[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/chateau-de-villandry-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/chateau-de-villandry-wikipedia\/","headline":"Ch\u00e2teau de Villandry – Wikipedia","name":"Ch\u00e2teau de Villandry – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 The Villandry Castle is an intimately intertwining set architecture and gardens, located 15 km West of Tours, in the","datePublished":"2020-08-27","dateModified":"2020-08-27","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/82\/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Villandry_%288796744257%29.jpg\/356px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Villandry_%288796744257%29.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/82\/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Villandry_%288796744257%29.jpg\/356px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Villandry_%288796744257%29.jpg","height":"236","width":"356"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/chateau-de-villandry-wikipedia\/","wordCount":18841,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4The Villandry Castle is an intimately intertwining set architecture and gardens, located 15 km West of Tours, in the French department of Indre-et-Loire, in the Center-Val de Loire region.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Last of the great palaces which were built on the banks of the Loire at XVI It is century, the Ch\u00e2teau de Villandry, brings a final touch to the research of the first French Renaissance [ 2 ] While announcing the achievements of Ancy-le-Franc (Burgundy) and Centader (\u00cele-de-France). The current gardens of the castle of Villandry are the fruit of a patient reconstruction carried out in 1906 by Doctor Joachim Carvallo from plates and ancient texts of the architect Jacques Androuet du Cerceau, then dealing with a typical Renaissance garden of XVI It is century. This area now occupies an area of \u200b\u200bmore than six hectares arranged on four terraces levels [ 3 ] .        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4The entire castle and its gardens were registered on April 12, 1927 on the list of historic monuments before being definitively classified on September 4, 1934 [ 4 ] . The field is now part of UNESCO World Heritage.   Table of ContentsThe Middle Ages: the fortress of Colombiers [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The Renaissance: the last fires in the Loire Valley [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The XVIII It is century: the great works of Michelangeln of Castellane [ modifier | Modifier and code ] From 1791 to 1810\/1811: Dupes game between a Nantes trainer, the Ouvrard financier and the Bonaparte brothers [ modifier | Modifier and code ] From 1810\/1811 to 1897: splendor and misery of the hanguerlot family [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The Belle \u00c9poque: Resurrection of the estate by Joachim Carvallo [ modifier | Modifier and code ] An aesthetics under Italian influence [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Villandry flower beds [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Related article [ modifier | Modifier and code ] external links [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The Middle Ages: the fortress of Colombiers [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Throughout the Middle Ages and the beginning of the XVII It is century, the Villandry estate is called Coulombiers [ 5 ] or Colombiers and is none other than the seat of a ch\u00e2tellenie under the castle of Tours.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Living around 1080, Geoffroy Le Roux, also lord of Cravant-les-C\u00f4teaux, is the first lord of Colombiers who is known to us, thanks in particular to the marriage of his daughter Lisoye with Hugues (II) d’Amboise, younger son of Hugues I is d’Amboise (born around 1055, died around 1130), the most powerful Lord of Touraine after the Count of Anjou [ 6 ] . Their daughter Agn\u00e8s d’Amboise is the first wife of Amaury VI of Montfort-\u00c9vreux, died around 1213 without posterity. Around 1200, the Savary family owned Co (U) Lombiers. In the context of the Capetian reconquest on Jean Sans Terre and the Plantagen\u00eats, Philippe\/Philibert Savary, then his son or grandson Pierre II Savary de Colombiers, are also invested with Montbazon (probably associated with the Brandon) by Philippe Auguste, towards 1205. The Savary of Montbazon and Villandry also obtained the lordship of Montsoreau around 1230, by the marriage of Pierre. Villandry will long be associated with the lordship of Montbazon, whose master in the midst XIV It is century, Renaud de Montbazon, grows in importance: he obtained Moncontour and Marnes, and he marries a daughter of the powerful house of Craon, Jeanne\/Al\u00e9onor de Craon (~ 1330- ~ 1385; daughter of Maurice VI or VII de Craon, -Fille d’Amaury III of Craon and younger sister of Isabeau de Craon). Their daughter Jeanne de Montbazon is by her father Renaud: lady of Montbazon, Colombiers\/Villandry, Savonni\u00e8res, du Brandon, Montsoreau, Moncontour, Marnes, and by the heritage of the craon from his mother Jeanne\/Al\u00e9onor: lady of Sainte-Maure , Nou\u00e2tre, Pressigny, Ferri\u00e8re and\/or Ferri\u00e8re-Lar\u00e7on, Verneuil, Ch\u00e2teauneuf, Jarnac. In 1372, she married her cousin Guillaume II de Craon, viscount of Ch\u00e2teaudun and Sire de Marcillac. The castle of Colombiers (Villandry) remains, at that time, typical of the constructions made by the village lords. Enriched by the war and the functions (the services rendered), the Lord of Co (U) Lombiers then has more means to raise a prestigious construction, having a special enclosure serving as refuge for the inhabitants of the surrounding villages [ 7 ] . However, the primary function of this fortress and the will of this regional power is not to protect the population but to dominate it [ 7 ] . This is why this castle XII It is century in reality only defends the power of the Lord [ 8 ] .  Typical of fortifications that will develop mainly from the time of Philippe-Auguste and Richard Coeur-de-Lion (end of XII It is – Beginning of XIII It is century), the Villandry of this Middle Ages says “Classic” ( XI It is – XIII It is centuries), is already a matter of “engineers” [ 8 ] . Until then, we were trying to draw the benefit of favorable sites while relying on the thickness of the walls and the height of the courtyards. But the progress of poliocetics, the dissemination of war machines and the development of flanking devices, lead to the development of an offensive military architecture [ 7 ] . Thus freed itself from the dependence of a protective relief, the fortresses such as Villandry can now be established in any site including the plains and thus allow, by counterposer, the development of a new palatial architecture [ 9 ] . It was in this medieval fortress of Villandry that the “Colombiers peace” took place on July 4, 1189 [ 5 ] , during which Henri II Plantagen\u00eat, king of England, came before Philippe Auguste, king of France, recognize his defeat. This treaty marks not only the conquest of Touraine by the King of France but also an essential stage of the triumph of the Capetian monarchy on the great feudal, in the forefront of which the Plantagen\u00eats, whose immense French domain nicknamed the “Empire Plantagen\u00eat \u00bb\u00bb [ ten ] then included Normandy, Brittany, Maine, Touraine, Anjou, Poitou and Aquitaine [ ten ] . In the second part of XIV It is century, corresponding to Middle Ages , the domain of Colombiers successively became, by marriage, the property of the family of Craon, Viscount of Ch\u00e2teaudun as we saw above, then that of the family of Chabot: indeed two of the daughters of Guillaume II of Craon and Jeanne de Montbazon met above, Marguerite and Marie de Craon, share most of their inheritance (one of their sisters, Isabeau de Craon, married Guillaume Odart, lord of Verri\u00e8re-en-Loudunois: see below) ; Marie de Craon obtains Villandry\/Colombiers, Montsoreau, Marnes and Moncontour, Jarnac, Pressigny, Verneuil-sur-Indre, Ferri\u00e8re (s) -Sur-Beaulieu and\/or Ferri\u00e8re-Lar\u00e7on, and she married around 1404 Louis I is Chabot de la strike (~ 1370- ~ 1422). Their eldest son Thibaud x Chabot de la strike (~ 1404-1429) is lord of Villandry\/Colombiers, the strike, Grand-Pressigny and Ferri\u00e8re-Lar\u00e7on, de Montsoreau and Moncontour, and Argenton by his marriage to Brunissende d ‘ Argenton in 1422; He paid tribute to the king for Colombiers in March 1423. His children Louis II Chabot de la strike de Pressigny (\u2020 around 1480\/1486), Jeanne Chabot de Montsoreau or Catherine Chabot de Moncontour have Villandry? The fact remains that we then find Villandry in the hands of parents by alliance: Jean II de Ch\u00e2teaubriant des Roches-Britaut in fact tribute to the king in December 1439 in the name of his minor son Th\u00e9aud and the woman of the latter, Fran\u00e7oise Odart Daughter of Louise Du Loigny and Pierre Odart, himself the son of Guillaume Odart de Verri\u00e8re-en-Loudunois and Isabeau de Craon above. In August 1473, tribute to the king by Navarrot of Anglade (he built Savonni\u00e8res in 1476), husband in 1470 of Madeleine Chabot, third daughter of Jeanne de Courcillon and Louis II Chabot of the pre-strike of Pressigny above. But end XV It is A century, the descendants of the Montbazon-Colombiers pass the hand definitively. It is then that undergoing the fate of most of the buildings of Classic Middle Ages ( XI It is – XIII It is centuries), the fortified castle of Villandry was changed for the first time after the Hundred Years War in a new research of comfort and lifestyle. We are witnessing in particular the establishment of chimneys in most parts [ 9 ] And to the drilling of most wall walls by numerous mood windows. This artistic renewal marked by the development of luxury and apparatus results not only from the influence exerted by the patronage of the Dukes of Burgundy and the Duke Jean de Berry during the period of international Gothic (1380-1420) but more Particularly, for the case of Villandry, the impact caused by the construction of the nearby Saumur castle wanted as a ” love castle By King Ren\u00e9: by loans from the architectural vocabulary of religious buildings [ 11 ] , the all -new multiplication of coronation ornaments and the drilling of many windows in the courtyard of this fortified castle, then conveys a unprecedented notion of luxury while the abundance of openings and architectural patterns contributes to the fairyland of the castle [ twelfth ] . This palace full of magnificence will thus create, in contrast, a real aura throughout the region [ 13 ] . However, if the lords of Coulombiers were influenced by this prestigious achievement, the sustainability of a military apparatus deemed necessary in Villandry, for many reasons, dictated the work of the time, hence an opposition between the fully open world and kind of the Honor Court with the closed and restoring aspect of the external walls of the castle [ 14 ] . There are only the medieval building there remains only the foundations and the dungeon of XII It is century, modified at XIV It is century, which can still be guess, encompassed, in one of the wings of the Honor Court [ 14 ] , The Renaissance: the last fires in the Loire Valley [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Last of the large castles which were built on the banks of the Loire in the XVI It is century, the current castle of Villandry, brings a final touch to the research of the first Renaissance [ 2 ] While announcing the achievements of Ancy-le-Franc and Creen [ 15 ] . Several purchases and residents are involved at the end of XV It is and at the beginning of XVI It is century, which leave Villandry out of the blood of the ancient Montbazon-Colombiers: tributes to the king by Pierre Fauchet, notary-secretary of the king, in December 1491; by Michel Gaillard de Longjumeau and Chailly, also a Savonni\u00e8res buyer (who now follows the fate of Villandry), general of finances and galleys of France, in July 1494; by Antoine des Aubr\u00e9s\/des Aube, viscount of Bayeux, valet of the king’s chamber, in November 1500, then his son Jean; By Henri Bo (U) yesterday, half-brother of Thomas, mayor of Tours, bailiff of M\u00e2con, seneschal of Lyon, butler of the king, in April 1529. The Domaine de Colombiers was finally acquired on March 4, 1532 (tribute in April 1533) by Jean Le Breton, president of the Blois Chamber of Accounts, who shared the captivity of Fran\u00e7ois I is in Pavia [ 14 ] . While we build for him the castle of Villesavin, the secretary of finance is resolved to have the medieval fortress of Villandry shaved in order to have a large house built whose style will express in the aftermath The transition between the first and the second French Renaissance [ 14 ] , [ 16 ] . The new owner, operating in Villandry his exceptional experience of the architecture acquired on many sites, including that of the Chambord castle which he has monitored and directed for many years on behalf of the Crown. Thanks to the financial capacities of Jean Le Breton, the work is going well and the building is practically completed in 1536. Fran\u00e7ois I is will also come and inquire about the progress of work on the invitation of Jean Le Breton.  If following the example of Ch\u00e2teaudun, La Rochefoucauld, Argy or Azay-le-Rideau (transformed into XIX It is century), the dungeon of the medieval era is preserved, its presence is only justified by the seigniorial symbol which it represents; Its military function being emptied of its substance to be now supplanted by that of prestige and the pageantry as a final witness to the place where the treaty of July 4, 1189 was signed, called “Colombiers peace” [ 5 ] , during which the King of England Henri II Plantagen\u00eat, came before the King of France Philippe Auguste, recognize his defeat. While creating a revival, the architectural design of Villandry, unprecedented for the time, will mark a real link between the first and the second French Renaissance. Taking a provision which will be amply developed during the second French Renaissance (1540 to 1559\/1564), the current castle presents a modern arrangement by the regularity of its quadrangular plan where the still medieval round towers of Chambord become here simple pavilions square [ 16 ] . The style born in \u00cele-de-France of the castle of Madrid and that of Fontainebleau is therefore essential in Pays de la Loire [ 17 ] . The two lateral wings surmounted by high traditional roofs are based on arcades in basket handle where we find the alignment of the large crusaders framed by pilasters surmounted by concave lucallates typical of the first renaissance. However, the rhythm of the openings this time becomes more regular and the vertical impulse is now largely broken by the insistent horizontals of the bodies of moldings. Thanks to the windows flanked by pilasters which leave an empty trume between them, we obtain an alternating rhythm between open bays and blind spans thus creating an unprecedented game between the full and the voids which will be taken up by Sebastiano Serlio at the castle of Ancy-Le -Franc. Completing the whole, a large exterior staircase made in the mind of that of Blois was located in the right corner of the Honor Court. Unfortunately, it will be destroyed by Michelangelo, Count of Castellane, in the middle of XVIII It is century [ 14 ] . Following an original provision, the entire building is then isolated from the rest of the domain by a moat. While symbolically recalling the past military importance of the building, the piercing of this ditch is used to backfill the terraces of the gardens, thus forming a sort of base accessible by a bridge, hence the building can dominate The panorama offered on the valley where the Cher and the Loire flow. If, like the Ch\u00e2teau de Villesavin, Villandry’s ornamentation remains ample influenced by the style developed since the years 1515 in the Loire Valley, there is an evolution towards a classicism leading to the second French Renaissance. Although all close and almost contemporary of Azay-le-Rideau, Italian “fantasies” and medieval memories such as turrets, tin or other decorative bits, disappear here in favor of a simpler style, purely French foreshadowing the achievements of Ancy-le-Franc and Centeen [ 17 ] . It is enough to compare the skylights of Villandry, with those of the other castles of the Loire, to realize the path traveled. Even if small butters remain, the staging of pinnacles and niches with shells so typical of the first renaissance, evolves here towards a composition of clean lines where the concave tympan [ 16 ] . This same trend is expressed on the big pilasters of the arcades of the courtyard [ 14 ] : While geometric patterns are still developing there Italian , a classicisme French-style Already developed, sensitive in particular to a new detail, materialized by the corner pilasters, now turning on the faces of pavilions [ 14 ] .  House known as Fran\u00e7ois I is or H\u00f4tel de Chabouill\u00e9. Despite a certain continuity of the ornamental repertoire, illustrated here by the presence of Lombard patterns, diamonds and medallions, a composition of very soberly decorated lines ornate came to replace the foliage and other arabesques if present on the facades of the buildings of the beginning of the reign of Fran\u00e7ois I is (Ch\u00e2teau de Sarcus, H\u00f4tel de Chabouill\u00e9 in Moret-sur-Loing or the Fran\u00e7ois wing I is From Ch\u00e2teau de Blois): now prefer the beauty of the lines to the richness of ornamentation, a severe style succeeds light graces of the first French Renaissance (1515 to 1530\/1540) [ 16 ] . If the originality of Villandry is located in an avant-garde architectural design announcing the second Renaissance (1540 to 1559\/1564), the use of the site to build, in full harmony with nature and stone, gardens Of remarkable beauty, made of this palace one of the most successful expressions of the first French Renaissance. Jean Le Breton died in 1556, leaving memories on the reign of Fran\u00e7ois I is . In 1619, the lordship of Colombiers was transformed into a marquisate for Balthazar Le Breton, before the village and the estate changed its name in 1639 for that of Villandry. The descendants of Jean and Balthazar will keep the Villandry domain until 1754, the year when Louis-Henri d’Aubign\u00e9, “Marquis de Villandry, Savonni\u00e8res, Cornuson, Mar\u00e9chal des Camps and Army of the King, Lieutenant General of the City, Castle and S\u00e9n\u00e9chauss\u00e9e de Saumur, Saumurois and Haut-Anjou” (son of Louis-Fran\u00e7ois d’Aubign\u00e9, \u2020 1745, and Henriette-Marguerite Le Breton de Villandry, married in 1713), sold the property to the count of Castellane. The XVIII It is century: the great works of Michelangeln of Castellane [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Located at the entrance to the estate, the audience pavilion, transitional style madness (middle of the XVIII It is century). Audience pavilion (middle of the XVIII It is century). The so -called “moving room” (modified to XIX It is century). The dining room (modified in 1811 by J\u00e9r\u00f4me Bonaparte).     Bedroom called “Douves” in transition style (middle of the XVIII It is century, but reworked at XIX It is century). On July 23, 1754, Michelangelle of Castellane bought the Domaine de Villandry for 90 000 books. This French diplomat, from one of the oldest and illustrious families in Provence, is not only brigadier of the king’s armies but also ambassador of France to the sublime door from 1741 to 1747. While the title of Marquisat was Extinct by the sale of the estate by Louis-Henri d’Aubign\u00e9, the last Marquis of Villandry, the lordship was erected as a county in March 1758 for the benefit of Michelangelle of Castellane [ 14 ] , However, from the arrival of the count in 1754, took place in the architecture of the castle, modifications initiated by the construction of large symmetrical commons surmounted by “attic to the mansart” on both sides -court. In these two buildings characteristic of the first Louis XV style, there is no longer any loan from classical art, which is new and brutally contrasts with the Renaissance style castle. Breaking with the Greco-Roman tradition, all styles of which had been dependent on, the two plaster fa\u00e7ades no longer has any column or any pilaster but simple harp stones, coming to mark the corners of the building bodies [ 16 ] . The simplicity of the elevations soberly punctuated by the regular opening of the windows sees their ornamentation concentrated in the only staple of the key of the entrance gates as well as to the soothes of rollers of the skylights.  The facades of the Ch\u00e2teau de Villandry, modified by Michelangeln of Castellane, as they still appeared at the end of XIX It is century, before the restorations of Doctor Joachim Carvallo. More ornate, the corner pavilion located on one of the terraces of the gardens as well as the audience pavilion, a real little madness located at the southeast entrance to the domain, is no less than a wall rocky style. If the fantasy of the octagonal forms given to the interior parts is still translated outside by a sort of bay window located in front body, the ornamentation inspired by the theme of hunting is already marked by a return to the “big style” . Gradually resurrecting the architecture of Antoine Lepautre, this new mode known as “Greek” manifests itself on the two pavilions by the reappearance of warrior motifs and naturalist or antiquating or antiquating ornaments [ 16 ] . Supporting the “attic to the mansart”, consoles adorning with channel patterns, are inspired with fantasy Greek triglyphs while the curved lines, shells and other rocky spirit chants are already accompanied by naturalist motifs branches of oak and rustic trophies mixing quiver, muskets and hunting horns [ 16 ] . The plastic vigor with which all the reliefs are treated here is undoubtedly inherited from this rediscovery of the sculptures of the “Grand Si\u00e8cle”.  Despite the restorations carried out from 1906 by Doctor Joachim Carvallo, we still note by the interior woodwork of the middle of XVIII It is century, the changes made at the time, on the rectilinear upper part of the Renaissance berries, in order to round them. In addition to these achievements, the large exterior staircase of Renaissance style located at the right angle of the court of honor is purely and simply removed, replaced by an interior stone staircase including the wrought iron ramp, of Louis XV style, is Ornated on each floor, intertwined initials from Michelangelo de Castellane. At the same time, the Marquis had a part of the moat and modify the drilling of the facades [ 14 ] . Dorting the elevations of the Honor Court, the arcades series on the ground floor are then walled up to be converted into kitchens in their left part, while a corridor overlooking the salons in a straight part. Renaissance windows no longer corresponding to the taste of XVIII It is century, losing their mones and summits are taken up to create rounded berries. At the same time, a set of new windows garnished with Balustrades of Louis XV style are pierced, while fictitious trompe-l’oeil openings balance the whole. At the bottom of the courtyard, part of the roof is taken up at the level of the central span in order to make a drop forming a sort of roof in the imperial surmounted by a balustrade and a clock. Because of all these transformations, the Renaissance style castle undeniably loses its character. Accompanying these architectural modifications, the general modernization of apartments, more happy, undeniably makes it possible to adapt the house to standards of comfort, closer to ours than those of the Renaissance. Built at XVIII It is A century, the castle became cold and inconvenienced, pushing the Count of Castellane to proceed, with a certain success, to the reshuffle of the globality of the interiors of the main bodies in order to make them quickly habitable. The redevelopment of the various apartments of the castle is then accompanied by the sound and thermal insulation of most of the parts obtained through a paneling using woodwork treated in the transition of the middle of the XVIII It is century while the dungeon pierced with many windows is transformed into a winter garden. Surrounding the castle, the park is initially enlarged, thanks to the acquisitions of lands operated by the Marquis de Castellane in 1760. However, the gardens deemed unavored are revised up to date: while the vegetable gardens of the Renaissance of the water garden Seeing themselves converted into French flowerbeds decorated with topiaries around a mirror of water, the rest of the park is transformed into an English garden where two transition style outbuildings are built. In 1949, Pierre Le Noac’h, recounted in ” History of Villandry and its castle ” [ 18 ] :  “The Marquis only dreamed of making it a large house with the comforts of the time, many windows, half of which were only painted to appear, balconies surrounding the stages to take air, bridges giving access Gardens and pavilions for air cure [\u2026]. The interior of the castle had also been altered almost completely. The octagonal reborn staircase recalling that of Blois and which was located in the right corner had been replaced by the interior stone staircase with wrought iron ramp, of Louis XV style. \u00bb\u00bb The count died in Villandry on September 26, 1782 while he was 79 years old. He was then buried in the stately vault of the church of Villandry. His son Esprit-Fran\u00e7ois-Henri, count of Castellane, knight of honor of Sophie de France dit Madame Sophie, will be the last lord of the place. While the revolution begins, the financial difficulties accumulate and the disappointment caused by its appearance, in 1789, in the electoral assembly of the nobility of Touraine, pushed it to sell its property in 1791 to withdraw to Paris [ 18 ] . The Castellane family will nevertheless end up returning to the region, inheriting Doroth\u00e9e de Courland, she entered the possession of the Ch\u00e2teau de Rochecotte located in Saint-Patrice, a property which was not sold until 1978. From 1791 to 1810\/1811: Dupes game between a Nantes trainer, the Ouvrard financier and the Bonaparte brothers [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Prince J\u00e9r\u00f4me Bonaparte’s room located on the first floor of the castle of Villandry (around 1810-1811). In 1791 the Marquis de Castellane withdrawing in Paris, sold for 850 000 Books Le Ch\u00e2teau furnished in Fran\u00e7ois Ch\u00e9nais. This Nantes slave slave had made a fortune in the coffee plantations of the Antilles where he had 400 black slaves. As captain of dragons in the militia of the Jacmel district in Saint-Domingue (1787), the husband of the rich Creole Elisabeth Pondary enjoyed an income of more than 1 200 000 books [ 19 ] . When in 1792 came the rebellion of Toussaint Louverture followed by the Spanish invasion of the colony [ 20 ] , chaos settled gradually on the island causing the ruin of its business, without affecting its French assets.  Appointed commander of the National Guard on his return to metropolitan France, the new squire was nevertheless accused of hiding ten guns claimed for him for the municipality of Tours, but during the searches at the castle there are only “six pieces of rifles outside state \u201d\u2026 by weariness and by economy, he then returns his manager and considerably reduces his staff, prelude to the liquidation of the property “After having made new boxes for 250 orange trees renowned among the most beautiful in France, anger at the announcement of repairs necessary for the orangery, he braded the new coffers and had the shrubs tore and saw the shrubs to Heat for two winters\u2026 \u201d . This influential businessman, then immensely rich, seeks to place his profits in land. Taking advantage of contractors in financial difficulties such as Fran\u00e7ois Ch\u00e9nais, he bought many and prestigious properties of emigrants such as Azay-le-Rideau, Marly, Louveciennes or the H\u00f4tel de Montesson [ 23 ] in order to carry out real estate speculation. The financier finally obtained the Villandry domain for 350,000 francs, a third of its value, even going so far as to recover “Very beautiful ice creams, more than 25,000 francs of laundry, as well as furniture and porcelain” . In order to make the most of the property, part of the gardens and the forest are then sacrificed [ 23 ] . However, these different speculations end up provoking the suspicion of the first consul Bonaparte who made him arrested for fraud in January 1800. When he was finally released and bleached, Gabriel-Julien Ouvrard intends to quickly obtain liquidity in order to invest in new projects like The foundation of merchants gathered. But the discount of drafts of complacency provided by the Banque de France, provoked the fury of Napoleon who came to claim him in 1806 the sum of 141 million francs-gold on behalf of the Treasury [ 23 ] . The financier then went through a period of financial difficulties and can no longer pay the acquisition price of the castle of Villandry [ 23 ] . It was at this time that the former slave trader Fran\u00e7ois Ch\u00e9nais, worthy by his Ladrerie to be the model of Father Goriot, remarried his daughter recently divorced to General Baron Paul Thi\u00e9bault. Always unpaid, the former owner ends up filed a complaint with his stepson who runs one morning of 1807, forcing military hand The door of the Ouvrard banker, who owed him another 60,000 francs on Villandry [ 24 ] . Eventually \u00abNapoleon I is paid the debts of Ouvrard, in 1807, winning Villandry to give it to his younger brother J\u00e9r\u00f4me \u201d [ 25 ] . At that time, the partially restored area, found a certain splendor and the interiors were modernized by a sumptuous furniture policy made largely by the famous cabinetmaker Jacob-Desmalter [ 25 ] . Despite everything, the property is quickly guaranteed to the Hinguerlot family, creditors of Napoleon I, “Result around 1810-1811 of a family arrangement between the Bonaparte” . In 1814, the fall of the empire followed by the failure of the hundred days put King J\u00e9r\u00f4me Bonaparte in great difficulty. The prince then took refuge in the court of Wurtemberg where the debts, is forced to reimburse his creditors, in this case Mr. Pierre-Laurent Hanguerlot, who had largely funded the policy of the emperor. The castle and its furniture being still in guarantee, the prince had to definitively give up all the property in 1817 to the hanguerlot family [ 25 ] . According to historian Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Masson, “following the responsibility of J\u00e9r\u00f4me Bonaparte in the liquidation of Villandry, he reduced more than 1,200 families to misery” [ 26 ] . From 1810\/1811 to 1897: splendor and misery of the hanguerlot family [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Portrait of General Nicolas Oudinot, second Duke of Reggio (1791-1863). Following the liquidation of Villandry by J\u00e9r\u00f4me Bonaparte in 1817, the whole of the estate became until 1897 the property of a family of businessmen enriched during the Management Board, the hanguerlot. Pierre-Laurent (1767-1841), the first of the name, is the first owner of the Hinguerlot family to come and settle in the castle of Villandry. But upon his arrival, the financier notes that the maintenance and rehabilitation costs of the French garden are too high; The park is then transformed into an English garden in romantic taste: “The park [is] made up in English, in valley and nipple (…), planted with many recently imported exotic species: cedars, pines, thuyas , Magnolias, massaged on the reverse of artificial mounds. The castle itself [disappears] in the middle of a forest of trees and greenery ” [ 27 ] . When he died in 1841, Pierre Laurent bequeathed the whole domain to his son and heir Georges-Tom (1795-1868), husband since 1828 by St\u00e9phanie Oudinot (1808-1893), daughter of the former marshal of Empire, Nicolas Charles Oudinot, promoted from governor of the Royal Hotel des Invalides. Having become Baron in 1829 by the will of Charles X, Georges Tom Hainguerlot ended up constituting in the 1860s an important land and industrial heritage north of Paris. In addition to Villandry, this business influential and entrepreneur has, among other things, the Ch\u00e2teau de Stains then located in the department of the Seine. The Villandry estate is now reconnecting with a certain magnificence, thereby marking the peak of the period.  However, the state of finances of the adjoining village is catastrophic. While the Saint-\u00c9tienne de Villandry church literally falls into ruins, General Nicolas Oudinot, eldest son of Charles Oudinot [ 28 ] And step brother of Pierre Laurent, gave the parish, on August 27, 1849, the body of Saint Marie-Victoire through his sister. The relic of this virgin and martyrdom which had been offered to the city of Rome on May 24, 1824 by the future Pope Pius IX had been extracted from a Roman cemetery by the general during the Italian expedition wanted by Prince Louis -Napoleon. In 1856, while Edouard Hanguerlot (1832-1888), son of Georges-Tom, married Alice-Marie Blount (1835-1873), the village and the field of Villandry were severely affected by the floods of the Loire and dear [ 29 ] . Like a bad omen, the baron saw his wife prematurely die on May 17, 1873: the body of it was then temporarily hosted in the seigniorial vault of the Saint-Etienne church. Having become a widower, Edouard abandoned the Villandry estate for the benefit of his sister Augusta Emilie Pamela Hinguerlot. These years were then marked by the beginnings of the great property crisis from 1860: decline linked to the inability of the large landowners to modify the traditional management of their land and to adapt to the rapid changes that French campaigns under the Second Empire [ 30 ] . Following the death of Georges-Tom Hinguerlot, the very pious St\u00e9phanie Oudinot, like his brother Nicolas Oudinot, decides to financially help the parish priest of Villandry so that he can restore the parish church. Thus from 1873 until his death at the castle on October 18, 1893, the baroness presided over the general restoration of the building, endowing among others the church with a large organ, with two large bells, stained glass in the choir and the transepts, as well as several stone altars … The works were not completed in 1895 [ thirty first ] . His daughter Rose Augusta Emilie Pamela Haingu (1802-1881) becomes the new owner of Villandry. Since 1821, she has been the wife of Baron Alph\u00e9e Bourdon de Vatry (1793-1871). Exchange agent promoted to the Meurthe Deputy under Louis-Philippe, Alph\u00e9e had acquired in 1851 of the former abbey of Chaalis. Although attached to the field, the social mobility of the couple, whose affairs impose a more city life in the immediate vicinity of the capital, leads them to abandon the castle of Villandry, deemed too expensive and too provincial, then preferring the castle of Stains. This is how the Domaine de Villandry is no exception to the decline, the hanguerlot family of Vatry, like a large part of the aristocracy and the rentier bourgeoisie, must now face the economic changes of their time [ 30 ] . Despite these developments, the HAINGUGERLOT Baroness will remain close to the princes of Orleans and a friend of the Duke of Aumale as well as Adolphe Thiers. She was notably the protector of the portrait painter and famous collector N\u00e9lie Jacquemart. Taking testifying to their worldly life, the castle of Champchevrier, in Cl\u00e9r\u00e9-les-Pins, still retains a bronze group, present of hunting offered by the hainguerlot to their hosts of the time. On the death of her husband, Rose Augusta Emilie Pam\u00e9la Hanguerlot bequeathed her property to her nephew Alfred Hinguerlot (1870-1914). The new owner will therefore exacerbate this feeling of social downgrading from a family who had become more and more disengaged from Villandry [ 30 ] : faced with the loss of economic value of land at the turn of XX It is A century, the baron is threatened in his income and his capital. This is why he decided in 1894 to separate from the castle, with the idea of \u200b\u200bplacing the liquid money on the stock market. Undoubtedly remorse, he nevertheless bought the property shortly after. But the Domaine de Villandry is no longer sufficiently “meaningful” to justify a conservation strategy so ambitious [ 30 ] . The whole ends up being again put up for sale in 1897 for the benefit of goods merchants who do not hesitate to fragment it in order to draw the maximum of profit: “Not finding buyers, they wanted to demolish it to resell the stones” [ 32 ] . At the end of 1900, the Villandry estate was finally acquired by the professor of physics and pharmacist Fran\u00e7ois-Pierre Le Roux, then 70 years old. But quickly, this “[…] realizing that his pharmaceutical products factory project thanks to waterfalls would not have brought him sufficiently to maintain Villandry, put the castle for sale three times, to 160,000, 140,000 and finally to 120,000 francs [ 33 ] . \u00bb . In the absence of sufficient interview, the domain continues inexorably to deteriorate and its condition becomes so alarming that it is threatened with demolition. The Belle \u00c9poque: Resurrection of the estate by Joachim Carvallo [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Joachim Carvallo’s children’s room (start XX It is century). The Chaachim Carvallo Chachimo (Debut XX It is century). Ceiling Mud\u00e9jar recovered during the demolition of the Dukes of Mac\u00e9da palace in Toledus ( XIII It is century). Central motif of the mud\u00e9jar ceiling of the Palais des Dukes de Mac\u00e9da in Toledo ( XIII It is century).  Sitting dwarf inspired by V\u00e9lasquez, Goya school (start XIX It is century).  The young patient, Goya school (start XIX It is century).   Villandry castle under construction at the start of XX It is century. While it was threatened with demolition, the castle was finally bought at the end of 1906 by Doctor Joachim Carvallo and his wife Ann Coleman, a wealthy heiress of the great American steelmakers, great-grandparents of the current owners. Born in Spain in 1869, Joachim had made himself known for advanced research on the physiology of digestion, which he led to Professor Charles Richet (Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1913) [ 29 ] . Against all expectations, the doctor decides to abandon his brilliant scientific career to devote most of his time and his money to put the Villandry domain back in his original state, that of the Renaissance. Joachim makes in particular reconstructing the gardens between 1908 and 1916, relying on the Monasticon Gallicanum and the ancient boards and texts of the architect Jacques Androuet du Cerceau, dealing with a renaissance garden typical of XVI It is century: he then wants to return his authenticity to Villandry [ 29 ] .  Joachim Carvallo and Ann Coleman, owners of the Ch\u00e2teau de Villandry from 1906. \u201cI was near Lyon when I heard about this property. I came to visit it. The castle was all in windows, in balconies, in Openings at Trompe-l’oeil. The park consisted of English, in valleying and nipples [\u2026], planted with many exotic species recently imported: cedars, pines, thuyas, magnolias, massed on the reverse of artificial mounds. The castle itself disappeared in the middle of a forest of trees and greenery. [\u2026] The whole, however, pleased me. The price did not see me exaggerated. The deed of sale was signed on the time. Two days later, the poor man died of gout.When, at the beginning of 1907, I came to settle in Villandry, I was frightened, by examining closely the castle and the property, of the overwhelming load that I had assumed. During the first months I was almost only concerned with the development and toilet works of the castle. [\u2026] It was only around the month of September 1907 that I was able to put myself at work [ 27 ] \u00bb With the help of a team of 100 masons, Joachim Carvallo gives the fa\u00e7ades their renaissance beauty while recreating, in full harmony with the architecture of the palace, the gardens that we see today [ 34 ] . ‘ After the first transformations that I had undergone, the effect was surprising. In less than a week, Villandry had resumed the character he had during the Renaissance. I invited members of the Touraine Archeology Society to come and realize the work I had done. These gentlemen who were used to seeing Villandry covered with false windows, which gave him the monotonous and sad appearance of a barracks, were amazed; They could not believe their eyes and thought that, by the effect of a magic wand, I had rebuilt a new castle \u00bb [ 27 ] .  In addition to this important project, a whole furniture campaign is carried out, with the installation of an important collection of tables of old Spanish masters thus reported in a pre-war tourist guide: \u201cThe admirable art galleries await us. There, Doctor Carvallo brought together a real old art treasure: Velasquez, Zurbaran, Greco Goya, Titian, Rib\u00e9ra. We see a mud\u00e9jar ceiling, old furniture, a marvelous mudja that cries, and an admirable marble group of the Renaissance. \u00bb\u00bb -Jacques-Marie Roug\u00e9 [ 35 ] . Exhibited in Paris in 1929, this collection was, on the death of its creator, divided then dispersed; Tables and statues are reproduced in an album-souvenir of 24 views on Villandry [ 36 ] . Today, the castle is still garnished with several Spanish furniture and an interesting collection of paintings from different schools dominated by the students of Francisco de Goya and Antoine Van Dyck. On the ground floor the large staircase with wrought iron ramp leads to the gallery of the paintings and the room with the Mozarabe ceiling from Toledo ( XIII It is century) [ 29 ] . Joachim Carvallo dedicates the rest of his life to the restoration of Villandry and has been resting since March 15, 1936 in the seigniorial vault of the Saint-\u00c9tienne church in Villandry. The doctor was also the founder, in 1924, of the first French association for the defense of private monumental heritage, the historic house, bringing together the owners of historic castles; He was a pioneer of the opening of these monuments to the public. The current heirs perpetuate the work of their ancestor and maintain with the same passion the castle and its gardens open to the public since 1920, thus retaining the family aspect which characterizes the house since its construction in 1532. The current owner, Henri Carvallo , is the great-grandson of Ann and Joachim [ 29 ] . An aesthetics under Italian influence [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Composed of nine squares bordered by fruit trees in cords and planted with vegetables in harmoniously arranged colors, the decorative vegetable garden mixes the tradition of Simple garden medieval to the influence of the Italian gardens of the Renaissance. The gardens of the French Renaissance are a garden style inspired by those of the Italian Renaissance, which later evolved to give birth to the larger and more formal style of the French garden under the reign of Louis XIV , from the middle of XVII It is century [ 37 ] . In 1495, King Charles VIII and his nobles reported the Renaissance style in France following their warlike campaign in Italy [ 37 ] . The French Renaissance gardens experienced their peak in the gardens of the Royal Castle of Fontainebleau and the castles of Blois and Chenonceau. The French Renaissance gardens are characterized by symmetrical and geometric flowerbeds or flowerbeds, pots in pots, alleys of sand and gravel, terraces, stairs and ramps, running waters in the form of canals, waterfalls and monumental fountains, and by the extensive use of artificial caves, labyrinths and statues of mythological characters [ 38 ] . They became an extension of the castles they surrounded, and were designed to illustrate the ideals of measurement and proportion of the Renaissance and to recall the virtues of ancient Rome [ 38 ] . The Renaissance gardens go from the utility enclosure, all in charge of Christian symbolism, with large perspectives using pagan vocabulary, and whose main goal is the only delight, pleasure. Aesthetic and personal considerations then become essential [ 39 ] . The space of the garden undergoes less and less the influence of religious precepts (notwithstanding the visions of Erasmus, of Bernard Palissy). Iconic references are only exclusively classic: they belong to mythology by the use of its symbolism, illustrated themes, statuary … The gardens also have a political dimension (the big gardens are drawn to the glory of the master places), and the evolution of the art of living makes it the framework of parties and sumptuous banquets. Their history is also a reflection of that, parallel, of botany (introductions of new species, approaching more and more scientific) and the evolution of theories and cultural practices [ 39 ] . Villandry flower beds [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  The gardens had been created at the same time as the Renaissance castle, originally the essential part was a vegetable garden for decorative use with exotic plants from various European and America countries. The descendants and successors of Jean Le Breton have watched over two centuries to maintain this heritage. This set will however be transformed into an English garden at the start of XIX It is century developing ” In valleys and nipple (\u2026), planted with many recently imported exotic species: cedars, pines, thuyas, magnolias, massaged on the reverse of artificial mounds. The castle itself [disappears] in the middle of a forest of trees and greenery \u00bb [ 3 ] . The current gardens of the Ch\u00e2teau de Villandry, are therefore the fruit of a patient reconstruction carried out between 1908 and 1916 by Joachim Carvallo from the Monasticon Gallicanum and the ancient boards and texts of the architect Jacques Androuet du Cerceau, dealing with a garden of the rebirth typical of XVI It is century: he then wants to return his authenticity to Villandry [ 29 ] .  Coming from Water garden , this succession of “tablecloths” falls in cascade under the sleeping bridge separating two sections from the Pleasure garden . This set currently occupies an area of \u200b\u200bmore than six hectares arranged on four terraces levels [ 3 ] : The upper terrace welcoming the brand new sun garden , inaugurated on June 20, 2008, constitutes a kind of belvedere overlooking the different sections of the garden. This last achievement extends over an old meadow surrounded by lime trees. From 1908 to 1918, Joachim Carvallo had designed a plan in principle for this terrace. As part of the hundredth anniversary of the recreation of Renaissance gardens, Henri Carvallo, the current owner, wanted to make this garden drawing inspiration from the drawing of his great-grandfather Joachim. This set respects the general principles of organization of the Villandry gardens, forming a greenery cloister made up of three bedrooms [ 3 ] : The Cloud Chamber Develops in small grassy alleys forming triangles that wind in the middle of roses and shrubs with blue and white tones. The Sun Chamber , central part of the garden, has a sun-shaped basin represented by an eight-branch star, drawn at the time by Joachim Carvallo, as well as perennial plants where the yellow-orange. The children’s room is made up of decorative apple trees where outdoor games are located. Located south of the park, the water garden is none other than the French garden wanted by Michelangelo of Castellane in the middle of the XVIII It is century. Surrounded by a cloister of lime trees, this section today consists of greenery carpets adorned with topiaries whose classic forms develop around a central water piece constituting a real mirror of Louis XV period water [ 3 ] .  The labyrinth located southwest of the park (aspect in 1998). An intermediate terrace extending the salons of the castle hosts the ornament garden or embroidery garden Composed of cut boxwoods and topiary Ifs. Furnished by Lozano, Sevillan painter, assisted by the painter and landscape designer Javier de Winthuysen, this section consists of four green salons representing the love gardens [ 3 ] : Tender love Symbolized by hearts separated from small flames. At the center of the masks that were put on the eyes during the balls allowed all kinds of conversations. Passionate love With hearts broken by passion, engraved in a movement reminiscent of dance and whirlpools of passion. Love fickle With its four fans in the corners represents the lightness of feelings. The dominant color in this square is yellow, a symbol of deceived love. Tragic love With daggers and swords to represent the duels caused by love rivalry. In summer the flowers are red to symbolize the blood spread during these fights. On the left, in the center: an easy drawing to recognize the Malta cross. Behind this cross, on the right, that of Languedoc and, on the left, that of the Basque Country. Finally, very stylized, lilk flowers along the moat [ 3 ] . Located at the level of the castle, the decorative vegetable garden takes up the tradition of Simple garden medieval, devoted to aromatic, condiment and medicinal plants [ 39 ] of which he contains a thirty species. Of a purely Renaissance style, it consists of nine squares bordered by fruit trees in cords and planted with vegetables in harmoniously arranged colors where the Italian gardens of the Italian gardens of the Italian gardens XIV It is century, decorative elements, fountains, arbors and squares of flowers, skillfully arranged to distract walkers [ 37 ] , thus transforming the utility garden in a pleasure garden [ 3 ] . Located southwest of the whole, is made up of a labyrinth planted with charmilles with the aim of rising spiritually to its central platform [ 39 ] . The last nickname the forest develops in flowering terraces around a greenhouse and a little madness of XVIII It is century, the audience pavilion. Forming one of the sections of the French gardens developed at XVIII It is century, Michelangeln of Castellane “gave audience” to farmers and peasants who worked on his land. This factory was completely renovated in 2004 [ 3 ] . The garden fountains and arbors were restored from 1994 [ 4 ] . The gardens form a set limited to the north by the road to Tours, to the south by the rural path of the sheepfold, to the west by the fence wall along the plant labyrinth. They obtained the remarkable garden state label [ 40 ] . A study day was organized on February 8, 2012 as part of meetings at the 2012 gardens by the Directorate General of Patrimoines and the National Council of Parcs et Jardins [ 41 ] . Finally, a lawn tennis court was opened in 2010.  Mud\u00e9jar ceiling of the Dukes of Maca Dukes. The kitchen of the castle, a rustic room decorated with tomettes. Forest of love fickle in the ornamental garden (1908-1916). Porter of tragic love in the ornamental garden (1908-1916). Porter of passionate love in the ornamental garden (1908-1916). The succession of terraces (1908-1916). West oblique air view of the reconstituted gardens (1908-1916). \u2191 Contact details verified on Geoportail and Google Maps  \u2191 a et b L\u00e9on palustra ( you. ), Renaissance architecture , Paris, 7 rue Saint-Beno\u00eet, former Quentin house, booksellers-printing brought together, 1892 (ISBN\u00a0 978-1-5087-0118-7-7 ) .  \u2191 a b c d e f g h and 1 Rachel Coudray, ‘ The gardens of Villandry Step \u00bb , on chateauvillandry.fr , Villandry Castle (consulted the August 6, 17 )  \u2191 a et b Notice n O \u00a0PA00098286 , Base M\u00e9rim\u00e9e, French Ministry of Culture  \u2191 A B and C L.CIMBER AND F D’anjou, auxiliary at the Royal Library, member of the Historical Institute., Curious archives of the history of France from Louis XI to Louis XVIII, or collection of rare and interesting pieces such as chronicles, Memoirs, Pamphlets , t. 6, Paris, 26, rue Saint-Thomas-du-Louvre, Blanchet, 1835  \u2191 Memoirs of the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Antiquaires de l’Ouest 1842, pages 226 and 227  \u2191 A B and C Jean Mesqui, Chateaux and pregnant from medieval France: from defense to residence , t. \u00a02, Picard, 1993 .  \u2191 a et b Herv\u00e9 Champollion, Strong and fortresses of medieval France , EDL, 2007 .  \u2191 a et b Gauvard (Dir.), Dictionary of the Middle Ages  \u2191 a et b Martin Aurell, The Plantagen\u00eats Empire (1154-1224) , Paris, Perrin, 2003, p. ten  \u2191 ‘ City Hall of Compi\u00e8gne \u00bb , on Encyclopedie.picardie.fr , 2014 (consulted the 15 mars 2017 )  \u2191 The Roux de Lincy and L.M. Tisserand, The Paris of Charles V and Charles VI seen by contemporary writers. , Caen, paradigm, 1992  \u2191 Jean-Pierre Caillet and Fabienne Joubert , The art of the Middle Ages , Pollina, Lu\u00e7on, Gallimard printing, 1995 , 589 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-07-074202-8 ) , p. 208  \u2191 a b c d e f g h and 1 Jean-Pierre Babylon, Ch\u00e2teaux de France in the Renaissance century , Paris, Flammarion \/ Picard, 1989\/1991, 840 pages, 32 cm (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-08-012062-5 )  \u2191 L\u00e9on palustra ( you. ), Renaissance architecture , Paris, 7 rue Saint-Beno\u00eet, former Quentin house, booksellers-printing brought together, 1892 (ISBN\u00a0 978-1-5087-0118-7-7 )  \u2191 a b c d e f and g Robert DUCHER ( photogr. Pierre Devinoy), Styles characteristics , Paris, Flammarion Editor, 1963 , 410 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-08-011359-7 ) . P80 .  \u2191 a et b Claude Mignot, Daniel Rabreau And Sophie bajard , Modern time 15th centuries , Paris, Flammarion, coll. ” The history of art “, October 6, 2010 , 575 pages (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-08-012181-3 )  \u2191 a et b Pierre Le Noac’h, History of Villandry and its castle , Tours, Imp. Mariotton, 1949 , sixty four p. , page 30  \u2191 P. de Vaissi\u00e8re, ‘ Secretariat of State for the Navy – Ancient Colonial Staff (XVIIth -XVIII s.) \u00bb , on anom.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr  (consulted the August 12, 17 )  \u2191 Jacques de Cauna (ed. [What ?] ), Toussaint Louverture and independence of Haiti: testimonies for a bicentenary , Paris, \u00c9ditions Karthala, 2004, p. 189  \u2191 Michel Zylberberg, So sweet domination, French business circles and Spain in 1780-1808, economic and financial history of France. General studies , 1993, p. 527 .  \u2191 Christian Gilles, Madame Tallien, the Queen of the Directory .  \u2191 A B C and D Louis Bergeron, Parisian bankers, traders and manufacturers of the board of the Empire , Paris, \u00c9ditions de l’\u00c9cole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, two thousand and thirteen , 436 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-7132-2552-9 , read online )  \u2191 Aim\u00e9 Malvardi, Napoleon and his legend , Paris, Lions and Azzaro, 1965, p. 215 .  \u2191 A B and C Napoleon and his family , 1903, Tome VI, p. 157 and 360.  \u2191 Ibid.  \u2191 A B and C Ibid. , p. thirty first .  \u2191 Father and son bear the same first first name on the civil status. But the Lorraine tradition retains the last first name as usual. Thus the Marshal and General Oudinot are named Charles and Victor respectively for their friends and family.  \u2191 a b c d e and f ‘ Villandry \u00bb , on monumentshistoriques.free.fr , April 15, 2017 (consulted the August 5, 17 )  \u2191 A B C and D Vincent Th\u00e9bault, ” \u201cFathers’ fault\u201d. Heritage fragmentation and representation of social decline \u00bb, Ruralia, review of the Association of French Ruralists , January 29, 2009 ( read online , consulted the August 13, 2017 )  \u2191 Le noac’h, on. Cit. , p. 45 .  \u2191 Joachim Carvallo quoted by Noac’h, on. Cit.  p. 30 .  \u2191 Ibid. , p. 30 .  \u2191 See on Archives.cg37.fr .  \u2191 In the wonderful country of the Ch\u00e2teaux de Touraine , Arthaud, 1934, p. 76 et 77, ill. – arch. pers.  \u2191 Tours, R. DOIRANT Publisher, S.D. – Arch. pers.  \u2191 A B and C Claude Wenzler, Garden architecture , p. twelfth .  \u2191 a et b Claude Wenzer, p. 13 .  \u2191 A B C and D Guards lamear-vadel, Renaissance secret gardens , Paris, L’Harmattan, 1997 , stars, simple and wonders  \u2191 Committee of Parks and Gardens of France .  \u2191 ‘ Study day Acts Rendez -vous at the garden 2012 – The garden and its images \u00bb , on culture.gouv.fr , February 7, 2012 (consulted the September 25, 2022 )  On other Wikimedia projects: Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ] P. Le Noach, History of Villandry and its castle , Tours, impr. Mariotton, 1949 Bruno Virey, In the entourage of Madame de Vatry 1802-1881 , Ch\u00e2lon-sur-Sa\u00f4ne, at the author, 1992 Related article [ modifier | Modifier and code ] external links [ modifier | Modifier and code ]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/chateau-de-villandry-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Ch\u00e2teau de Villandry – Wikipedia"}}]}]