Chiishme Duodécimain — Wikipedia

The Duodecomain Shiism (Arab: Twelve , Ithnā’ashagiyar ) designates the group of Shiites who believe in the existence of the twelve imams. Dogma was thus formed from 874-940, as part of the blackout of the twelfth imam. Mostly opposed to Ghulat, Duodecomain Shiism subsequently undergoes an influence of mutazilism ^{[ first ]} . Over time, Shiism goes from a political ideology to a militant ideology ^{[ 2 ]} .

They are in the majority in Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, and constitute the majority Muslim community in Lebanon.

Duodecomain Shiism is the official current of Iran since the foundation of the Safavid dynasty by Ismaïl first ^is in 1501.

The majority of duodecimans follow jafarism. Other duodecimans are Ghulat, Alaouites, Alevi or Qizilbash.

Duodecimans have several characteristics.

• Shī’a (“Shiism”), signifier Ali supporters (in Arabic Shī’a Originally designates a group of supporters). The Shī’a consider Ali Ibn Abî Tâlib as a legitimate successor of Muhammad.
• Ja’far is always used to refer to Madhhab by the majority of duodecimans. The term Ja’farī is used both for fiqh (“jurisprudence”). This term is attributed to Jaˤfar As-Sādiq, which the Shiites consider to be their sixth imam. Other duodecimans are Ghulat, Alaouites, Alevi or Qizilbash.
• imâmism is a reference to duodecimain belief in holy and infallible imams after Muhammad. This concept is found in the other branches of Shiism (Ismaéliens in particular).
• Rawafid , a term often negatively connoted and used by the Sunnis which means “those of the refusal”. It is a reference to the refusal by the duodecimans of the legitimacy of the first 3 caliphs (Abu Bakr, Omar and Othman), preferring ‘Ali. ^{[ 3 ]} Ratfidî (in Arabic: الرافضي) is an Arabic word, first attributed to a group in the army of Zayd b. Ali b. Al-Husayn, who had abandoned the latter during the battle. Some Sunnis attributed this title to all Shiites to slander them. On the other hand, the Shiites consider this title as a compliment for themselves.

Schism between duodecimans and septimans has its root in a succession quarrel. When he died, Ja’far al-Sâdiq leaves a son, but also the children of a disappeared second son. The supporters of the first recognize him as the seventh imam as well as his descendants, until the twelfth ^{[ 4 ]} . After the schism between Ismaelism and the future Duodecomain Shiism, Fathiyya, supported Abdallah Ibn Jaafar as Imam. After the death of this one, it rallies itself mainly to the future Duodecomain Shiism ^{[ 5 ]} . However, another sect separated from the future Duodecomain Shiism. This is the Waqfiyya. His followers consider that Moussa Ibn Jaafar is the hidden imam ^{[ 6 ]} .

View of duodecimans [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

According to the Shiites Duodecimans ( Ithnāashar’YYah ), the following list is the list of Muhammad’s successors. Each imam is the son of the previous one, except Husayn, who was Hasan’s brother.

Religious law: Sharia law [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Duodecimans derive their sharia law, or religious law, the Koran and Sunnah. The difference between Sunni and Shiite Sharia law is the Shiite belief that Muhammad assigned Ali the task of leading believers after his death (the caliphate). In addition, according to the Shiites, God would have dictated this designation. By this difference, the Shiites:

• follow the hadith of Muhammad and the 12 imams.
• only accept the examples, verdicts and hādīths of any narrator, only after checks.
• attribute the concept of Masūm (“Infallibility”) with twelve imams or fourteen infallibles (which include Muhammad and his daughter Fatima Zahra). They follow the examples and verdicts of this group.

The concept of imam and mahdi [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Shiite imams, the first of which is ˤalī Ibn Abī Tālib, are considered infallible. This is an important aspect of Shiite theology. They are not considered prophets ( nabī ), nor messengers ( Rasl ), but relay the message of Muhammad. Shiite Muslims consider that all groups or religions who accept prophets or messengers after Muhammad are pagan or heretical. They believe that the last imam (which is also the twelfth and current imam), the Mahdî, son of the 11 ^{It is} Imam Hasan al-Askari is in occultation on the orders of God and will reappear in his order. The Mahdi, born in 869, disappeared during minor concealment in 874 to, according to tradition, give proof of its existence in 941, before entering into major blackout ^{[ 7 ]} .

Hussayn’s martyrdom [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Procession commemorating the martyrdom of Hussayn

The martyrdom of Hussayn Ibn ˤalī having taken place on ten ^{It is} Day of the month of Muharram – known as Achoura – plays a significant role in duodecimain theology. This day is commemorated annually in sadness and pain. Some participate in a ritual which consists in typing on his chest, which is for them a form of expression of abandonment which comes from the practical incapacity of having helped Hussayn and his troop of 72 companions. Hitting the body with knives or other sharp to the blood is very uncommon. Although some Shiite leaders (such as Ayatollah Khomeini) have prohibited this ritual, some believers always practice this ancient custom. In most countries with significant Shiite populations, large crowds can be observed that make processions to celebrate the martyrdom of Hussayn.

This list is not exhaustive or representative of the differences between Shiites and Sunnis.

Acceptance of the verdict of a scholar [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

The Jafarie school accepts and encourages the concept of imitation (Arab: tradition ) or “imitation”. This means that non-deduced Muslims should choose a thinker whose virtue and knowledge are recognized and follow (“imitate”) his precepts and recommendations in their everyday life. This religious leader can be recognized as a “source of imitation” ( Marja-e taqlid or “imitated” (Arabic: imitative , muqallad ). It is a person who has spent years studying the Koran, the Sunnah and the words of the imams in order to know the sources of knowledge. However, his verdicts should not be taken as the only source of religious information and he can always be corrected by others imitated or other sources of imitation. This process can take years or decades; Because, in the imitation , the verdicts are based on the latest research and are given according to someone’s contemporary situation.

Prayer [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

There are minor differences on how prayer is carried out in Sunnis and Shiites. During the purification ritual carried out in preparation for prayer (which consists in washing your face, hands, feet, etc. and reciting some prayers), the Shiites consider that rinse your feet with wet hands is necessary and Sufficient (as it is subject to the aya of ablutions (wudu ‘) to the Koran). On the contrary, the Sunnis consider that the complete washing of the feet is necessary. In addition, the Shiites do not wash the interior of the ears with the finger during the ablutions.

Regarding prayer proper, Jafaris think that it is necessary to bow down on the earth (including non -edible plants and wood, etc.). Therefore, many Shiites use a small earth tablet (taking the land of Karbala) during their daily prayers, which is intended to receive their forehead when they look.

From a Jafari point of view, the hands must be left hanging on the side during the standing position of the prayer. On the contrary, the Sunnites believe that the hands must be crossed. Duodecimans, like Sunnis, consider that the five daily prayers are compulsory. However, the Shiites find it acceptable to pray to the second and third prayer or the fourth and the fifth together when they want. The other Sunni schools only authorize it when the believer is traveling or forced.