowing his second commander to direct operations [ 21 ] . He put his sails in the direction of the Persian Gulf in September 1759. When capturing an Arab convoy at the end of the month, he learned of the presence of a British vessel in Mascate, the Mery . During a daring attack, 50 men from Cond\u00e9 enter the fortified port, approach and take the English ship without resistance. In the precipitation, the men cut the strings necessary for the towing of the ship, and the alert is finally given in the port. The small boats launched to take over the English ship are pushed back by the precise shots of the Cond\u00e9 , allowing men on board to attach a new rope and tow the plug out of the port [ 22 ] . Later, he captures the English garrisons of the forts of Gombron and Bender-Abassi, repels 8,000 Persians allies of the English, destroyed Gombron [ 23 ] , before putting the sails towards Sumatra. On the way, he detaches the sockets he had made, and sends them to Isle de France where his victories earned him celebrity: in three months he accumulates taking at only 5 dead in his crew (although He also lost 28 men of the smallpox) [ 24 ] . After a long crossing (delayed by opposite winds), the fleet ordered by D’Estaing reached the west coast of Sumatra, at the beginning of February 1760. On the spot, he captured the British manufacture of Natal, which he gives to the Dutch, before heading towards the British outpost of Tapian Nauli (“Tappanool”). His commander opposes great resistance, and only escapes in the mountains when he realizes that the French victory is inevitable. D’Estaing decides to destroy the fortifications rather than pursuing the British. He then headed for Padang, an important Dutch establishment where he supplies and recruited sailors from the local population. He then headed for Bengkulu (“Bencolen”), the main British establishment in Sumatra. The city is defended by Fort Marlborough and a garrison of 500 Europeans and local sepoys, with the possibility of mobilizing 1,000 additional Malaysian militiamen. Although these forces were alerted from the arrival of the French fleet of D’Estaing, the first lined pulled in the direction of the strong panic among its defenders, who run away in the surrounding jungle. D’Estaing and his men spend the day trying to continue these troops. He then uses Fort Marlborough as a base from which he attacks several fortified counters on the west coast of the island: Saloma, Manna, Cahors, Gro\u00ebs, Ypou-Pali, Caytone, Sablat, Bautaar, La Haye [ 25 ] . He returned to the Isle of France ten months after leaving him. Having received the order to return to France, he embarked on a vessel going to mainland France. Off the coast of France, the vessel on which it is captured by a British patrol. He is taken prisoner and taken to Plymouth; accused of having failed in his word. In accordance with the laws of war, it is intended for the rope [Ref. necessary] . However, he returned to links created during his previous stay and, benefiting from King Georges’ benevolence III , he is released and returned to Paris accompanied by proposals for peace negotiations [ 26 ] . Governor General of Wind Islands [ modifier | Modifier and code ] At the beginning of 1762, France was preparing an expedition against Portuguese possessions in South America. Back in Paris the same year, he found a promotion there at the rank of Mar\u00e9chal de Camp dating from February 20, 1761 [ 22 ] . He obtained from Choiseul to be promoted to lieutenant general of the King’s armies (rank of the army) but also squadron chief in the royal navy as a reward for his exploits in the Indian Ocean (a rank lower than that occupied in the army). In order to clarify his position of command in the expedition in preparation, the king appoints him lieutenant-general of the naval armies, on July 25, 1762. Finally, the king gives him the provisions of viceroy of Brazil but the expedition is canceled When peace talks are started. In 1764, he was appointed Governor General of the Wind Islands. But Choiseul entrusted him with the delicate mission of raising new taxes and raising a militia and, by fulfilling it with diligence, he alienates a good part of the local notables who obtain his recall after barely two years April 23, 1764 , first is July 1766 [ 27 ] . However, there is still an excellent courtier who knows how to stand out from the royal entourage. THE first is January 1767 , he is raised to the dignity of a knight in the order of the Holy Spirit. Based mainly in Santo Domingo (current Haiti), he recruited the Acadians, who had been expelled from their land by the British during the war, and encourages them to settle in the Antilles. But he puts it for forced work for the construction of a fortress … These efforts are not successful, many of them die of illness, many others seek to settle elsewhere because of the climate and of land poverty. His island government is a failure and his demagoguery leaves the colony in effervescence. Return to France [ modifier | Modifier and code ] D’Estaing returned to France in 1767, took advantage of his return to try to settle the terms of the divorce and the separation of the goods to which his wife and consented to him in 1756, before his departure for India. The division of their property and properties is problematic, leading the ex-husbands to compete in courts and despite the various calls, these judgments fail to decide between them. In 1772, D’Estaing was appointed naval inspector and governor of the port of Brest, the main French port on the Atlantic coast. The American War of Independence [ modifier | Modifier and code ]    Fate molesing the English, 1780. In 1774, on the death of Louis XV, he was on a list of officers to promote given to the young Louis XVI, while he is much younger than many naval officers with equal skills [ 28 ] . In 1777, he skillfully managed to create a third charge of vice-admiral [ Note 4 ] And it is therefore like vice-admiral of the seas of Asia and America that he received the command of the squadron sent in 1778-1779 to support the Insurgents Americans and French volunteers already present, such as the Marquis de la Fayette [ Note 5 ] .  Charles Henri d’Estaing ensures the command of the squadron sent to North America in 1778-1779. In the spring of 1778, the French squadron commanded by D’Estaing fitted from Toulon with 12 vessels to intervene in the Antilles and on the American coasts. Arrived in front of New York at the end of an endless crossing, he dares not to force the passes of the city which is also defended by a strong English garrison. He then worked on Newport ( August 1778 ), but it is a new failure, even if one of his subordinates, Suffren succeeds in destroying several English frigates. Put in difficulty, he fell back to Boston. The squadron stays there until November in a context of strong tensions between the French and their American allies. The fall advancing, the squadron leaves Boston and joins the French Antilles. Barely arrived, the general must leave for the war. He tries to recover the island of Sainte-Lucie fallen into the hands of the English. Despite an attempted landing in force, he fails to take over the island. It is a heavy failure and he also lets the 7 barrington vessels escape that he surprised the anchorage, but that he dares not attack while he has 12. Three divisions join him, placed respectively under the orders of the Count of Grasse, La Motte-Picquet and Vaudreuil. The division entrusted to De Grasse has four vessels, Robust on which his brand floated, The magnificent , The dolphin And The Avenger . D’Estaing has a powerful fleet (25 vessels) and can engage new fights. He then carries his efforts on the island of Grenada which is conquered following a massive landing of troops and a naval bombardment in July 1779 . The next day he delivered a violent naval battle at the squadron of the vice-admiral byron who came to rescue the island. Byron is heavily beaten, but from Estaing does not take the opportunity to destroy the English squadron, despite the pressing requests of Suffren and the Motte-Picquet. Byron succeeds in withdrawing by taking his dismissed vessels in trailer. The destruction of this important squadron would have brought a terrible blow to the Royal Navy And delivered to France all the West Indies. But D’Estaing, who remains fundamentally a man in the army (his original body) does not perceive the strategic scope of mastery of the seas and only looks at the squadrons as troop transport. He receives end July 1779 The order to return to France to have his vessels repaired there, but he learns that the American insurgents, who had just lost Georgia, are in a desperate situation and ask for the help of the French fleet. D’Estaing decides to move their rescue and sails on the city of Savannah with a large contingent of troops from the Antilles. After a stop in Santo Domingo, during which 800 slaves freed from a black legion, bet which Henri Christophe and Andr\u00e9 Rigaud, he reached the Georgian coast and succeeded in gradually landing his troops. The seat takes place under difficult conditions. The weather and the tensions with the American allies make it complicated to set up the seat. After weeks of trenches and bombing, the assault he leads in person is total failure. Wounded himself on both legs he must re-reinforce his troops and he is put in serious difficulty by bad weather and many health problems. Bringing big damage, he decides to sail towards France, leaving the command of the Naval Forces of the Antilles to the Grasse squadron chief. He arrives pitifully on crutches in Brest, in December 1779, but his considerable popularity earned him cheers and even a play [ 29 ] Regarding his grenade victory. His action during the first period of the American War of Independence was vigorously challenged by his subordinates, who had a glorious role in combat. All are suitable in their letters of the inexperience of their vice-admiral [ Note 6 ] . Simultaneously, the brand new ships launched by Minister Sartine since 1775 allow the French to regularly beat the English each time of Estaing is not involved in the fight. He returned to Versailles where he is welcomed as a hero on his crutches, his grenade victory having made everything else forget. He is received by the king, covered with praise and we even compose an opera for him … Nevertheless, for the rest of the war, he only plays a secondary role, even if we still find him in 1780 in Atlantic in The head of a strong squadron to help the Spanish who entered the war alongside France. As such, it is made great from Spain by King Charles III in 1782, dignity which assures him the rank of a Duke and peer at the Court of France [ 30 ] Two years after the end of the war (1785), Charles Henri d’Estaing was appointed governor of Touraine. He participated in the assembly of notables of 1787, where he supports the policy of Charles Alexandre de Calonne, then that of 1788. The Calonne trade treaty with England is perceived as a dupe market: England of William Pitt having constantly took revenge on the King of France for having made him lose his colonies in America, the treaty would only be a blanket to better prepare this revenge. Under the French Revolution [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Appointed commander of the Versailles National Guard after the Bastille, the July 14, 1789 , he embraces revolutionary ideas. He did not repress the crowd on October 5 and 6, 1789 and accompanied the king to Paris. Shortly after, he resigned from this function. He participated in the federation of the Federation in the Uniform of the National Guard, the July 14, 1790 , disapprove of the flight in Varennes, in June 1791 and voluntarily lend the civic oath. The death of his wife in 1792 forces him to reduce his lifestyle very strongly. The threat of worsening war, of Estaing, who considers that the next conflict will break out on the continent, brigos – in vain – the dignity of Marshal of France. He ultimately obtains “only” that of Admiral in January 1792 , promotion which he refuses at first but which he ends up accepting in January 1793 After the publication of a decree guaranteeing the conservation of its rights to advancement in the army. Arrested in his mansion in rue Sainte-Anne [ thirty first ] , [ Note 7 ] then imprisoned in the Sainte-P\u00e9lagie prison he is cited as a witness to the trial of Marie-Antoinette in October 1793 , he refuses to confirm the accusations brought against the queen while distanced from her [ 33 ] , [ Note 8 ] . He testifies to his courage but nevertheless confirms, during his confrontation with a witness, the role she played during the days of October 1789 [ 34 ] . Arrested again on November 26, 1793 and imprisoned at four months (probably at Saint-Lazare prison [ 35 ] ), he is charged with complicity in an alleged “conspiracy of October 6” and went into judgment on March 29, 1794. Finally transferred to the concierge on April 27 with 7 other charges, he was translated to the Revolutionary Tribunal the next day. Knowing himself in advance condemned, he criminal refuses to defend himself, lists his service states and concludes with this sentence which remained famous: “When you have dropped my head, send it to the English, they will pay you dear. He was guillotined on the same day (April 28, 1794) and his body is buried in the Madeleine cemetery. All his biographers agree to recognize in D’Estaing a courageous fighter, injured three times: even after his visit to the Navy, he will never hesitate to take the head of his men to take them to the ground , at the grenade as in Savannah. The admiral, however – who unfortunately did not win any decisive success at sea – is far from unanimous, because, as Jean Meyer writes in the Maritime History Dictionary (under the direction of Michel Verg\u00e9-Framanceschi): “If he was in the Navy of an Old Regime a admiral discussed, it is from Estaing. \u00bb\u00bb He pursues : “Considered in the navy as an” intruder “from the army (and therefore not from the naval guards) but representative of court favoritism, even if he finally takes sides for the Revolution. (\u2026) We cannot however deny the quality of knowing how to choose men: he launches or protects Bougainville and Borda (two other intruders). \u00bb\u00bb Etienne Sizemite ( Dictionary of French sailors – 2002) mentions its “haughty, vain character and demagogue” and writes that he often arouses hostility by “his awkwardness and his mania for reforms”. As for Jean Joseph Robert Calmon-Maison ( The Admiral d’Estaing – 1729-1794 Paris, 1910) if he finds it “Brave soldier, bold marine rather than explished, (…) above all concerned with accumulating as much illustration as possible on a name of which he was rightly proud …” , a convinced royalist, the historian made a severe judgment on the last period of his life: “If while the fatal cart led him instead of the torture, he postpon his thought to the long line of his ancestors … the admiral of Estaing then had to feel painfully how much he had missed his ancestors by offending the queen and denying her king. \u00bb\u00bb And Jean Meyer to conclude: “Colonel and Corsaire, vice-admiral but not guardian, gentleman but liberal, soldier and poet, of Estaing has never managed to be recognized by anyone. Hated officers of the vessel, hated for his demagoguery, little loved by revolutionaries, he died as he had lived, as a man of contradictions. \u00bb\u00bb On other Wikimedia projects: Sources and bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Francis Blancpain , Admiral d’Estaing, servant and victim of the state (1729-1794) , BISTURES, ENTERITIONS LES PROBLOY, coll. “The Atlantic world”, November 2012 , 192 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-915596-86-1 ) Jean Marc Van Hille , Charles-Henri d’Estaing, Admiral of France and Freemason , Challenges of today, 1994 , 185 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-910168-24-7 ) Etienne Sizemite, Dictionary of French sailors , Paris, Tallandier editions, 2002 ( first re  ed. 1982), 573 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 2-84734-008-4 ) Etienne Waist , Louis XVI or the immobile navigator , Paris, Payot editions, coll. “Payot intimate portraits”, 15 mars 2002 , 265 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 2-228-89562-8 ) Michel Verg\u00e9-Franceschi ( you. ), Maritime History Dictionary , Robert Laffont editions, coll. “Bouquins collection”, 2002 , 1508 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 2-222-08751-8 ) Michel Verg\u00e9-Francesco \u00ab Marine and Revolution. The officers of 1789 and their future. \u00bb, History, economy and society , n O 2, 1990 , p. 259-286 ( read online ) ; Jacques Michel, The adventurous and eventful life of Charles-Henri, count of Estaing, 1724-1794 , 1976 , 455 p.  (OCLC\u00a0 2839885 ) Jean Joseph Robert Calmon-Maison , The Admiral d’Estaing (1729-1794) , Bibliolife, January 28, 2009 ( first re  ed. 1910), 528 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-0-559-95447-4 ) Leon Gu\u00e9rin , The illustrious sailors of France , Paris, Belin-leprier, 1845 ( read online ) , p. 595 and following Artaud de montor , Encyclopedia of people of the world: universal repertoire of sciences, letters and arts; with notices on the main historical families and on famous, dead and living characters , vol. 10, Paris, Treuttel et W\u00fcrtz, 1838 ( read online ) , part 1, p. 70 and following. Tugdual of Langlais, Jean Peltier Dudoyer, the favorite shipowner of Beaumarchais, from Nantes to Isle de France , Ed. Coiffard, 2015, 340 p. (ISBN\u00a0 9782919339280 ) . The personal papers of Charles Henri d’Estaing are kept in the National Archives, Pierrefitte-sur-Seine site, under the 562AP hill: Fund inventory . Notes [ modifier | Modifier and code ] \u2191 An extract from his baptismal act, kept in the castle archives, certified him baptized in the village church November 26, 1729 .  \u2191 The term provision was also employed in the navy where a vessel brand and a lieutenant received a patent, a captain of a commission and a general officer (squadron chief and above) of provisions.  \u2191 According to Calmon-Maison 2009, this son, whose portrait appears in the gallery of the castle of Ravel, has never been recognized by D’Estaing, which by public act, established after the death of his wife, declares that he ‘had no children, and would therefore be illegitimate.  \u2191 At that time there were only two charges of vice-admiral: that of the Ponant and that of the Levant. Louis XVI will create a fourth for Suffren on his return from the Indies in 1784.  \u2191 The Congress of the United States, in November 1778, sent him the testimony of recognition following: \u201cMr. Excellency the Count of Estaing constantly acted in brave and wise officer; His Excellency, the officers, sailors, soldiers under his orders, filled everything to which the United States could expect the expedition and that they all have powerful titles to the esteem of the friends of America of America \u00bb.  \u2191 Michel Verg\u00e9-Framanceschi writes: “D’Estaing is an” intruder “; He is a land officer who entered the navy as a general officer; The body hates him to the point that the Brest-Marine Guards refused to go to the balls he organized in this port when he commanded the Navy \u201d(Verg\u00e9-Frenaleschi 1990, p. 261).  \u2191 He also had a country house in Passy, \u200b\u200bcf. Guichard Street [ 32 ] .  \u2191 He claims to hate her in particular because he believes that she prevented him from receiving the right reward for his services and being made marshal of France. But this biographer considers that in fact this declaration of the admiral, coming from a person who has no reason to love the Queen, constitutes a skilful defense of the latter.  References [ modifier | Modifier and code ] \u2191 Calmon-Maison 2009, p. 83-85 and appendix 6 p = 442-444.  \u2191 On October 5 and 6, 1789, the Parisian crowd will seek the king and the queen at Versailles and forced them to come and settle in Paris.  \u2191 a et b Calmon-Maison 2009, p. 2-3.  \u2191 Calmon-Maison 2009, p. 2.  \u2191 Calmon-Maison 2009, p. 3.  \u2191 Calmon-Maison 2009, p. 4.  \u2191 Ravel castle site .  \u2191 Puy-de-D\u00f4me departmental archives: http:\/\/www.archivesdepartementales.puydedome.fr\/archive\/resultats\/etatcivil\/n: 13?????? [0] = BAPTEMES & TYPE = Statecivil, view 143.  \u2191 Calmon-Maison 2009, p. 5.  \u2191 Calmon-Maison 2009, p. 6.  \u2191 a et b Calmon-Maison 2009, p. 7.  \u2191 Calmon-Maison 2009, p. 14  \u2191 Calmon-Maison 2009, p. 15.  \u2191 Calmon-Maison 2009, p. 20-22.  \u2191 Calmon-Maison 2009, p. 22-23.  \u2191 Calmon-Maison 2009, p. 26-28.  \u2191 Calmon-Maison 2009, p. 30-44.  \u2191 Calmon-Maison 2009, p. 44.  \u2191 Calmon-Maison 2009, p. 45.  \u2191 Calmon-Maison 2009, p. forty six.  \u2191 Calmon-Maison 2009, p. 47-48.  \u2191 a et b Calmon-Maison 2009, p. 48-54.  \u2191 Calmon-Maison 2009, p. 55-59.  \u2191 Calmon-Maison 2009, p. 60-61.  \u2191 Jean Meyer, p. 575 .  \u2191 Archives Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Spain political correspondence, volume 536, summary memory of the Duke of Choiseul, to the Marquis de Grimaldi of April 17, 1762 , which summarizes the release of the Count of Estaing. Note that Calmon-Maison does not mention such a role of negotiator.  \u2191 Calmon-Maison 2009, p. 108-155.  \u2191 Size 2002, p. ??.  \u2191 The capture of Granada, play in one act, represented, for the first time, on the theater of the great dancers of the king, in the boulevards, October 19, 1779 , 1779 ( read online ) .  \u2191 The art of checking the dates , Paris, 1821, p. 412.  \u2191 Jacques Hillairet, Historical dictionary of the streets of Paris , Les \u00c9ditions de Minuit, seventh edition, 1963, t. 2 (“L-Z”), “rue Sainte-Anne”, p. 490-491 .  \u2191 Jacques Hillairet, Historical dictionary of the streets of Paris , Les \u00c9ditions de Minuit, seventh edition, 1963, t. first (“A-K”), “rue Guichard”, p. 616 .  \u2191 Michel 1976, p. 248-350  \u2191 Calmon-Maison 2009, p. 417-419.  \u2191 Calmon-Maison 2009, p. 421-422.   Fine Arts Resource : Resource relating to the show : Notes in generalist dictionaries or encyclopedias :  Biography On the Ravel castle website      (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/charles-henri-desting-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Charles Henri d’esting \u2014 Wikipedia"}}]}]