Chupan — Wikipedia

Suck , or Tchupan , Tchoban ^{[ first ]} , Also known as Émir Chupan Noyan ^{[ 2 ]} , born around 1262, died in 1327, is a Mongolian aristocrat in Persia, in the service of three successive ilkhans of the Houlagid dynasty (or Ilkhanides): Ghazan, Oldjaïtou and Abu Said Bahadur; He is himself the eponym of the chupanid dynasty ^{[What ?]} .

The Mongolian Empire in the second half of the XIII ^{It is} century [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

The Grand Khan des Mongols was then Kubilai Khan (r. 1260-1294), grandson of Gengis Khan, Emperor of China and founder of the Chinese Yuan dynasty.

In addition to China, the Mongolian Empire then includes three other Khanats: the Khanat of Djaghatai in Central Asia, the Horde d’Or (or Khanat de Kiptchak) in the Steppes of Russia and the Ilkhann of Persia led by the Houlagids.

Apart from the Mongolian Empire, the main states are the Byzantine Empire and the Mamluk State in Egypt and Syria.

The Ilkhanian of Persia and the Houlagid dynasty [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Between 1255 and 1260, an important event takes place: the conquest of Persia and Iraq (Baghdad is taken in 1258) and the overthrow of the abbasid caliphate by the Mongoli army of Houlagou Khan, under the reign of the fourth Grand Khan Möngke.

Houlagou Khan (1217-1265) is the founder of the Houlagid dynasty or Ilkhanides:

• Houagou Khan (R. 1256-1265), Petit-Fils of Genghis Khan Par Tolui
• Abaqa (r. 1265-1282), fils d’Houlagou
• Teküder (r. 1282-1284), son of Houlagou; converted to Islam under the name of Ahmad
• Arghoun (r. 1284-1291), fils d’Abaqa
• Gaykhatou (r. 1291-1295), FILS d’ABAQA
• BAHDOU (R. 1295), Petit-Fils D’Houlagou Khan Par Taragay
• Ghazan (r. 1295-1304), son of Arghoun; converted to Islam under the name of Mahmud
• Oldjaïtou (r. 1304-1316), son of Arghoun
• Abu Saïd Bahadur (r. 1316-1335), son of Oldjaïtou

Origin [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Chupan, from the Mongolian tribe of the Süldüz (Soldus, a descendant tribe of Buyan Suldus des Tayitchi’out), is the son of a Khan named Le Malek des Mongols, including an ancestor, Sorgan Chira (in) (ou encore chilaun ou chuluun (mongol: Stone ) was at the service of Gengis Khan at the start of XIII ^{It is} century and whose father, Amir Tuda’un, died under the reign of Abaqa, during the Battle of Elbistan against the Mamluks in 1277.

Beginnings under Arghoun and Ghaykhatou [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

The bravery of Chupan is revealed during a battle against Nogaï, Khan of the Horde d’Or, when he has only about twenty years (April/ May 1289 ) ^{[ 3 ]} .

On the death of the Ilkhan Arghoun in 1291, Chupan supported Ghaykhatou against Baidou.

In 1295, Baïdou succeeded Ghaykhatou very briefly, but Chupan, advised by Emir Nowruz, supported Ghazan who gained power in the same year. As a reward, Chupan receives an important command.

Ghazan’s reign [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Emir Nowruz (1295-1297) [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Coming to power, Ghazan converts to Sunni Islam, taking the name of Mahmud ^{[ 4 ]} . He was then influenced by Emir Nowruz, who played an essential role for two years. But he was disgraced in 1297 and rebelled. Chupan participates in the campaign against him ^{[ 3 ]} .

Sulamich’s revolt (1299) [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

In 1299, Chupan was sent to eastern Anatolia in the forefront of the army led by the Emir Quetlugh Châh coming from Wasit to suppress the revolt of Sulamich. This one, grandson of Noyan Baïdju, seeks to prune an independent principality with the help of the Bey of Karaman Mahmud ^{[ 5 ]} . Chupan attacks by surprise without waiting for the wholesale of the army and won the victory ^{[ 3 ]} (the April 27, 1299 à Akşehir).

The war in Syria (1299-1303) [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Then he participated in the campaign led the same year in Syria, against Mameluks who had favorably greeted his conversion to Islam. Ghazan attacks with 60,000 men, occupies Aleppo, except the citadel ( December 12, 1299 ) ^{[ 5 ]} . King Héthoum II of Armenia (Cilicia) joins this campaign with a significant contingent of 40,000 Armenians and Georgians. Chupan occupies the army center during the battle of Wadi al-Khazandar ( Third battle of Homs ) near Homs ( December 22 ) ^{[ 3 ]} . Ghazan enters Damascus the January 6, 1300 .

In February 1300 , Ghazan returns to Persia, leaving behind a contingent under the command of Quetlugh Châh. The Mameluks immediately resume the offensive. Chupan commanded the forefront of the army during the 1300 campaign ^{[ 3 ]} , at the end of which the Mameluks reoccupies Syria ^{[ 5 ]} .

Ghazan then called on the Franks of the Latin states of the East, organizing a meeting in Antioch. In the month of November 1300 , Amaury II of Cyprus comes there with 300 knights, accompanied by knights of the temple and the hospital at least as numerous. The particularly rigorous winter prevents Ghazan from coming to the rendezvous he set. In the month of February 1301 , Quetlugh Châh finally arrives with 60,000 men. He leaves for Aleppo then Homs ^{[ 6 ]} And comes back without doing anything more ^{[ 7 ]} .

In 1303, Ghazan sent 60,000 men for a third campaign in Syria still under the command of Quetlugh Châh. Against Chupan’s advice, he wants to attack the Mamluks before having assured his backs in Damascus. The Battle of Marj As-Suffar is a defeat for Mongols ( April 21, 1303 ) ^{[ 3 ]} . This is the last of the Mongolian interventions in Syria ^{[ 5 ]} . On his return Quetlugh Châh is punishable by eighty-seven lashes. Chupan, who supported the morale of the troops during the retreat, receives three lashes to save appearances ^{[ 3 ]} .

Reign of Oldjaïtou [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Ghazan dies the May 17 1304 . Its successor is his younger brother, Oldjaïtou, son of the Nestorian princess Ourouk Khatun and baptized by her under the name of Nicolas. This one converts to Islam under the influence of one of its wives, even adhering to Persian chî’ism ^{[ 8 ]} .

In mars 1305 , Dowlandî Khatun, daughter of Oldjaïtou gets engaged with Chupan. Marriage is consumed in September 1307 . That year, he received the command of an army responsible for putting order in the Gilan. He leaves from Ardabil to the north to Astara and then follows the bank of the Caspian Sea to the south. He convinced the sovereigns of Astara and Gaskar (or Kaskar in the Rasht region) to go without fighting. He then returns to Oldjaïtou. Quetlugh Châh which passes through the Sefid Roud Valley, is less lucky in his business because he is killed by the Gilakis ^{[ 9 ]} . After this death of the Emir Quetlugh Châh, Chupan accesses the highest grade ^{[ 3 ]} to emir the nation ^{[ ten ]} (State commander, 1307).

The following year, Chupan made incursions in Georgia and then spends most of his time in his winter districts located in the regions of Arrān and Muğan, however he returned regularly to the Oldjaïtou camp in Sultaniya ^{[ 3 ]} . He may have made a campaign against Toqtaï in 1313, but it is not certain. Its summer districts are then strategically placed on the border in Qaṣr-e ṭāq and near Lake Senvan (currently in Armenia) ^{[ 3 ]} .

Chupan has acquired an immense power, which underscores the civil powers like the Grand Vizir and in particular the Qarasonquer defector. The latter was viceroy of Syria mandated by the Mameluks of Egypt (1310). In 1312, he went to the Mongolian camp. He undoubtedly encouraged Oldjaïtou to embark on a campaign against the Mameluks without counting on other forces than his own. This campaign turns to disaster for Mongols who run out to siege the Al-Rahba fortress, on the border of the Euphrates. This seat lasts several weeks, the troops suffer from diseases. The attackers must withdraw (end January 1313 ). This will be the last attempted invasion of Syria by Ilkhanides ^{[ 11 ]} . Oldjaïtou seems to have given full powers to Qarasonqur, which would have caused the hostility of Chupan ^{[ 3 ]} .

In 1314, Chupan carried out a campaign in Anatolia. He is responsible for calming a revolt caused by the repressive policy of the Mongolian Emir Qorûmchî. This intervention will then be one of the causes of the hostility of Mongolian emirs. During this campaign his wife Dowlandî Khatun died. In 1317, or perhaps even before the death of Dowlandî Khatun, the links with the ruling family will be renewed by its engagement with Sati Beg, sister of Abu Saïd ^{[ 3 ]} .

Reign of Abu Saïd [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Abu Said, is only twelve years old when he succeeds his father Oldjaïtou, who died in Sultaniya the December 16, 1316 . Abu Saïd will remain the toy of the Mongolian lords who govern under his name by arguing the power and the provinces ^{[ twelfth ]} . The new sultan confirms Chupan in his functions “of Amīr al-Umarāʾ ^{[ 13 ]} . In 1318, Chupan owned the Grand Seal (Tamga) ^{[ 3 ]} .

The great historian Rashid al-Din who, as minister, had always defended the interests of the state, is executed because of atrocious slanders ( July 18, 1318 ). At the beginning of the reign, power is in the hands of Chupan who from 1317 to 1327 is the true Master of Persia ^{[ twelfth ] , [ 14 ]} . Rashid al-Din and Chupan are first friends. Chupan Persuade Rashid Al-Din to resume a political role when he himself is not of this opinion. This initiative is criticized by Tâj al-Dîn `Alîchâh. This incident demonstrates the ambiguity of the relationship between Chupan and the power of civil administration. His power comes up against the opposition of several emirs such as Retchin (īrenjīn) and Qorûmchî (Qūromīšī), both members of the Mongolian Kéraiti tribe who poorly support the authority of Chupan. Qorûmchî has just been called to order by Chupan and Intchin had provoked a rebellion in Anatolia because of his oppression policy, Chupan was then sent by Oldjaïtou to stem him. Subsequently Intchin was appointed governor of Diyarbakır but soon replaced. The latter felt this eviction as a sanction coming from Chupan benefiting from the sultan’s agreement. This is the version reported by Mamelouks historians to explain the emirs revolt. Abu Saïd still supports Chupan. Tâj al-Dîn `Alîchâh on the other hand, conspired against Chupan, and plays a role in the withdrawal of Rashid al-Din ^{[ 3 ]} .

The September 20, 1319 , Chupan marries Sati Beg, sister of Abu Saïd ^{[ 3 ]} .

The devotion of Chupan for Islam has been applauded by Mamelouks historians, which is an exception for Mongoli. In 1320 he destroyed the churches of Chiraz. It renovates mosques that have been damaged by natural disasters. He intervenes to prohibit wine consumption, against brothels and places of entertainment ^{[ 3 ]} .

The first reports of Chupan with the Mameluks had been hostile. He was given the decision to stop the siege of Al-Rahba during the reign of Oldjaïtou. His trial favorable to the Mameluks is sufficiently known for his enemy the renegat Qarasonqur to produce letters which he would have allegedly written to them. It is true that Chupan is credited with the organization of an exchange of ambassadors between Mongols and Egypt (1323). A little later Chupan asks for marriage for one of his sons, the daughter of the sultan Mamelouk al-Malik an-nâsir Muhammad ^{[ 3 ]} .

Chupan is used to spending most of his time in the border region in Derbent (Daghestan) and only returns to court two or three times a year. In 1322, Chupan went to Anatolia to put his son Temür Tash, vice-king of Anatolia. He brings her to Abu Saïd who forgives him ^{[ 3 ]} .

In 1325, Chupan financed the restoration of the Mecca water distribution system, built by Zubayda Bint Ja`Far at the start of IX ^{It is} century. These works last only a few months and are completed at the beginning of 1326 ^{[ 3 ]} .

The first signs of Abu Saïd’s Change of Attitude to Chupan revealed themselves in 1325. Abu Saïd fell from Bagdâd Khâtûn, daughter of Chupan renamed for her beauty ^{[ 15 ]} Married two years earlier with Hasan Buzurg. Chupan’s efforts to distract Abu Said have no effect. Chupan’s lack of complacency causes reprisals against one of his sons, Demachq Khâja who exceeded his rights to the court in the absence of his father. Chupan’s interests are poorly defended even by those he chose as Vizirs ^{[ 3 ]} . Chupan leads to the Terek (Chechnya and Daghestan) a victorious expedition against the Mongol Khanate of the Horde d’Or. In 1326 one of his sons, Hasan, beaten near Ghazni (in Afghanistan) and rejects in Transoxiane the Khan of Djaghataï Tarmachir who had invaded the Khorasan ^{[ twelfth ]} . Chupan is named “Emir al-U-Umarāʾ” of Persia, Touran and perhaps from China by the great Khan of China Yesün Temür. Chupan is then at the top of his power. Still during his absence from the court his son Demachq Khâja, too sure to give him to Abu Said a pretext to attack him and have him kill ( August 24, 1327 ) ^{[ 16 ] , [ 3 ]} .

In 1327, Abu Saïd, tired of his guardianship, broke with Chupan. At that time, Chupan is in Khorasan. He lifts the revolt of the revolt and is about to walk from Machhad to Azerbaijan ^{[ twelfth ]} . A mediation between Chupan and Abu Said fails. The meeting of the two armies takes place near Ray. But before the fight begins, Chupan is abandoned by his troops and will take refuge in Herat, with his son Jela’u Khan, with King Ghiyâth Al-Dîn. The latter makes him strangle, and “sends his finger” to Abu Saïd ( November 1327 ) ^{[ twelfth ]} . Jela’u Khan, son of Dowlandî Khatun, is executed at the same time as his father ^{[ 17 ]} . As a reward for this betrayal, Ghiyâth al-Dîn receives the promise of a marriage with Kordotchin one of the widows of Chupan. Chupan’s finger is sent to Karabagh ^{[ 18 ]} END December 1327 , he is suspended in the bazaar in the midst of rejoicing. His daughter Bagdâd Khâtûn tries to have him buried in Mecca in the mausoleum he had built. Sultan Mamluk al-Malik An-Nâsir Muhammad opposes it. Chupan is ultimately buried in Medina at the Al-Baqî cemetery ^{[ 3 ]} . Hasan Buzurg, cautiously divorce from Bagdâd Khâtûn, this allows Abu Said to marry him.

The children of Chupan [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

• With a first wife ^{[ 17 ]} ?

• Hasan, viceroy of Khorasan and Mazandaran, he distanced himself from his father before his escape in Herat. He takes refuge with the Khan of the Horde d’Or in the service of which he died during a battle ^{[ 17 ]} .
• Temür Tash, viceroy of Anatolia, after the fall of his father, he took refuge in Egypt where he is killed by my Mameluks. He has two sons which constitute the dynasty:

• Demachq Khâja remains at the court of Abu Saïd where his escapades have him executed, thus precipitating the fall of his father. He is married to Tûrîn Khâtûn granddaughter of Khan Ahmad Teküder. They have a daughter:

• Chaykh Mahmud, Governor of Armenia and Georgia is brought to Tabriz and executed after the fall of his brother Demachq Khâja ^{[ 17 ]} . He has a son :

• Jela’u Khan, executed at the same time as his father in Herat in 1327.

• With Kordotchin, after the death of Chupan she was promised in marriage to Ghîath al-Dîn, the sovereign of Kert who executed him.

• Siuksah
• Yagi basti
• Vruz

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