[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/cytoplasmic-male-sterility-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/cytoplasmic-male-sterility-wikipedia\/","headline":"Cytoplasmic male sterility – Wikipedia","name":"Cytoplasmic male sterility – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 A wikipedia article, free l’encyclop\u00e9i. after-content-x4 Cytoplasmic male sterility is total or partial male sterility of hermaphrodite organisms, resulting","datePublished":"2021-02-27","dateModified":"2021-02-27","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d6\/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg\/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d6\/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg\/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png","height":"14","width":"9"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/cytoplasmic-male-sterility-wikipedia\/","wordCount":3287,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4A wikipedia article, free l’encyclop\u00e9i.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Cytoplasmic male sterility is total or partial male sterility of hermaphrodite organisms, resulting from specific nuclear and mitochondrial interactions [ first ] . Male sterility is the inability to produce functional anthers, pollen or male gametes. Male sterility in hermaphrodite populations leads to gynodioic populations (populations where fully functional hermaphrodites and male-sterile hermaphrodites).          (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Joseph Gottlieb K\u00f6lreuter was the first to document male sterility in plants. At XVIII It is century, it reports aborted anthers within species and certain hybrids. Cytoplasmic male sterility (SMC) is mainly found in angiosperms and has been identified in more than 140 species of angiosperms [ 2 ] . SMC has also been identified in an animal species, Physa acuta , a freshwater snail [ 3 ] . There is solid evidence proving that gynodialia and SMC are a transitional stage between hermaphrodisms and the separation of the sexes [ 4 ] .        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Male sterility is more widespread than female sterility. This could be due to the fact that sporophyte and male gametophyte are less protected from the environment than the ovum and the embryonic bag. Sterile male plants can produce seeds and spread. Sterile female plants cannot develop seeds and will not spread. The manifestation of male sterility in the SMC can be controlled either entirely by cytoplasmic factors or by interactions between cytoplasmic factors and nuclear factors. Male sterility can occur spontaneously via mutations in nuclear and\/or cytoplasmic or cytoplasmic – genetic genes. In this case, the SMC trigger is in the extranuclear genome – (mitochondria or chloroplasts). The extra-nuclear genome is inherited only from the mother. Natural selection on cytoplasmic genes could also lead to low pollen production or male sterility. Male sterility is easy to detect because a large number of pollen grains is produced in fertile male plants. Pollen grains can be dosed by coloring techniques (carmine, lactophenol or iodine). Cytoplasmic male sterility, as its name suggests, is under extranuclear genetic control (under control of mitochondrial or plastic genomes). It shows non -Mendelian inheritance, with male sterility inherited from the mother. In general, there are two types of cytoplasms: normal (normal) and aberrant (sterile) cytoplasmes. These types have reciprocal differences. SMC is a case of male sterility, but this condition can also come from nuclear genes. In the case of nuclear male sterility (when male sterility is caused by a nuclear mutation), the transmission of the male sterility allele is half reduced, since the entire male reproductive track is canceled. The SMC differs from the latter case (nuclear male sterility) because most cytoplasmic genetic elements are only transmitted by kindergarten. This implies that for a cytoplasmic genetic element, provoking male sterility does not affect its transmission rate since it is not transmitted by the male reproduction route. Inactivation of the male reproductive path (production of sperm, production of male reproductive organs, etc.) can lead to the reallocation of resources to the female reproductive path, increasing female reproductive capacities (female fitness), this phenomenon is called female advantage (FA for female ad even in English) [ 5 ] . The female advantage of many gynodioic species has been quantified (such as the ratio between the female fitness of the male-sterile and the female fitness of the hermaphrodite) and is mainly between 1 and 2 [ 5 ] . In the case of nuclear male sterility, a female advantage of at least 2 is required to make it evolving [What ?] neutral (fa = 2) or advantageous (fa> 2) since half the transmission is canceled because of the male sterility allele [ 6 ] . Cytoplasmic male sterility requires no female advantage to be evolving [What ?] neutral (fa = 1), or a small female advantage to be evolving [What ?] advantageous (fa> 1) [ 6 ] . As far as we know, SMC is much more common than nuclear male sterility, the results of a 49 gyndioic plant study show that 17 species (35%) have SMC and only 7 (14%) have nuclear male sterility (all remaining species have unknown determinism) [ 7 ] Dufay, Mathilde; Billard, Emmanuelle (2012-02). “How much better are females? The occurrence of female advantage, its proximal causes and its variation within and among gynodioecious species” . Annals of Botany . 109 (3): 505\u2013519. doi: 10.1093\/aob\/mcr062 . ISSN\u00a0 1095-8290 . PMC\u00a0 3278283 . PMID\u00a0 21459860 .  CS1 maint: PMC format (link)  \u2191 Biology of Brassica Coenospecies , Elsevier, 1999 , 186 \u2013189 (ISBN\u00a0 978-0-444-50278-0 , read online  )  \u2191 (in) Laser a lersten, ‘ Anatomy and cytology of microsporogenesis in cytoplasmic male sterile angiosperms \u00bb , The Botanical Review , vol. 38, n O 3, first is July 1972 , p. 425\u2013454 (ISSN\u00a0 1874-9372 , DOI\u00a0 10.1007\/BF02860010 , read online )  \u2191 (in) David, Degletagne, Saclier and Jennan, ‘ Extreme mitochondrial DNA divergence underlies genetic conflict over sex determination \u00bb , Current Biology , vol. 32, n O 10, May 2022 , p. 2325\u20132333.E6 (DOI\u00a0 10.1016 \/ J.CIB.2022.04.01.014 , read online )  \u2191 (in) DUFAY, CHAMPLOGOGER, BUYT it HENRY, ‘ An angiosperm-wide analysis of the gynodioecy\u2013dioecy pathway \u00bb , Annals of Botany , vol. 114, n O 3, first is September 2014 , p. 539\u2013548 (ISSN\u00a0 0305-7364 , PMID\u00a0 25091207 , PMCID\u00a0 PMC4204665 , DOI\u00a0 10.1093\/aob\/mcu134 , read online )  \u2191 a et b (in) Dufay and billiards, ‘ How much better are females? The occurrence of female advantage, its proximal causes and its variation within and among gynodioecious species \u00bb , Annals of Botany , vol. 109, n O 3, February 2012 , p. 505\u2013519 (ISSN\u00a0 1095-8290 , PMID\u00a0 21459860 , PMCID\u00a0 PMC3278283 , DOI\u00a0 10.1093\/aob\/mcr062 , read online ) .  \u2191 a And b Lewis, \u00ab\u00a0 Male Sterility in Natural Populations of Hermaphrodite Plants. The Equilibrium Between Females and Hermaphrodites to be Expected with Different Types of Inheritance \u00bb, The New Phytologist , vol. 40, n O 1, 1941 , p. 56\u201363 (ISSN\u00a0 0028-646X , read online ) Lewis, D. (1941). “Male Sterility in Natural Populations of Hermaphrodite Plants. The Equilibrium Between Females and Hermaphrodites to be Expected with Different Types of Inheritance” . The New Phytologist . 40 (1): 56\u201363. ISSN\u00a0 0028-646X .  \u2191  (in) Dufay and billiards, ‘ How much better are females? The occurrence of female advantage, its proximal causes and its variation within and among gynodioecious species \u00bb , Annals of Botany , vol. 109, n O 3, February 2012 , p. 505\u2013519 (ISSN\u00a0 1095-8290 , PMID\u00a0 21459860 , PMCID\u00a0 PMC3278283 , DOI\u00a0 10.1093\/aob\/mcr062 , read online )            (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/cytoplasmic-male-sterility-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Cytoplasmic male sterility – Wikipedia"}}]}]